Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) leaves have been traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, fever, and oxidative stress–related disorders. However, scientific validation of these claims remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects of C. maxima leaf aqueous extract and to elucidate its phytochemical composition and molecular mechanisms of action.
Materials and methods
The phytochemical profile of the aqueous extract was determined using UPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in a benzylthiouracil-induced inflammation model by measuring white blood cell (WBC) counts, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues. In vitro anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated through the protein denaturation inhibition assay, using diclofenac as a reference. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of major compounds were predicted using ADMET tools, while molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate interactions with COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.
Results
UPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis revealed a complex mixture of polyphenols, with caffeic acid (56.04%), rutin (9.25%), ferulic acid (8.79%), and myricetin-3-rhamnose (8.62%) as the main constituents. The extract significantly reduced inflammation by normalizing WBC counts (from 7.2 to 4.5 × 109/L), lowering CRP levels (from 630 to 220 mg/L), and protecting liver and kidney tissues. The extract also inhibited protein denaturation in vitro (IC50 = 2.976 mg/mL) compared to diclofenac (IC50 = 0.718 mg/mL). Molecular docking revealed that major flavonoids exhibited strong binding affinities toward COX-1 and COX-2, often surpassing diclofenac, supported by stable hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. ADMET and toxicity predictions indicated good intestinal absorption for several major compounds, absence of predicted hepatotoxicity or skin sensitization, and generally low acute toxicity, with high predicted LD50 values and no mutagenic risk for most constituents.
Conclusion
These findings support the traditional use of C. maxima leaves in folk medicine for the management of inflammation-related conditions, fever, and associated oxidative stress. Further isolation of the key active constituents and clinical evaluation are recommended to confirm their therapeutic efficacy.
{"title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Cucurbita maxima leaf extract: LC–MS phytochemical profiling coupled with in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches","authors":"Hammadi Maroua , Mohammed Larbi Benamor , Yahia Bekkar , Salah Neghmouche Nacer , Elhafnaoui Lanez , Ouafa Boudebia , Housseyn Chaoua , Aicha Adaika , Lazhar Bechki , Touhami Lanez , Stefania Garzoli","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Ethnopharmacological relevance</h3><div><em>Cucurbita maxima</em> (pumpkin) leaves have been traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, fever, and oxidative stress–related disorders. However, scientific validation of these claims remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects of <em>C. maxima</em> leaf aqueous extract and to elucidate its phytochemical composition and molecular mechanisms of action.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The phytochemical profile of the aqueous extract was determined using UPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in a benzylthiouracil-induced inflammation model by measuring white blood cell (WBC) counts, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues. In vitro anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated through the protein denaturation inhibition assay, using diclofenac as a reference. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of major compounds were predicted using ADMET tools, while molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate interactions with COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>UPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis revealed a complex mixture of polyphenols, with caffeic acid (56.04%), rutin (9.25%), ferulic acid (8.79%), and myricetin-3-rhamnose (8.62%) as the main constituents. The extract significantly reduced inflammation by normalizing WBC counts (from 7.2 to 4.5 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L), lowering CRP levels (from 630 to 220 mg/L), and protecting liver and kidney tissues. The extract also inhibited protein denaturation in vitro (IC<sub>50</sub> = 2.976 mg/mL) compared to diclofenac (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.718 mg/mL). Molecular docking revealed that major flavonoids exhibited strong binding affinities toward COX-1 and COX-2, often surpassing diclofenac, supported by stable hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. ADMET and toxicity predictions indicated good intestinal absorption for several major compounds, absence of predicted hepatotoxicity or skin sensitization, and generally low acute toxicity, with high predicted LD<sub>50</sub> values and no mutagenic risk for most constituents.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings support the traditional use of <em>C. maxima</em> leaves in folk medicine for the management of inflammation-related conditions, fever, and associated oxidative stress. Further isolation of the key active constituents and clinical evaluation are recommended to confirm their therapeutic efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 121267"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121302
Jiatian Ma, Yangyang Zhao, Shiqi Liu, Dong Zhang, Zebang Lu, Ying Qiu, Yuling Wang, Ge Qiu, Zhiling Sun
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Moxibustion, a traditional Chinese healing method, uses mugwort (Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot) to apply heat to specific points, treating conditions like "Bi Zheng", which is akin to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). According to traditional theory, its therapeutic actions are attributed to warming the meridians and regulating the flow of Qi and blood.
