Pub Date : 2025-06-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105822
Amy J. Kinzler , Mary E. Wikswo , G.K. Balasubramani , Helen Eleni Aslanidou D’Agostino , Theresa Sax , Klancie Dauer , Geoffrey A. Weinberg , Peter Szilyagi , Leila C. Sahni , Julie A. Boom , Jennifer E. Schuster , Rangaraj Selvarajan , Christopher J. Harrison , Mary A. Staat , Daniel C. Payne , Natasha B. Halasa , Eileen J. Klein , Janet A. Englund , Judith M. Martin , Robert Hickey , John V. Williams
Background
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. However, the AGE burden from human adenoviruses (HAdV) is not fully defined.
Objective
To determine the prevalence and characteristics associated with HAdV in U.S. children.
Study design
We enrolled AGE case-patients <18 years of age in inpatient and emergency department (ED) settings and healthy controls <11 years of age between December 2016 and November 2019 at seven pediatric medical centers. Demographic and clinical data and stools were prospectively collected. Stools were tested for HAdV F40/41 using multiplex molecular panels. A subset of 120 HAdV-positive samples was genotyped.
Results
HAdV was detected in 168 (8 %) of 2229 ED patients, 164 (8 %) of 2151 inpatients, and 23 (1 %) of 2090 healthy controls. AGE case-patients positive for HAdV were more likely to be <3 years of age and more likely to report diarrhea (86 % vs 67 %) and dehydration (43 % vs 31 %) than HAdV-negative case-patients (p < 0.0001, all comparisons). Age did not differ significantly between HAdV-positive and negative controls. HAdV-positive AGE case-patients were less likely to have acute respiratory symptoms than HAdV-negative case-patients (8 % vs 18 %, p < 0.0001). The most frequently detected HAdV genotype was F41 (n = 106, 88 %). Other potential pathogens were detected in 36 % of HAdV-positive AGE case-patients and 43 % of controls; Clostridioides difficile was most common.
Conclusions
HAdV accounted for 8 % of medically attended AGE in both inpatient and ED settings in the U.S., primarily in young children. The majority of cases were type F41, which may inform future vaccine development.
背景：急性胃肠炎（AGE）是儿童发病和死亡的主要原因。然而，人类腺病毒（hav）造成的AGE负担尚未完全确定。目的了解美国儿童乙型肝炎的患病率及相关特征。研究设计：我们招募了2016年12月至2019年11月期间在7个儿科医疗中心住院和急诊科（ED）设置的年龄为18岁的AGE病例患者和11岁的健康对照患者。前瞻性地收集人口统计学、临床资料和粪便。使用多重分子板检测粪便的hav F40/41。对120例hadv阳性样本进行基因分型。结果2229例ED患者中有168例（8%）、2151例住院患者中有164例（8%）、2090例健康对照中有23例（1%）检出shadv。与hav阴性患者相比，hav阳性的AGE患者更可能是3岁，更可能报告腹泻（86%对67%）和脱水（43%对31%）(p <；0.0001，所有比较)。年龄在hadv阳性和阴性对照之间无显著差异。乙肝病毒阳性的AGE患者比乙肝病毒阴性的患者更不容易出现急性呼吸道症状(8% vs 18%, p <；0.0001)。最常见的hav基因型为F41 （n = 106, 88%）。其他潜在病原体在36%的hadv阳性AGE病例和43%的对照组中被检测到；最常见的是艰难梭菌。结论：在美国，shadv占住院和急诊科就诊年龄的8%，主要是幼儿。大多数病例为F41型，这可能为未来的疫苗开发提供信息。
{"title":"Prevalence of human adenovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) from 2016 to 2019","authors":"Amy J. Kinzler , Mary E. Wikswo , G.K. Balasubramani , Helen Eleni Aslanidou D’Agostino , Theresa Sax , Klancie Dauer , Geoffrey A. Weinberg , Peter Szilyagi , Leila C. Sahni , Julie A. Boom , Jennifer E. Schuster , Rangaraj Selvarajan , Christopher J. Harrison , Mary A. Staat , Daniel C. Payne , Natasha B. Halasa , Eileen J. Klein , Janet A. Englund , Judith M. Martin , Robert Hickey , John V. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. However, the AGE burden from human adenoviruses (HAdV) is not fully defined.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the prevalence and characteristics associated with HAdV in U.S. children.