Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-035
Kazim Khalid
Cytokines play a major role in the inflammatory and allo-specific components of allograft rejection, and in the migration of cells into graft tissue. IL-2 binding of sIL-2R plays a major role in T cell activation. It is suggested that high urinary sIL-2R (U/sIL-2R) in the first 3-5 post-transplant days identified the patient sub-group at risk of developing acute rejection (RX). However, it was difficult to distinguish between RX and infection (INFX) as both of these factors can potentially affect serum sIL-2R (S/sIL-2R) and U/sIL-2R concentrations independent of actual production rates. The aims of this study were to validate and extend previous findings of the use of sIL-2R in renal transplantation, to investigate other protein markers currently used such as serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum cystatin C (cys. C), and serum and urine creatinine (S/creat. and UCRE) and attempt to differentiate RX from INFX. SIL-2R ELISA kit was validated and used to establish reference ranges in healthy donors, transplant (TX) recipients, and renal disease controls. These values were compared with serial estimations of S/sIL-2R and U/sIL-2R of patients post-TX. Levels of serum CRP, cys. C, S/creat. and UCRE were also investigated in the renal disease control and 21 TX subjects to determine if a panel of investigation would have enhanced clinical diagnosis. RX and INFX were determined retrospectively on an “intention to treat” basis. Results show that sIL-2R levels in normal serum and urine subjects are lower than in disease controls, that CRP and cys C are good indicators of RX as well as U/sIL-2R and S/sIL-2R, that UCRE is not a good marker of differentiation, and that stratifying levels of these markers according to treatment differentiated RX from INFX.
细胞因子在同种异体移植排斥反应的炎症和同种异体特异性成分以及细胞向移植组织的迁移中起主要作用。IL-2结合sIL-2R在T细胞活化中起重要作用。这表明，移植后最初3-5天的高尿sIL-2R (U/sIL-2R)可识别有发生急性排斥反应(RX)风险的患者亚组。然而，很难区分RX和感染(INFX)，因为这两种因素都可能影响血清sIL-2R (S/sIL-2R)和U/sIL-2R浓度，而与实际生产速率无关。本研究的目的是验证和扩展sIL-2R在肾移植中使用的先前发现，研究目前使用的其他蛋白质标志物，如血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)，血清胱抑素C (cys)。C)，血清和尿肌酐(S/creat。和UCRE)，并试图区分RX和INFX。对SIL-2R ELISA试剂盒进行验证，并用于建立健康供者、移植(TX)受者和肾脏疾病对照者的参考范围。将这些值与tx后患者S/sIL-2R和U/sIL-2R的序列估计值进行比较。血清CRP水平，cys。C, S /创造。和UCRE也在肾脏疾病控制和21 TX受试者中进行了调查，以确定调查小组是否会提高临床诊断。RX和INFX是在“治疗意向”的基础上回顾性确定的。结果显示，正常人血清和尿液中sIL-2R水平低于疾病对照组，CRP和cys C是RX的良好指标，U/sIL-2R和S/sIL-2R是RX的良好指标，UCRE不是分化的良好指标，根据治疗将这些标志物分层可区分RX和INFX。
{"title":"Clinical Significance Of Serum And Urine Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor, C-Reactive Protein, Cystatin C, and Serum and Urine Creatinine in Renal Transplant Patients","authors":"Kazim Khalid","doi":"10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-035","url":null,"abstract":"Cytokines play a major role in the inflammatory and allo-specific components of allograft rejection, and in the migration of cells into graft tissue. IL-2 binding of sIL-2R plays a major role in T cell activation. It is suggested that high urinary sIL-2R (U/sIL-2R) in the first 3-5 post-transplant days identified the patient sub-group at risk of developing acute rejection (RX). However, it was difficult to distinguish between RX and infection (INFX) as both of these factors can potentially affect serum sIL-2R (S/sIL-2R) and U/sIL-2R concentrations independent of actual production rates. The aims of this study were to validate and extend previous findings of the use of sIL-2R in renal transplantation, to investigate other protein markers currently used such as serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum cystatin C (cys. C), and serum and urine creatinine (S/creat. and UCRE) and attempt to differentiate RX from INFX. SIL-2R ELISA kit was validated and used to establish reference ranges in healthy donors, transplant (TX) recipients, and renal disease controls. These values were compared with serial estimations of S/sIL-2R and U/sIL-2R of patients post-TX. Levels of serum CRP, cys. C, S/creat. and UCRE were also investigated in the renal disease control and 21 TX subjects to determine if a panel of investigation would have enhanced clinical diagnosis. RX and INFX were determined retrospectively on an “intention to treat” basis. Results show that sIL-2R levels in normal serum and urine subjects are lower than in disease controls, that CRP and cys C are good indicators of RX as well as U/sIL-2R and S/sIL-2R, that UCRE is not a good marker of differentiation, and that stratifying levels of these markers according to treatment differentiated RX from INFX.","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89994535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-036