Aim of the study: To quantitatively evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of moxibustion and to map its anti-arthritic mechanisms in animal models of RA.
Materials and methods: The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024503829) and reported according to PRISMA 2020. Eight databases were searched through 28 July 2025 for randomized controlled animal studies comparing moxibustion with the control in RA models. The primary outcome was arthritis severity, assessed by the arthritis index, paw volume, and histopathological score. Secondary endpoints included serum or tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4), and key signaling proteins (NF-κB, NLRP3, TLR4, MyD88). The SYRCLE tool was used to assess the risk of bias.
Results: Seventy-three studies were included. Meta-analysis showed that moxibustion significantly reduced arthritis severity (arthritis index: SMD -3.72, 95% CI -4.25 to -3.20; paw volume: SMD -4.59, 95% CI -5.54 to -3.63; histopathological score: SMD -2.24, 95% CI -2.80 to -1.67). Moxibustion also lowered the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β (SMD -3.52, 95% CI -4.19 to -2.86), IL-6 (SMD -3.17, -4.17 to -2.16), and TNF-α (SMD -3.38, -3.97 to -2.79) and suppressed key signaling pathways, including NF-κB (SMD -2.29, 95% CI -3.20 to -1.37), NLRP3 (SMD -1.74, 95% CI -2.49 to -0.99), TLR4 (SMD -6.72, 95% CI -12.54 to -0.90), and MyD88 (SMD -9.16, 95% CI -15.28 to -3.04).
Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that moxibustion alleviates arthritis severity and histopathological damage in RA animal models, potentially through modulating inflammatory networks and inhibiting key pathways such as NF-κB and NLRP3. These findings provide preclinical evidence supporting the rationale for future clinical investigation of moxibustion as a potential adjunct therapy for RA.
民族药理学相关性：艾灸，一种传统的中国治疗方法，使用艾草（Artemisia argyi h.l acimv .）。（Vaniot）将热量应用于特定的穴位，治疗类似于类风湿关节炎（RA）的“痹证”。根据传统理论，它的治疗作用归因于温热经络和调节气血流动。目的：定量评价艾灸对类风湿关节炎动物模型的治疗效果，探讨其抗关节炎机制。材料和方法：该方案已在PROSPERO注册（CRD42024503829），并根据PRISMA 2020报告。截至2025年7月28日，在8个数据库中检索了比较艾灸与RA模型对照组的随机对照动物研究。主要结局是关节炎严重程度，通过关节炎指数、足部体积和组织病理学评分来评估。次要终点包括血清或组织中促炎细胞因子（IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6）、免疫调节细胞因子（IL-10、IL-4）和关键信号蛋白（NF-κB、NLRP3、TLR4、MyD88）的水平。使用sycle工具评估偏倚风险。结果：纳入73项研究。荟萃分析显示，艾灸可显著降低关节炎严重程度（关节炎指数：SMD -3.72, 95% CI -4.25 ~ -3.20；爪体积：SMD -4.59, 95% CI -5.54 ~ -3.63；组织病理学评分：SMD -2.24, 95% CI -2.80 ~ -1.67）。艾灸还降低了促炎细胞因子：IL-1β （SMD -3.52, 95% CI -4.19至-2.86）、IL-6 （SMD -3.17, -4.17至-2.16）和TNF-α （SMD -3.38, -3.97至-2.79）的水平，并抑制了关键信号通路，包括NF-κB （SMD -2.29, 95% CI -3.20至-1.37）、NLRP3 （SMD -1.74, 95% CI -2.49至-0.99）、TLR4 （SMD -6.72, 95% CI -12.54至-0.90）和MyD88 （SMD -9.16, 95% CI -15.28至-3.04）。结论：本meta分析表明，艾灸可能通过调节炎症网络和抑制NF-κB和NLRP3等关键通路，减轻RA动物模型的关节炎严重程度和组织病理学损伤。这些发现提供了临床前证据，支持艾灸作为RA潜在辅助治疗的未来临床研究的基本原理。
{"title":"Moxibustion with Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot in rheumatoid arthritis animal models: A meta-analysis linking clinical efficacy to inflammasome and cytokine signaling mechanisms.","authors":"Jiatian Ma, Yangyang Zhao, Shiqi Liu, Dong Zhang, Zebang Lu, Ying Qiu, Yuling Wang, Ge Qiu, Zhiling Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Ethnopharmacological relevance: </strong>Moxibustion, a traditional Chinese healing method, uses mugwort (Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot) to apply heat to specific points, treating conditions like \"Bi Zheng\", which is akin to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). According to traditional theory, its therapeutic actions are attributed to warming the meridians and regulating the flow of Qi and blood.