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>We enrolled AGE case-patients <18 years of age in inpatient and emergency department (ED) settings and healthy controls <11 years of age between December 2016 and November 2019 at seven pediatric medical centers. Demographic and clinical data and stools were prospectively collected. Stools were tested for HAdV F40/41 using multiplex molecular panels. A subset of 120 HAdV-positive samples was genotyped.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HAdV was detected in 168 (8 %) of 2229 ED patients, 164 (8 %) of 2151 inpatients, and 23 (1 %) of 2090 healthy controls. AGE case-patients positive for HAdV were more likely to be <3 years of age and more likely to report diarrhea (86 % vs 67 %) and dehydration (43 % vs 31 %) than HAdV-negative case-patients (p < 0.0001, all comparisons). Age did not differ significantly between HAdV-positive and negative controls. HAdV-positive AGE case-patients were less likely to have acute respiratory symptoms than HAdV-negative case-patients (8 % vs 18 %, p < 0.0001). The most frequently detected HAdV genotype was F41 (n = 106, 88 %). Other potential pathogens were detected in 36 % of HAdV-positive AGE case-patients and 43 % of controls; <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> was most common.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>HAdV accounted for 8 % of medically attended AGE in both inpatient and ED settings in the U.S., primarily in young children. The majority of cases were type F41, which may inform future vaccine development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105822"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105807
Hanwei Sudderuddin , Charlotte Johanna Beelen , Jenny Li , Wendy Zhang , Melanie C.M. Murray , Viviane D. Lima , Julio S.G. Montaner , Chanson J. Brumme
Background/methods
Treatment guidelines recommend genotypic HIV drug resistance testing (DRT) at virologic failure, typically for plasma viral loads (pVL) > 1000 HIV RNA c/mL. In some settings, DRT can be performed on low viral load (LVL) samples (pVL of 50–250 c/mL); however, such testing is resource-intensive and its clinical benefit is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the frequency and factors associated with emergent resistance in LVL samples using a comprehensive, provincial database of HIV Protease-Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase sequences.
Results
A total of 43,979 Protease-RT DRTs were performed in British Columbia between 1999 and 2022, of which 2970 (6.8 %) were on LVL samples. Testing was successful for 1575 (53.0 %) LVL samples compared to 81.4 % and 94.4 % of samples with pVL 250–999 and pVL ≥ 1000 c/mL, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to prior genotypes collected from samples with pVL > 250 c/mL, a total of 104 (7.3 %) cases of new or evolving drug resistance were identified from 1423 LVL DRTs. Of these, 49.5 %, 42.9 % and 22.9 % exhibited new Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase, Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase and Protease resistance, respectively. Of 9309 Integrase DRTs performed between 2008 and 2022, only 4 (1.2 %) cases of new or evolving integrase resistance were observed. Multivariable analyses identified clinical/sociodemographic factors significantly associated with emergent resistance, including time elapsed between DRTs, historic cumulative resistance and NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy.
Conclusions
Emergent or evolving resistance is identified infrequently in low viral load specimens. Given its resource-intensive nature, resistance testing of low viral load specimens may not be generally warranted.