Kazim Khalid
Renal transplantation (TX) is widely used as a definitive therapy for chronic, end-stage organ failure. T cells are pivotal in rejection (RX), and RX is a process whereby donor tissue is recognized and destroyed by the host immune system. Within a rejecting graft it is likely that high concentrations of IL-2 are present. The binding of interleukin 2(IL-2) to its receptor (IL-2R) on human T cells constitutes the key regulatory event in the initiation and maintenance of the immune response. The receptor, IL-2R, is found in two forms: cellular and soluble. The surgical removal of a transplanted kidney following RX or failure can be hazardous. Two surgical techniques were applied: extracapsular and intracapsular removal. The technique of kidney transplant removal by either the intra- or extra-capsular route of the exact timing of the operation are important features for safe treatment of patients with end-stage graft failure. The results of the report are a prospective study on 21 renal TX recipients, and show that nephrectomy of previous TX kidney will reduce the levels of four markers in serum and urine.
{"title":"Should the First Rejected Kidney Implant be Removed?","authors":"Kazim Khalid","doi":"10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-036","url":null,"abstract":"Renal transplantation (TX) is widely used as a definitive therapy for chronic, end-stage organ failure. T cells are pivotal in rejection (RX), and RX is a process whereby donor tissue is recognized and destroyed by the host immune system. Within a rejecting graft it is likely that high concentrations of IL-2 are present. The binding of interleukin 2(IL-2) to its receptor (IL-2R) on human T cells constitutes the key regulatory event in the initiation and maintenance of the immune response.\u0000\u0000The receptor, IL-2R, is found in two forms: cellular and soluble. The surgical removal of a transplanted kidney following RX or failure can be hazardous. Two surgical techniques were applied: extracapsular and intracapsular removal. The technique of kidney transplant removal by either the intra- or extra-capsular route of the exact timing of the operation are important features for safe treatment of patients with end-stage graft failure.\u0000\u0000The results of the report are a prospective study on 21 renal TX recipients, and show that nephrectomy of previous TX kidney will reduce the levels of four markers in serum and urine.","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82807879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that was first described as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy by Rosai and Dorfman in 1969. While classical/nodal RDD is typical, extranodal involvement is seen in up to 43% of all cases, with 23% showing only extranodal lesions. Here, we present a case of disseminated extranodal RDD, where the initial symptoms were cutaneous manifestations.
{"title":"A case of disseminated extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease diagnosed by skin manifestations","authors":"Shintaro Saito MD, Akihiko Uchiyama MD, PhD, Yayoi Shibusawa MD, PhD, Sei-ichiro Motegi MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cia2.12286","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cia2.12286","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that was first described as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy by Rosai and Dorfman in 1969. While classical/nodal RDD is typical, extranodal involvement is seen in up to 43% of all cases, with 23% showing only extranodal lesions. Here, we present a case of disseminated extranodal RDD, where the initial symptoms were cutaneous manifestations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cia2.12286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46485252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report a pediatric patient with acquired cold urticaria who developed a systemic reaction triggered by localized cold exposure. By determining the critical threshold temperature using TempTest®, we were able to minimize restriction in activities.