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>To quantitatively evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of moxibustion and to map its anti-arthritic mechanisms in animal models of RA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024503829) and reported according to PRISMA 2020. Eight databases were searched through 28 July 2025 for randomized controlled animal studies comparing moxibustion with the control in RA models. The primary outcome was arthritis severity, assessed by the arthritis index, paw volume, and histopathological score. Secondary endpoints included serum or tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4), and key signaling proteins (NF-κB, NLRP3, TLR4, MyD88). The SYRCLE tool was used to assess the risk of bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-three studies were included. Meta-analysis showed that moxibustion significantly reduced arthritis severity (arthritis index: SMD -3.72, 95% CI -4.25 to -3.20; paw volume: SMD -4.59, 95% CI -5.54 to -3.63; histopathological score: SMD -2.24, 95% CI -2.80 to -1.67). Moxibustion also lowered the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β (SMD -3.52, 95% CI -4.19 to -2.86), IL-6 (SMD -3.17, -4.17 to -2.16), and TNF-α (SMD -3.38, -3.97 to -2.79) and suppressed key signaling pathways, including NF-κB (SMD -2.29, 95% CI -3.20 to -1.37), NLRP3 (SMD -1.74, 95% CI -2.49 to -0.99), TLR4 (SMD -6.72, 95% CI -12.54 to -0.90), and MyD88 (SMD -9.16, 95% CI -15.28 to -3.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This meta-analysis suggests that moxibustion alleviates arthritis severity and histopathological damage in RA animal models, potentially through modulating inflammatory networks and inhibiting key pathways such as NF-κB and NLRP3. These findings provide preclinical evidence supporting the rationale for future clinical investigation of moxibustion as a potential adjunct therapy for RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"121302"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146118841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation renowned for its properties in replenishing qi and promoting blood circulation, corresponds closely with the pathophysiological framework of "qi deficiency and blood stasis" observed in vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Consequently, there is a critical need to validate its therapeutic efficacy and elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its use in VCI treatment.
Aim of the study: This investigation aimed to systematically assess the therapeutic effects of BYHWD on VCI and to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved.
Materials and methods: The bioactive constituents of BYHWD were characterized via UHPLC-MS/MS. A rat model of VCI was established through two-vessel occlusion (2VO). Experimental groups received oral gavage administration of BYHWD at dosages of 6.4, 12.8, and 25.6 g/kg daily for four weeks, with Ginaton (14.4 mg/kg) employed as a positive control. Cerebral blood flow was assessed using laser speckle imaging. Cognitive performance was evaluated through the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Histopathological changes in brain tissue were assessed by Nissl and LFB staining. To investigate pharmacological mechanisms, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted. Additionally, in vitro studies utilized an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model in BV2 microglial cells, with intervention by the p53 activator Nutlin-3 to further validate mechanistic pathways.
Results: Administration of BYHWD markedly enhanced learning and memory functions, increased cerebral perfusion, and mitigated neuronal loss and white matter injury in 2VO rats. Furthermore, BYHWD significantly inhibited microglial activation and decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that BYHWD downregulated the expression of proteins associated with the p53/cGAS/STING signaling pathway in the 2VO model. In vitro, activation of p53 by Nutlin-3 negated the neuroprotective effects of BYHWD on OGD-induced BV2 cells and concurrently intensified inflammatory responses.
Conclusion: BYHWD ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuropathological damage in 2VO rats primarily through suppression of the p53/cGAS/STING signaling cascade and attenuation of neuroinflammation. This study provides strong pharmacological evidence for the early prevention and clinical treatment of VCI.