{"title":"Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of emergent or evolving HIV drug resistance in low viral load specimens in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Hanwei Sudderuddin , Charlotte Johanna Beelen , Jenny Li , Wendy Zhang , Melanie C.M. Murray , Viviane D. Lima , Julio S.G. Montaner , Chanson J. Brumme","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/methods</h3><div>Treatment guidelines recommend genotypic HIV drug resistance testing (DRT) at virologic failure, typically for plasma viral loads (pVL) > 1000 HIV RNA c/mL. In some settings, DRT can be performed on low viral load (LVL) samples (pVL of 50–250 c/mL); however, such testing is resource-intensive and its clinical benefit is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the frequency and factors associated with emergent resistance in LVL samples using a comprehensive, provincial database of HIV Protease-Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase sequences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 43,979 Protease-RT DRTs were performed in British Columbia between 1999 and 2022, of which 2970 (6.8 %) were on LVL samples. Testing was successful for 1575 (53.0 %) LVL samples compared to 81.4 % and 94.4 % of samples with pVL 250–999 and pVL ≥ 1000 c/mL, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to prior genotypes collected from samples with pVL > 250 c/mL, a total of 104 (7.3 %) cases of new or evolving drug resistance were identified from 1423 LVL DRTs. Of these, 49.5 %, 42.9 % and 22.9 % exhibited new Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase, Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase and Protease resistance, respectively. Of 9309 Integrase DRTs performed between 2008 and 2022, only 4 (1.2 %) cases of new or evolving integrase resistance were observed. Multivariable analyses identified clinical/sociodemographic factors significantly associated with emergent resistance, including time elapsed between DRTs, historic cumulative resistance and NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Emergent or evolving resistance is identified infrequently in low viral load specimens. Given its resource-intensive nature, resistance testing of low viral load specimens may not be generally warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105807"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105808
K.C. Heimsch , T. Bleicker , T.D. Best , L.D. Presser , R. Molenkamp , A.J. Jääskeläinen , A. Milewska , J. Šmahelová , C. Baronti , S. Pappa , I. Tabain , R. Cordeiro , G. Marsili , K. Huik , V. Pinho dos Reis , L. Barzon , P. Maes , C. Drosten , V.M. Corman
Background
Filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and primates. These viruses pose significant threats to public health, making rapid and sensitive detection critical for controlling outbreaks. We developed and validated a hemi-nested generic PanFilo assay to detect all Ebola virus species, Marburg viruses, and recently discovered bat filoviruses. This assay was deployed to 15 European laboratories and evaluated through testing of eight non-infectious samples.
Objectives
Laboratories were asked to determine the detection limit of positive controls and test all samples using the assay provided. The deployed assay enables direct Nanopore sequencing of PCR products, by using tagged primers during the second round of PCR. Sequencing of the samples was carried out on a voluntary basis.
Results
Multicenter validation revealed a 95 % limit of detection of 5309 RNA copies/µL for Ebola, 10,273 copies/µL for Marburg, and 2145 copies/µL for Mengla virus. In an implementation quality assessment, 93.3 % (84/90) of samples containing filovirus RNA were correctly identified and 100 % (30/30) of filovirus-negative samples were correctly identified. Thirteen laboratories sequenced PCR products, with nine identifying all positive samples correctly.
Conclusion
The assay enables rapid and reliable detection of filoviruses, with sequencing capabilities for identifying both known and novel variants. This assay might be used for detection during the initial phase of an emerging filovirus outbreak, before a specific assay has been developed. However, our distribution across 15 laboratories revealed variability challenges due to reagents, human performance, and sequencing capacity, emphasizing the need for more training and standardization.