获得性冷性荨麻疹(ACU)是一种以局部皮肤反应为特征的物理荨麻疹。据报道，ACU患者在局部冷暴露后发生全身反应，最常见的是完全浸入冷水，但很少由局部接触冷水或冰引起一个四岁的小女孩抱怨夏天在河边玩耍时浑身发痒。水深及大腿，她的腿完全浸在水里，浑身都被水淹了(图1)。她的脸和嘴唇发紫，失去了知觉，最终无法动弹。不久，她的父母把她从水里捞出来，给她加热，症状逐渐消失。没有昆虫叮咬的迹象，发作前也没有吃过不寻常的食物。她拿着冰淇淋甜筒时手发痒，吃冰淇淋时舌头肿胀。没有盗汗、头痛、关节痛或发烧的发作。既往无其他内科疾病，家族史无特应性疾病或寒性荨麻疹。在实验室检查中，血清总IgE水平为32 IU/ml，未检测到冷球蛋白。使用冷刺激装置TempTest®4.0 (Emo Systems GmbH, Berlin, Germany)进行冷刺激试验，在4 - 17°C下诱发车轮，在4 - 19°C下诱发红斑(图1)。因此，患者被诊断为原发性ACU, CTT估计为17°C。在CTT为17°C的基础上，我们指导她保持皮肤温度在20°C以上，基本避免寒冷的环境和食物。此外，我们允许她在炎热的天气在室内温水和室外游泳池游泳不到30分钟，并开抗组胺药预防症状。ACU在人群中的患病率为0.05%，发病年龄多在2 ~ 4岁据报道，儿科发病病例比成人发病病例更容易出现全身反应(25% vs 16.7%)Alangari等人4报道，30名ACU儿童中有11名(36.7%)出现了全身反应，主要是由水生活动引发的，这可能涉及长时间暴露在较宽的体表区域。在以往的病例报告中，大多数全身性症状是由游泳或全身暴露的寒冷环境引发的。我们的病例比之前报道的局部暴露于冷水引发全身反应的病例年轻，后者的年龄为6.5岁。在寒冷性荨麻疹治疗中，根据个体患者的严重程度避免冷刺激是预防全身反应的必要条件。传统的冰块测试无法评估CTT，导致避免所有冷暴露的统一指令。最近，TempTest®被推荐在荨麻疹指南中，为ACU患者制定个性化的治疗计划ACU患者在广泛的冷暴露中可能涉及全身性反应，有时患者不到一半的身体暴露在冷水中。这些知识对于临床医生帮助患者避免危及生命的情况是不可避免的。此外，CTT的评估应考虑更好的患者自我管理。
{"title":"Cold-induced anaphylactic shock during playing in a thigh-deep river: A pediatric case","authors":"Ayumi Sakai MD, Naoko Inomata MD, PhD, Kohei Yamakawa MD, Yukie Yamaguchi MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cia2.12285","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cia2.12285","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We report a pediatric patient with acquired cold urticaria who developed a systemic reaction triggered by localized cold exposure. By determining the critical threshold temperature using TempTest®, we were able to minimize restriction in activities.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cia2.12285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44906283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 57-year-old woman who was inoculated with the second dose of the mRNA-1273 Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and then developed adult-onset still’s disease as a result.
一名57岁的女性接种了第二剂信使核糖核酸1273莫德纳新冠肺炎疫苗，随后患上了成人发病的斯蒂尔病。
{"title":"Adult-onset Still's disease following mRNA-1273 Moderna COVID-19 vaccination: A case report","authors":"Masahiro Iwata MD, Tatsuya Ogawa MD, PhD, Keisuke Anju MD, Naoko Okiyama MD, PhD, Toshifumi Nomura MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cia2.12281","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cia2.12281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 57-year-old woman who was inoculated with the second dose of the mRNA-1273 Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and then developed adult-onset still’s disease as a result.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cia2.12281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45591410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This was the first case report in which an in-class IL-23 p19 inhibitor was switched (from guselkumab to tildrakizumab) during psoriasis vulgaris treatment. Four months after the switch, genital lesions, which were the patient's most significant complaint, improved with no subsequent worsening. We believe that our case will aid physicians who work in this problematic clinical setting.
{"title":"A successful switch from guselkumab to tildrakizumab during the treatment of a patient with psoriasis vulgaris","authors":"Kazuki Yatsuzuka MD, Masamoto Murakami MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cia2.12284","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cia2.12284","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This was the first case report in which an in-class IL-23 p19 inhibitor was switched (from guselkumab to tildrakizumab) during psoriasis vulgaris treatment. Four months after the switch, genital lesions, which were the patient's most significant complaint, improved with no subsequent worsening. We believe that our case will aid physicians who work in this problematic clinical setting.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cia2.12284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dupilumab treatment reduced serum SCCA2 levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Interestingly, even though the skin eruptions had not yet fully disappeared, serum SCCA2 levels were reduced well to below normal by the administration of dupilumab.