{"title":"Buyang Huanwu Decoction alleviates vascular cognitive impairment by inhibiting neuroinflammation via regulation of the p53/cGAS/STING pathway.","authors":"Huijuan Luo, Guangqi Wang, Tian Liu, Jilong Guo, Qinqing Li, Zhuoqing Cao, Rui Wang, Wenbin He","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Ethnopharmacological relevance: </strong>Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation renowned for its properties in replenishing qi and promoting blood circulation, corresponds closely with the pathophysiological framework of \"qi deficiency and blood stasis\" observed in vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Consequently, there is a critical need to validate its therapeutic efficacy and elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its use in VCI treatment.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>This investigation aimed to systematically assess the therapeutic effects of BYHWD on VCI and to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The bioactive constituents of BYHWD were characterized via UHPLC-MS/MS. A rat model of VCI was established through two-vessel occlusion (2VO). Experimental groups received oral gavage administration of BYHWD at dosages of 6.4, 12.8, and 25.6 g/kg daily for four weeks, with Ginaton (14.4 mg/kg) employed as a positive control. Cerebral blood flow was assessed using laser speckle imaging. Cognitive performance was evaluated through the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Histopathological changes in brain tissue were assessed by Nissl and LFB staining. To investigate pharmacological mechanisms, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted. Additionally, in vitro studies utilized an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model in BV2 microglial cells, with intervention by the p53 activator Nutlin-3 to further validate mechanistic pathways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Administration of BYHWD markedly enhanced learning and memory functions, increased cerebral perfusion, and mitigated neuronal loss and white matter injury in 2VO rats. Furthermore, BYHWD significantly inhibited microglial activation and decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that BYHWD downregulated the expression of proteins associated with the p53/cGAS/STING signaling pathway in the 2VO model. In vitro, activation of p53 by Nutlin-3 negated the neuroprotective effects of BYHWD on OGD-induced BV2 cells and concurrently intensified inflammatory responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BYHWD ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuropathological damage in 2VO rats primarily through suppression of the p53/cGAS/STING signaling cascade and attenuation of neuroinflammation. This study provides strong pharmacological evidence for the early prevention and clinical treatment of VCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"121319"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146118456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p><strong>Ethnopharmacological relevance: </strong>The combination of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Atractylodis Rhizoma (Baizhu-Cangzhu, BC) is a commonly used couplet medicine suitable for strengthening spleen function in the clinic. The combination of BC originates from the ancient Chinese medical text Zhang's Medical Expert. Ancient Chinese doctors often used a combination of these two drugs or their different processed products to supplement the spleen and resolve dampness and treat hyperlipidemia (HLP). However, no further research has been conducted on the characteristics of the effects of different combinations of its raw drug and processed products.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>The present study aimed to elucidate the regulatory effect of raw BC, stir-frying BC with bran, and their different combinations on HLP and the therapeutic characteristics of each sample, and promote their application in the treatment of HLP and related diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A HLP model was induced by feeding mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for six weeks. Serum biochemical indicators levels were measured using a fully automatic blood biochemistry analyzer. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver and small intestine tissues, Oil-Red O staining and Masson staining was used to observe the lipid and collagen deposition in the liver tissue, respectively. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, gastrointestinal hormones, and lipid metabolism-related indicators in the serum were detected by ELISA. The expression of aquaporins (AQPs) in liver tissues and MUC2 in small intestinal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of AQPs in liver tissues and tight junction proteins in small intestinal tissues were measured by Western blotting. The expression and localization of ZO-1 protein in small intestinal tissues were detected by immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The BC group significantly reduced serum TC and LDL-C levels (P < 0.005). FBFC treatment lowered serum AST levels (P < 0.05) and increased CETP and PLTP levels (P < 0.05). IL-6 and AQP9 levels were reduced in all treatment groups (P < 0.05). In liver tissue, AQP3 expression was upregulated in the BC and FBC groups, while AQP8 expression increased in the BFC and FBC groups (P < 0.05). In small intestine tissue, AQP3 expression was elevated in the BC and BFC groups, and AQP8 was increased in the BFC, FBC, and FBFC groups (P < 0.05). ZO-1 expression was enhanced in the BFC, FBC, and FBFC groups, while Claudin-1 expression was higher in the BC and FBFC groups (P < 0.05). MUC2 expression was increased in the FBFC group (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrated that BC, stir-frying BC with bran, and their various combinations exert distinct therapeutic characteristics in improving spleen deficiency and lowering lipid levels in HFD-induced HLP mice. The raw products showed stro