{"title":"Coordinated implementation of a conventional PCR assay to detect all Ebola and Marburg virus species in a European laboratory network","authors":"K.C. Heimsch , T. Bleicker , T.D. Best , L.D. Presser , R. Molenkamp , A.J. Jääskeläinen , A. Milewska , J. Šmahelová , C. Baronti , S. Pappa , I. Tabain , R. Cordeiro , G. Marsili , K. Huik , V. Pinho dos Reis , L. Barzon , P. Maes , C. Drosten , V.M. Corman","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and primates. These viruses pose significant threats to public health, making rapid and sensitive detection critical for controlling outbreaks. We developed and validated a hemi-nested generic PanFilo assay to detect all Ebola virus species, Marburg viruses, and recently discovered bat filoviruses. This assay was deployed to 15 European laboratories and evaluated through testing of eight non-infectious samples.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Laboratories were asked to determine the detection limit of positive controls and test all samples using the assay provided. The deployed assay enables direct Nanopore sequencing of PCR products, by using tagged primers during the second round of PCR. Sequencing of the samples was carried out on a voluntary basis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multicenter validation revealed a 95 % limit of detection of 5309 RNA copies/µL for Ebola, 10,273 copies/µL for Marburg, and 2145 copies/µL for Mengla virus. In an implementation quality assessment, 93.3 % (84/90) of samples containing filovirus RNA were correctly identified and 100 % (30/30) of filovirus-negative samples were correctly identified. Thirteen laboratories sequenced PCR products, with nine identifying all positive samples correctly.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The assay enables rapid and reliable detection of filoviruses, with sequencing capabilities for identifying both known and novel variants. This assay might be used for detection during the initial phase of an emerging filovirus outbreak, before a specific assay has been developed. However, our distribution across 15 laboratories revealed variability challenges due to reagents, human performance, and sequencing capacity, emphasizing the need for more training and standardization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105808"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105782
Damian Balmforth , James A. Swales , Laurence Silpa , Alan Dunton , Kay E. Davies , Stephen G. Davies , Archana Kamath , Jayanti Gupta , Sandeep Gupta , M. Abid Masood , Áine McKnight , Doug Rees , Angela J. Russell , Manu Jaggi , Rakesh Uppal
{"title":"Retraction notice to “Evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial” [J. Clin. Virol. 155C (2022) 105248]","authors":"Damian Balmforth , James A. Swales , Laurence Silpa , Alan Dunton , Kay E. Davies , Stephen G. Davies , Archana Kamath , Jayanti Gupta , Sandeep Gupta , M. Abid Masood , Áine McKnight , Doug Rees , Angela J. Russell , Manu Jaggi , Rakesh Uppal","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105782","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105782"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105804
Vicky Baillie , Ziyaad Dangor , Dianna M. Blau , Sana Mahtab , Jeanie du Toit , Nega Assefa , Joseph Oundo , Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam , J. Anthony G. Scott , Soter Ameh , Ikechukwu Udo Ogbuanu , Julius Ojulong , James Bunn , Karen L. Kotloff , Samba O. Sow , Milagritos D. Tapia , Adama Mamby Keita , Marcelino Garrine , Inacio Mandomando , Rosauro Varo , Shabir A. Madhi
Background
Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43) are common causes of mild or asymptomatic respiratory infections in children but are considered rare causes of death.
Methods
We evaluated pediatric deaths from January 2017 through December 2022. A panel of experts determined the cause of death (CoD) by reviewing available data, including pathological and molecular findings from minimally invasive tissue sampling (lung tissues, blood, CSF, and nasopharyngeal swabs), clinical records, and verbal autopsies.
Results
Endemic HCoV were detected in the respiratory samples of 3 % (n = 86/3357) of enrolled decedents: 1 % (n = 12/2043) of neonates, 5 % (n = 35/681) of infants and 6 % (n = 39/633) of children deaths. However, HCoVs were attributed as the CoD in only two cases — both involving young infants with underlying birth defects and severe wasting, who succumbed to polymicrobial hospital-acquired infections involving HCoV-OC43, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Amongst the remaining 84 decedents in whom an HCoV was detected, 82 % (n = 69/84; median Ct of 25.34; range: 15.28–36.17) were deaths attributed to other infections, including 54 % (n = 32/69; median Ct of 23.86; range: 15.28–35.2) with lower respiratory infections determined to be the CoD. The bulk of these deaths (96 %, n = 66/69) were attributed to other pathogens – Plasmodium falciparum (27 %, n = 19/69), K. pneumoniae (23 %, n = 16/69), Streptococcus pneumoniae (20 %, n = 14/69), Escherichia coli (16 %, n = 11/69) and Cytomegalovirus (10 %, n = 7/69).
Conclusion
Although endemic HCoV was identified in children who died of respiratory infections, it was rarely attributed to being in the CoD. Nevertheless, further research is warranted to explore the potential role of HCoVs in LRTI pathogenesis and their impact on facilitating more pathogenic infections.
