Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution最新文献

The comparative study of the four non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera) provides insights into the origin of bilaterian traits. To complete our knowledge of the cell biology and development of these animals, additional non-bilaterian models are needed. Given the developmental, histological, ecological, and genomic differences between the four sponge classes (Demospongiae, Calcarea, Homoscleromorpha, and Hexactinellida), we have been developing the Oscarella lobularis (Porifera, class Homoscleromorpha) model over the past 15 years. Here, we report a new step forward by inducing, producing, and maintaining in vitro thousands of clonal buds that now make possible various downstream applications. This study provides a full description of bud morphology, physiology, cells and tissues, from their formation to their development into juveniles, using adapted cell staining protocols. In addition, we show that buds have outstanding capabilities of regeneration after being injured and of re-epithelization after complete cell dissociation. Altogether, Oscarella buds constitute a relevant all-in-one sponge model to access a large set of biological processes, including somatic morphogenesis, epithelial morphogenesis, cell fate, body axes formation, nutrition, contraction, ciliary beating, and respiration.

The subgenus Stenocranius contains two cryptic species: Lasiopodomys gregalis (subdivided into three allopatrically distributed and genetically well-isolated lineages A, B, and C) and Lasiopodomys raddei. To identify karyotype characteristics of this poorly studied cryptic species complex, we used comparative cytogenetic analysis of 138 individuals from 41 localities in South Siberia and Mongolia. A detailed description of the L. raddei karyotype and of the L. gregalis lineage С karyotype is presented for the first time. The A chromosome complement of all examined narrow-headed voles consisted of 2n = 36 and a fundamental number of autosomal arms (FNa) of 50. Between species, patterns of differential staining were similar, though additional C-heterochromatic blocks were found in L. gregalis lineages; Ag-positive nucleolar organizers and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters are located on eight and nine acrocentric pairs, respectively. No B chromosomes (Bs) were found in the Early Pleistocene relic L. raddei, while one to five small heterochromatic acrocentric Bs were detected in all L. gregalis lineages; the number and frequency of Bs varied considerably within lineages, but no intraindividual variation was observed. In both species, telomeric repeats were visualized at termini of all chromosomes, including Bs. The number and localization of rDNA clusters on Bs varied among B-carriers. Immunodetection of several meiotic proteins indicated that meio-Bs are transcriptionally inactive and have a pattern of meiotic behavior similar to that of sex chromosomes (some homology of Bs to sex chromosomes is supposed). The nature, mechanisms of inheritance and stability of Bs in L. gregalis require further investigation.

Digital specializations of geckos are widely associated with their climbing abilities. A recurring feature that has independently emerged within the sister families Gekkonidae and Phyllodactylidae is the presence of neomorphic paraphalanges (PPEs), usually paired, paraxial skeletal structures lying adjacent to interphalangeal and metapodial-phalangeal joints. The incorporation of PPEs into gekkotan autopodia has the potential to modify the modularity and integration of the ancestral limb pattern by affecting information flow among skeletal limb parts. Here we explore the influence of PPEs on limb organization using anatomical networks. We modeled the fore- and hindlimbs in species ancestrally devoid of PPEs (Iguana iguana and Gekko gecko) and paraphalanx-bearing species (Hemidactylus mabouia and Uroplatus fimbriatus). To further clarify the impact of PPEs we also expunged PPEs from paraphalanx-bearing network models. We found that PPEs significantly increase modularity, giving rise to tightly integrated sub-modules along the digits, suggesting functional specialization. Species-specific singularities also emerged, such as the trade-off between the presence of PPEs favoring modularity (along the proximodistal axis) and the interdigital webbing favoring integration (across the lateromedial axis) in the limbs of U. fimbriatus. The PPEs are characterized by low connectivity compared with other skeletal elements; nevertheless, this varies based on their specific location and seemingly reflects developmental constraints. Our results also highlight the importance of the fifth metatarsal in generating a shift in lepidosaurian hindlimb polarity that contrasts with the more symmetrical bauplan of tetrapods. Our findings support extensive modification of the autopodial system in association with the addition of the neomorphic and intriguing PPEs.

Males and females share most of the genome, but many animals show different phenotypes between the sexes, known as sexual dimorphism. Many insect species show extreme sexual dimorphism, including beetles with "weapon traits" represented by extremely developed horns and mandibles. Existing studies of sex-specific development of beetle weapon traits suggest that sex-specific gene expression plays an important role. On the other hand, contributions of the Y-chromosome, which may potentially carry genes necessary for male development, to weapon trait expression have not been examined. In holometabolous insects, including beetles, the feminizing gene transformer (tra) is roughly conserved in its feminizing function. Only females express a functional isoform of Tra, which causes female differentiation. Knocking down tra in females leads to male tissue differentiation, enabling us to analyze male phenotypes in individuals lacking a Y-chromosome (XX-males). In this study, we investigate whether the Y-chromosome is necessary for stag beetles to express male-specific weapon traits by comparing tra-knockdown-induced XX-males with natural XY males. We show that XX-males could express weapons (enlarged mandibles) as in XY-males. These results suggest that the Y-chromosome does not have a major role in weapon trait expression in this species.