{"title":"Dupilumab treatment reduces serum SCCA2 levels in patients with atopic dermatitis","authors":"Kanako Kita MD, Yasutomo Imai MD, PhD, Makoto Nagai MD, PhD, Masaru Natsuaki MD, PhD, Nobuo Kanazawa MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cia2.12282","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cia2.12282","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dupilumab treatment reduced serum SCCA2 levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Interestingly, even though the skin eruptions had not yet fully disappeared, serum SCCA2 levels were reduced well to below normal by the administration of dupilumab.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cia2.12282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44774205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report a rare case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) who presented with relapsing erythema nodosum (EN)-like eruption as a solo vasculitis-associated cutaneous manifestation. We suggest that EN-like eruption alone can be a cutaneous symptom of GPA if subcutaneous medium-sized vessels are exclusively affected.
{"title":"Relapsing erythema nodosum-like eruption in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis","authors":"Satomi Imamoto MD, Chie Miyabe MD, PhD, Ryujin Miyata MD, Yasuko Fukuya MD, PhD, Naoko Ishiguro MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/cia2.12283","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cia2.12283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We report a rare case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) who presented with relapsing erythema nodosum (EN)-like eruption as a solo vasculitis-associated cutaneous manifestation. We suggest that EN-like eruption alone can be a cutaneous symptom of GPA if subcutaneous medium-sized vessels are exclusively affected. \u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cia2.12283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46036935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-037
Khalid Kazim
Rare hematopoietic stem cell populations are responsible for the transplantation engraftment process. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is usually processed to the total nucleated cell (TNC), but not to the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction. TNC counts are used to determine UCB unit storage, release for transplantation and correlation with time to engraftment [1]. It has been mentioned in the literature that there are several factors that affect harvesting of cord blood stem cells [2]. It was set to analyze the relationship between fetal weight and other factors that led to rejection of CBUs brought to DCRC from public and private donations. In this retrospective study, 375 donations of CBUs from January 2018 to October 2018 at DCRC were recorded. From literature, factors that are usually involved in rejection of CBUs were recorded and analyzed to mark the leading cause of rejection criteria. In this study, it showed that results did not find infants’ birth weight or mother’s age to have any value in rejection. Other factors’ results will be discussed.
{"title":"Criteria for Accepting or Rejecting Cord Blood Units","authors":"Khalid Kazim","doi":"10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-037","url":null,"abstract":"Rare hematopoietic stem cell populations are responsible for the transplantation engraftment process. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is usually processed to the total nucleated cell (TNC), but not to the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction. TNC counts are used to determine UCB unit storage, release for transplantation and correlation with time to engraftment [1]. It has been mentioned in the literature that there are several factors that affect harvesting of cord blood stem cells [2]. It was set to analyze the relationship between fetal weight and other factors that led to rejection of CBUs brought to DCRC from public and private donations. In this retrospective study, 375 donations of CBUs from January 2018 to October 2018 at DCRC were recorded. From literature, factors that are usually involved in rejection of CBUs were recorded and analyzed to mark the leading cause of rejection criteria. In this study, it showed that results did not find infants’ birth weight or mother’s age to have any value in rejection. Other factors’ results will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85919744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-034
Khalid Kazim
Inflammation is the process by which the immune system recognizes and removes environmental factors, and begins the healing process. Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. However, the cause of many chronic inflammatory conditions is poorly understood. Chronic inflammatory responses are an ongoing process as long as the environmental factor is present. Sometimes, the response makes the body attack itself. In this paper a closer look at finding out the causes of chronic inflammations, how to treat them on an individual basis, how to reverse the disease early on, and how to repair damages that the inflammation has caused.
{"title":"Functional and Cellular Immunotherapy (FCIT) Concept","authors":"Khalid Kazim","doi":"10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37191/mapsci-2582-6549-3(2)-034","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammation is the process by which the immune system recognizes and removes environmental factors, and begins the healing process. Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. However, the cause of many chronic inflammatory conditions is poorly understood. Chronic inflammatory responses are an ongoing process as long as the environmental factor is present. Sometimes, the response makes the body attack itself.\u0000\u0000In this paper a closer look at finding out the causes of chronic inflammations, how to treat them on an individual basis, how to reverse the disease early on, and how to repair damages that the inflammation has caused.","PeriodicalId":15543,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83486955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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