{"title":"Post-mortem study of endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, OC43, 229E and HKU-1) in deaths of children under five in low- and middle-income countries: Findings from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) study","authors":"Vicky Baillie , Ziyaad Dangor , Dianna M. Blau , Sana Mahtab , Jeanie du Toit , Nega Assefa , Joseph Oundo , Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam , J. Anthony G. Scott , Soter Ameh , Ikechukwu Udo Ogbuanu , Julius Ojulong , James Bunn , Karen L. Kotloff , Samba O. Sow , Milagritos D. Tapia , Adama Mamby Keita , Marcelino Garrine , Inacio Mandomando , Rosauro Varo , Shabir A. Madhi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43) are common causes of mild or asymptomatic respiratory infections in children but are considered rare causes of death.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We evaluated pediatric deaths from January 2017 through December 2022. A panel of experts determined the cause of death (CoD) by reviewing available data, including pathological and molecular findings from minimally invasive tissue sampling (lung tissues, blood, CSF, and nasopharyngeal swabs), clinical records, and verbal autopsies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Endemic HCoV were detected in the respiratory samples of 3 % (n = 86/3357) of enrolled decedents: 1 % (n = 12/2043) of neonates, 5 % (n = 35/681) of infants and 6 % (n = 39/633) of children deaths. However, HCoVs were attributed as the CoD in only two cases — both involving young infants with underlying birth defects and severe wasting, who succumbed to polymicrobial hospital-acquired infections involving <em>HCoV-OC43</em>, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>, and <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>. Amongst the remaining 84 decedents in whom an HCoV was detected, 82 % (n = 69/84; median Ct of 25.34; range: 15.28–36.17) were deaths attributed to other infections, including 54 % (n = 32/69; median Ct of 23.86; range: 15.28–35.2) with lower respiratory infections determined to be the CoD. The bulk of these deaths (96 %, n = 66/69) were attributed to other pathogens – <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> (27 %, n = 19/69), <em>K. pneumoniae</em> (23 %, n = 16/69), <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> (20 %, n = 14/69), <em>Escherichia coli</em> (16 %, n = 11/69) and Cytomegalovirus (10 %, n = 7/69).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although endemic HCoV was identified in children who died of respiratory infections, it was rarely attributed to being in the CoD. Nevertheless, further research is warranted to explore the potential role of HCoVs in LRTI pathogenesis and their impact on facilitating more pathogenic infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105804"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105809
Ashutosh Kumar Singh , Juhi Nagar , Akansha Tandekar , Surya Singh , Vishal Diwan , Greeshma C. Ravindran , Rajnarayan R. Tiwari , Pradyumna Kumar Mishra , Ram Kumar Nema
Background
Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally, with genotypic variation influencing epidemiology and disease outcomes. Understanding the distribution and prevalence of different Norovirus genotypes is crucial for public health surveillance and intervention strategies.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review of Norovirus genotypes in Asia from 2000 to 2023. The review adhered to PRISMA Guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID CRD42024572647). We extracted data on the prevalence of 22 genotypes and their genetic variations over time.
Results
The review highlighted Norovirus GII.4 as highly prevalent across Asia, particularly in India, Taiwan, Vietnam, and China. GII.2 dominated Indonesia, GII.3 prevailed in Malaysia, Russia, and Bangladesh, GII.7 in Bangladesh, and GII.17 in China, Taiwan, and Nepal, with notable epidemiological shifts between 2012 and 2016 and GII.4 resurgence from 2017.
Conclusion
The study highlights the dynamic nature of Norovirus genotypic distribution in Asia, with both persistent dominance of certain genotypes and notable regional variations. The cyclic patterns of genotype prevalence, particularly the shifts between GII.4 and GII.17, underline the need for ongoing genotypic surveillance to inform targeted public health responses. The data underscores the complexity of Norovirus epidemiology and the importance of maintaining vigilance in monitoring emerging and re-emerging strains.
{"title":"The evolving landscape of Norovirus GII genotypes in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Ashutosh Kumar Singh , Juhi Nagar , Akansha Tandekar , Surya Singh , Vishal Diwan , Greeshma C. Ravindran , Rajnarayan R. Tiwari , Pradyumna Kumar Mishra , Ram Kumar Nema","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally, with genotypic variation influencing epidemiology and disease outcomes. Understanding the distribution and prevalence of different Norovirus genotypes is crucial for public health surveillance and intervention strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a systematic review of Norovirus genotypes in Asia from 2000 to 2023. The review adhered to PRISMA Guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID CRD42024572647). We extracted data on the prevalence of 22 genotypes and their genetic variations over time.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The review highlighted Norovirus GII.4 as highly prevalent across Asia, particularly in India, Taiwan, Vietnam, and China. GII.2 dominated Indonesia, GII.3 prevailed in Malaysia, Russia, and Bangladesh, GII.7 in Bangladesh, and GII.17 in China, Taiwan, and Nepal, with notable epidemiological shifts between 2012 and 2016 and GII.4 resurgence from 2017.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study highlights the dynamic nature of Norovirus genotypic distribution in Asia, with both persistent dominance of certain genotypes and notable regional variations. The cyclic patterns of genotype prevalence, particularly the shifts between GII.4 and GII.17, underline the need for ongoing genotypic surveillance to inform targeted public health responses. The data underscores the complexity of Norovirus epidemiology and the importance of maintaining vigilance in monitoring emerging and re-emerging strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105809"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105810
Samuel M. Goodfellow, Jennifer Dien Bard, Cristina Costales
{"title":"Implications of subtyping influenza A amongst H5N1 surveillance efforts","authors":"Samuel M. Goodfellow, Jennifer Dien Bard, Cristina Costales","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105810","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105810"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105806
Dithi Banerjee , Jennifer E. Schuster , Claire M. Midgley , Brian Lee , Mary Moffatt , Joana Y. Lively , Ariana P. Toepfer , Geoffrey A. Weinberg , Julie A. Boom , Leila C. Sahni , Vasanthi Avadhanula , Pedro A. Piedra , Mary Allen Staat , Daniel C. Payne , Natasha Halasa , John V. Williams , Robert W. Hickey , Marian G. Michaels , Janet A. Englund , Eileen J. Klein , Rangaraj Selvarangan
Background
Rhinovirus (RV) associated acute respiratory illness (ARI) data come mostly from infants and young children. We present data from 5 to 17-year-olds to characterize RV species A, B and C.