{"title":"Comparison of the effect of raw and prepared Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma - Atractylodis Rhizoma couplet medicines on strengthening the spleen and transforming dampness.","authors":"Liping Han, Ke Li, Xinyu Qiu, Jianrong Gu, Fangjie Ding, Jiajia Zou, Zhaohuan Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Ethnopharmacological relevance: </strong>The combination of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Atractylodis Rhizoma (Baizhu-Cangzhu, BC) is a commonly used couplet medicine suitable for strengthening spleen function in the clinic. The combination of BC originates from the ancient Chinese medical text Zhang's Medical Expert. Ancient Chinese doctors often used a combination of these two drugs or their different processed products to supplement the spleen and resolve dampness and treat hyperlipidemia (HLP). However, no further research has been conducted on the characteristics of the effects of different combinations of its raw drug and processed products.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>The present study aimed to elucidate the regulatory effect of raw BC, stir-frying BC with bran, and their different combinations on HLP and the therapeutic characteristics of each sample, and promote their application in the treatment of HLP and related diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A HLP model was induced by feeding mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for six weeks. Serum biochemical indicators levels were measured using a fully automatic blood biochemistry analyzer. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver and small intestine tissues, Oil-Red O staining and Masson staining was used to observe the lipid and collagen deposition in the liver tissue, respectively. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, gastrointestinal hormones, and lipid metabolism-related indicators in the serum were detected by ELISA. The expression of aquaporins (AQPs) in liver tissues and MUC2 in small intestinal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of AQPs in liver tissues and tight junction proteins in small intestinal tissues were measured by Western blotting. The expression and localization of ZO-1 protein in small intestinal tissues were detected by immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The BC group significantly reduced serum TC and LDL-C levels (P < 0.005). FBFC treatment lowered serum AST levels (P < 0.05) and increased CETP and PLTP levels (P < 0.05). IL-6 and AQP9 levels were reduced in all treatment groups (P < 0.05). In liver tissue, AQP3 expression was upregulated in the BC and FBC groups, while AQP8 expression increased in the BFC and FBC groups (P < 0.05). In small intestine tissue, AQP3 expression was elevated in the BC and BFC groups, and AQP8 was increased in the BFC, FBC, and FBFC groups (P < 0.05). ZO-1 expression was enhanced in the BFC, FBC, and FBFC groups, while Claudin-1 expression was higher in the BC and FBFC groups (P < 0.05). MUC2 expression was increased in the FBFC group (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrated that BC, stir-frying BC with bran, and their various combinations exert distinct therapeutic characteristics in improving spleen deficiency and lowering lipid levels in HFD-induced HLP mice. The raw products showed stro","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"121314"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146118791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) has been traditionally used for conditions related to the nervous system and emotional well-being, often through aromatic preparations. However, its cognition-specific effects have not yet been investigated.
Aim of the study
To assess the cognitive effects of the fruit-derived essential oil of Schinus molle L. (SMEO), administered via oral and inhalation routes, in a rat model of scopolamine-induced amnesia.
Materials and methods
SMEO was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterised by GC–MS/GC–FID. Amnesic rats received SMEO for 14 days by inhalation (1% or 3%) or oral gavage (100 or 200 mg/kg). Cognition was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM), passive avoidance (PA), and novel object recognition (NOR) tests; locomotion was measured by activity-meter. Hippocampal BDNF and GFAP immunoreactivity were assessed by immunohistochemistry.
Results
SMEO was dominated by α-phellandrene (48.7%). Scopolamine impaired cognition, whereas SMEO attenuated deficits with efficacy comparable to piracetam. Key behavioural and immunohistochemical findings (main omnibus statistical effects) were as follows: In the MWM, treatment and time effects on escape latency were significant (both p < 0.001), and probe performance improved (p < 0.001). PA retention was restored (p < 0.001) and the NOR index improved (p < 0.001), without locomotor changes (all p > 0.05). Scopolamine reduced hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity in CA1 and DG (p < 0.01) and CA3 (p < 0.001), which was restored by SMEO via both routes. GFAP immunoreactivity was reduced in CA1/CA3/DG (all p < 0.001) and was rescued selectively after inhalation.