The origin of morphological innovation has been extensively studied within evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). Recent studies have demonstrated that the developmental module for double-layered epithelial outgrowths is conserved between the insect wings and branchiopod crustacean carapace, thereby introducing homology among these diverse structures. However, evo-devo studies on the branchiopod crustacean carapace have been primarily limited to a single species, the water flea Daphnia magna, leaving the gene regulatory network governing carapace development not comprehensively understood. Furthermore, realizator genes downstream of the character identity mechanism (ChIM) for bilayered epithelial development remain inadequately described. In this study, we analyzed tissue-specific transcriptional profiles in the developing longtail tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus. We observed significant upregulation of papilin in the carapace-bearing head, along with its expression in both the carapace and the trunk limb lobes. Based on these results, we hypothesize that differential expression of papilin is involved in the disproportional growth of Triops carapace. Our findings will contribute to elucidating the diversification of double-layered epithelial outgrowths across distant arthropod lineages.

The eyes of squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish are a textbook example for evolutionary convergence, due to their striking similarity to those of vertebrates. For this reason, studies on cephalopod photoreception and vision are of importance for a broader audience. Previous studies showed that genes such as pax6, or certain opsin-encoding genes, are evolutionarily highly conserved and play similar roles during ontogenesis in remotely related bilaterians. In this study, genes that encode photosensitive proteins and Reflectins are identified and characterized. The expression patterns of rhodopsin, xenopsin, retinochrome, and two reflectin genes have been visualized in developing embryos of the pygmy squid Xipholeptos notoides by in situ hybridization experiments. Rhodopsin is not only expressed in the retina of X. notoides but also in the olfactory organ and the dorsal parolfactory vesicles, the latter a cephalopod apomorphy. Both reflectin genes are expressed in the eyes and in the olfactory organ. These findings corroborate previous studies that found opsin genes in the transcriptomes of the eyes and several extraocular tissues of various cephalopods. Expression of rhodopsin, xenopsin, retinochrome, and the two reflectin genes in the olfactory organ is a finding that has not been described so far. In other organisms, it has been shown that Retinochrome and Rhodopsin proteins are obligatorily associated with each other as both molecules rely on each other for Retinal isomerisation. In addition, we demonstrate that retinochrome is expressed in the retina of X. notoides and in the olfactory organ. This study shows numerous new expression patterns for Opsin-encoding genes in organs that have not been associated with photoreception before, suggesting that either Opsins may not only be involved in photoreception or organs such as the olfactory organ are involved in photoreception.

There is an increased interest in the evolution and development of newts from the genus Triturus because: (1) morphological differentiation among the nine constituent species largely corresponds to different ecological preferences, (2) hybridization between different species pairs has various evolutionary outcomes in terms of life history traits and morphology, and (3) the genus expresses a balanced lethal system that causes arrested growth and death of half of the embryos. These features provide natural experimental settings for molecular, morphological, and life-history studies. Therefore, we produce a staging table for the Balkan crested newt (T. ivanbureschi). We provide detailed descriptions of 34 embryonic stages based on easily observable and interpretable external morphological characters, to ensure reproducibility. Compared with previous staging tables for Triturus, we include a vastly increased sample size and provide high-resolution photographs in lateral, ventral, and dorsal view, complemented by videos of specific developmental periods, and accompanied by detailed explanations on how to delineate the specific stages. Our staging table will serve as a baseline in comparative studies on Triturus newts: an emerging model system in evolutionary and developmental studies.

Vertebrate animals that run or jump across sparsely vegetated habitats, such as horses and jerboas, have reduced the number of distal limb bones, and many have lost most or all distal limb muscle. We previously showed that nascent muscles are present in the jerboa hindfoot at birth and that these myofibers are rapidly and completely lost soon after by a process that shares features with pathological skeletal muscle atrophy. Here, we apply an intra- and interspecies differential RNA-Seq approach, comparing jerboa and mouse muscles, to identify gene expression differences associated with the initiation and progression of jerboa hindfoot muscle loss. We show evidence for reduced hepatocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor signaling and an imbalance in nitric oxide signaling; all are pathways that are necessary for skeletal muscle development and regeneration. We also find evidence for phagosome formation, which hints at how myofibers may be removed by autophagy or by nonprofessional phagocytes without evidence for cell death or immune cell activation. Last, we show significant overlap between genes associated with jerboa hindfoot muscle loss and genes that are differentially expressed in a variety of human muscle pathologies and rodent models of muscle loss disorders. All together, these data provide molecular insight into the process of evolutionary and developmental muscle loss in jerboa hindfeet.

Sea squirts (Tunicata) are chordates and develop a swimming larva with a small and defined number of individually identifiable cells. This offers the prospect of connecting specific stimuli to behavioral output and characterizing the neural activity that links these together. Here, we describe the development of a microfluidic chip that allows live larvae of the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis to be immobilized and recorded. By generating transgenic larvae expressing GCaAMP6m in defined cells, we show that calcium ion levels can be recorded from immobilized larvae, while microfluidic control allows larvae to be exposed to specific waterborne stimuli. We trial this on sea water carrying increased levels of carbon dioxide, providing evidence that larvae can sense this gas.