Methods
During December 1, 2016–Nov 30, 2017, seven U.S. New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) sites performed active pediatric ARI surveillance of inpatients (IP) and emergency department (ED) patients using molecular platforms to detect multiple respiratory pathogens. RV or RV/enterovirus (EV) positive specimens without co-detections were sequenced. Demographic and clinical data collected via parent interview and chart review were analyzed descriptively by RV species, month, and hospital setting, using chi-squared tests for comparisons.
Results
RV or RV/EV was detected in 581/2298 (25.3 %) ARI patients; 529 were single detections, 516 of these had sufficient sample for sequencing, and 420 (81.4 %) yielded sequence results: RV-A (183, 35.5 %), RV-B (16, 3.1 %), RV-C (210, 40.7 %), non-typeable RV (2, 0.4 %), and EV (9, 1.7 %). Among 52 RV-A, 8 RV-B and 44 RV-C unique types identified, A49 (32, 61.5 %), B6 (5, 62.5 %) and C15 (22, 50 %) were predominant. History of asthma was reported in 65.4 % RV-A, 50 % RV-B and 78.5 % RV-C patients (p = 0.005). Hospitalization occurred in 63.4 % RV-A, 37.5 % RV-B and 71.4 % RV-C patients (p = 0.012). RV-C detections peaked during winter and RV-A peaked during summer-fall.
Conclusions
RV exhibited genetic diversity in 5–17-year-old ARI patients, and circulation differed by RV species. Among children seeking care in ED or hospital settings, with confirmed RV or RV/EV single detections, hospitalization was more common with RV-A and -C than RV-B.
{"title":"Epidemiology and genotypic diversity of rhinovirus in school-age children with acute respiratory illnesses seeking medical care","authors":"Dithi Banerjee , Jennifer E. Schuster , Claire M. Midgley , Brian Lee , Mary Moffatt , Joana Y. Lively , Ariana P. Toepfer , Geoffrey A. Weinberg , Julie A. Boom , Leila C. Sahni , Vasanthi Avadhanula , Pedro A. Piedra , Mary Allen Staat , Daniel C. Payne , Natasha Halasa , John V. Williams , Robert W. Hickey , Marian G. Michaels , Janet A. Englund , Eileen J. Klein , Rangaraj Selvarangan","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Rhinovirus (RV) associated acute respiratory illness (ARI) data come mostly from infants and young children. We present data from 5 to 17-year-olds to characterize RV species A, B and C.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>During December 1, 2016–Nov 30, 2017, seven U.S. New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) sites performed active pediatric ARI surveillance of inpatients (IP) and emergency department (ED) patients using molecular platforms to detect multiple respiratory pathogens. RV or RV/enterovirus (EV) positive specimens without co-detections were sequenced. Demographic and clinical data collected via parent interview and chart review were analyzed descriptively by RV species, month, and hospital setting, using chi-squared tests for comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RV or RV/EV was detected in 581/2298 (25.3 %) ARI patients; 529 were single detections, 516 of these had sufficient sample for sequencing, and 420 (81.4 %) yielded sequence results: RV-A (183, 35.5 %), RV-B (16, 3.1 %), RV-C (210, 40.7 %), non-typeable RV (2, 0.4 %), and EV (9, 1.7 %). Among 52 RV-A, 8 RV-B and 44 RV-C unique types identified, A49 (32, 61.5 %), B6 (5, 62.5 %) and C15 (22, 50 %) were predominant. History of asthma was reported in 65.4 % RV-A, 50 % RV-B and 78.5 % RV-C patients (<em>p</em> = 0.005). Hospitalization occurred in 63.4 % RV-A, 37.5 % RV-B and 71.4 % RV-C patients (<em>p</em> = 0.012). RV-C detections peaked during winter and RV-A peaked during summer-fall.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>RV exhibited genetic diversity in 5–17-year-old ARI patients, and circulation differed by RV species. Among children seeking care in ED or hospital settings, with confirmed RV or RV/EV single detections, hospitalization was more common with RV-A and -C than RV-B.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105806"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105803
Mathias Schlegel , Petra Allartz , Ariane Wenzel , Thomas Faupel , Klemens Loester , Dennis Tappe
Background
Human bornavirus encephalitis is an emerging, severe and nearly uniformly fatal zoonotic disease in Germany. The etiological pathogens so far encompass the Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) and the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1). While BoDV-1 is at least harbored by the white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) as a natural reservoir and autochthonous in Germany, VSBV-1 has been detected in captive exotic squirrels with an unknown geographical origin. Clinically, a rapid progression is typical for both forms of bornavirus encephalitis, however, medical awareness is low, and therefore treatment attempts are notably delayed. Diagnosis relies on symptomatology, epidemiology, imaging, and virologic testing. One cornerstone of laboratory diagnosis is serology with limitations in sensitivity and specificity.
Objectives
Here, we describe a newly developed spot immunoassay using recombinant BoDV-1 nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), accessory protein X (X), and glycoprotein (GP) to detect bornavirus-reactive IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies.
Study design
A comparatively large cohort encompassing 14 patients with BoDV-1 encephalitis and one individual with VSBV-1 encephalitis were tested. In addition, 241 patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology, 58 interference samples, as well as 40 blood donor samples were analyzed.
Results
The combined use of different antibody isotype-specific conjugates with four different BoDV-1-specific proteins (N/P/X/GP) while employing a newly developed evaluation scheme enabled a highly specific (97–100 %) diagnosis in patients with either form of bornavirus encephalitis, with a sensitivity of up to 92 %.
Conclusions
The novel spot immunoassay is an easy-to-use approach for the specific and sensitive serological diagnosis of human bornavirus encephalitis.
{"title":"Highly specific serological diagnosis of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) and variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) encephalitis by novel antibody isotype assay with multiple viral antigens","authors":"Mathias Schlegel , Petra Allartz , Ariane Wenzel , Thomas Faupel , Klemens Loester , Dennis Tappe","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human bornavirus encephalitis is an emerging, severe and nearly uniformly fatal zoonotic disease in Germany. The etiological pathogens so far encompass the Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) and the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1). While BoDV-1 is at least harbored by the white-toothed shrew (<em>Crocidura leucodon</em>) as a natural reservoir and autochthonous in Germany, VSBV-1 has been detected in captive exotic squirrels with an unknown geographical origin. Clinically, a rapid progression is typical for both forms of bornavirus encephalitis, however, medical awareness is low, and therefore treatment attempts are notably delayed. Diagnosis relies on symptomatology, epidemiology, imaging, and virologic testing. One cornerstone of laboratory diagnosis is serology with limitations in sensitivity and specificity.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Here, we describe a newly developed spot immunoassay using recombinant BoDV-1 nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), accessory protein X (X), and glycoprotein (GP) to detect bornavirus-reactive IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A comparatively large cohort encompassing 14 patients with BoDV-1 encephalitis and one individual with VSBV-1 encephalitis were tested. In addition, 241 patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology, 58 interference samples, as well as 40 blood donor samples were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The combined use of different antibody isotype-specific conjugates with four different BoDV-1-specific proteins (N/P/X/GP) while employing a newly developed evaluation scheme enabled a highly specific (97–100 %) diagnosis in patients with either form of bornavirus encephalitis, with a sensitivity of up to 92 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The novel spot immunoassay is an easy-to-use approach for the specific and sensitive serological diagnosis of human bornavirus encephalitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105803"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105805
Pau Ribó-Molina, Stefan van Nieuwkoop, Mathis Funk , Babs E. Verstrepen, Jeroen J.A. van Kampen, Ron A.M. Fouchier, Bernadette G. van den Hoogen
Background
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a causative agent of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in children and adults. HMPV is a member of the Pneumoviridae family for which circulation of two serotypes, A and B, has been reported. HMPV isolation in standard monolayer cell lines is not always successful. Recently, it was shown that upon inoculation of human organoid-derived bronchial (ODB) cultures, HMPV primarily targeted the ciliated cells, similar as observed in experimentally infected animals. These observations lead to the hypothesis that isolation of virus from clinical specimen in this ODB model could be more successful than in standard monolayer cultures.
Methods
This study compared the efficiency of isolation of HMPV from 36 clinical samples in human ODB cultures with that in monolayers of Vero-118 cells.
Results
A total of 27 isolates (8 HMPV A and 19 HMPV B) were obtained in the ODB cultures, after one passage, whereas 21 isolates (9 HMPV A and 12 HMPV B) were obtained after one or two passages in Vero-118 cells.
Conclusions
Overall, the isolation efficiency of serotype A HMPV was comparable in both models, while isolation of serotype B viruses was profoundly more efficient in the ODB cultures than in Vero-118 cells, suggesting that primary cultures expressing ciliated cells should be considered as a superior isolation method for HMPV from clinical specimens.
背景：人偏肺病毒（HMPV）是儿童和成人呼吸道感染（RTI）的病原体。HMPV是肺炎病毒科的一员，已报告有两种血清型a和B的传播。在标准单层细胞系中分离HMPV并不总是成功的。最近，研究表明，接种人类器官衍生支气管（ODB）培养物后，HMPV主要针对纤毛细胞，这与在实验感染动物中观察到的情况相似。这些观察结果导致假设，在这种ODB模型中从临床标本中分离病毒可能比在标准单层培养中更成功。方法本研究比较了从36个临床标本中分离HMPV的效率和从Vero-118细胞单层中分离HMPV的效率。结果ODB培养1代共分离到HMPV A 8株、HMPV B 19株，而Vero-118细胞1、2代共分离到HMPV A 9株、HMPV B 12株。结论在两种模型中，血清A型HMPV的分离效率相当，而血清B型HMPV在ODB培养物中分离效率远高于在Vero-118细胞中分离效率，提示表达纤毛细胞的原代培养物可作为临床标本中分离HMPV的较优方法。
{"title":"Isolation of Human Metapneumovirus from clinical specimen in human organoid-derived bronchial cell cultures is superior to isolation in monolayer cell line cultures","authors":"Pau Ribó-Molina, Stefan van Nieuwkoop, Mathis Funk , Babs E. Verstrepen, Jeroen J.A. van Kampen, Ron A.M. Fouchier, Bernadette G. van den Hoogen","doi":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a causative agent of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in children and adults. HMPV is a member of the <em>Pneumoviridae</em> family for which circulation of two serotypes, A and B, has been reported. HMPV isolation in standard monolayer cell lines is not always successful. Recently, it was shown that upon inoculation of human organoid-derived bronchial (ODB) cultures, HMPV primarily targeted the ciliated cells, similar as observed in experimentally infected animals. These observations lead to the hypothesis that isolation of virus from clinical specimen in this ODB model could be more successful than in standard monolayer cultures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study compared the efficiency of isolation of HMPV from 36 clinical samples in human ODB cultures with that in monolayers of Vero-118 cells.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 27 isolates (8 HMPV A and 19 HMPV B) were obtained in the ODB cultures, after one passage, whereas 21 isolates (9 HMPV A and 12 HMPV B) were obtained after one or two passages in Vero-118 cells.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Overall, the isolation efficiency of serotype A HMPV was comparable in both models, while isolation of serotype B viruses was profoundly more efficient in the ODB cultures than in Vero-118 cells, suggesting that primary cultures expressing ciliated cells should be considered as a superior isolation method for HMPV from clinical specimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15517,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Virology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105805"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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