Conclusions
These findings provide preclinical evidence consistent with an ethnopharmacological rationale for SMEO and support further translational work to clarify its relevance beyond this experimental paradigm.
民族药理学相关性：蛇鼻草（蛇鼻草科）传统上用于与神经系统和情绪健康相关的疾病，通常通过芳香制剂。然而，其认知特异性影响尚未被研究。本研究的目的：评估Schinus molle L. （SMEO）果源性精油（Schinus molle L.，简称SMEO）经口服和吸入给药对东莨菪碱诱导的健忘症大鼠模型的认知作用。材料和方法：采用加氢蒸馏法得到SMEO，采用GC-MS/GC-FID进行表征。遗忘大鼠经吸入（1%或3%）或灌胃（100或200 mg/kg）给予SMEO治疗14天。通过Morris水迷宫（MWM）、被动回避（PA）和新物体识别（NOR）测试评估认知能力；运动用活动计测量。采用免疫组织化学方法评价海马BDNF和GFAP的免疫反应性。结果：SMEO以α-茶树烯为主（48.7%）。东莨菪碱损害认知能力，而SMEO减轻认知缺陷，其疗效与吡拉西坦相当。主要行为和免疫组织化学结果（主要综合统计效应）如下：在MWM中，治疗和时间对逃避潜伏期的影响显著（均p0.05）。东莨菪碱降低海马BDNF在CA1和DG中的免疫反应性(结论：这些发现提供了与SMEO的民族药理学原理一致的临床前证据，并支持进一步的转化工作，以阐明其在实验范式之外的相关性。
{"title":"Cognitive improvement and hippocampal BDNF/GFAP alterations by Schinus molle essential oil in a rat model of scopolamine-induced amnesia","authors":"Umut İrfan Üçel , Ümmühan Kandemi̇r , Cevşen Yazici , Öznur Bi̇lgi̇n , Nazlı Turan Yücel , Temel Özek , Ümide Demi̇r Özkay , Gökalp İşcan , Özgür Devrim Can","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Ethnopharmacological relevance</h3><div><em>Schinus molle</em> L. (Anacardiaceae) has been traditionally used for conditions related to the nervous system and emotional well-being, often through aromatic preparations. However, its cognition-specific effects have not yet been investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the study</h3><div>To assess the cognitive effects of the fruit-derived essential oil of <em>Schinus molle</em> L. (SMEO), administered via oral and inhalation routes, in a rat model of scopolamine-induced amnesia.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>SMEO was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterised by GC–MS/GC–FID. Amnesic rats received SMEO for 14 days by inhalation (1% or 3%) or oral gavage (100 or 200 mg/kg). Cognition was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM), passive avoidance (PA), and novel object recognition (NOR) tests; locomotion was measured by activity-meter. Hippocampal BDNF and GFAP immunoreactivity were assessed by immunohistochemistry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SMEO was dominated by α-phellandrene (48.7%). Scopolamine impaired cognition, whereas SMEO attenuated deficits with efficacy comparable to piracetam. Key behavioural and immunohistochemical findings (main omnibus statistical effects) were as follows: In the MWM, treatment and time effects on escape latency were significant (both p < 0.001), and probe performance improved (p < 0.001). PA retention was restored (p < 0.001) and the NOR index improved (p < 0.001), without locomotor changes (all p > 0.05). Scopolamine reduced hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity in CA1 and DG (p < 0.01) and CA3 (p < 0.001), which was restored by SMEO via both routes. GFAP immunoreactivity was reduced in CA1/CA3/DG (all p < 0.001) and was rescued selectively after inhalation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings provide preclinical evidence consistent with an ethnopharmacological rationale for SMEO and support further translational work to clarify its relevance beyond this experimental paradigm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 121309"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146112965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121320
Qingyu Liu, Ran Nie, Bo Fan, Wenhui Wu, Jianbin Ge, Lizhong Zhu, Juan Ye, Xiaoyan Sun, Peng Cao, Chunping Hu
<p><strong>Ethnopharmacological relevance: </strong>In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), osteoarthritis (OA) is referred to as "Gu Bi" (bone bi syndrome), which is characterized by chronic joint disease, cartilage damage, and deterioration of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The Soufeng Sanjie formula (SF), comprising Scolopendra, Scorpions, Astragali radix, and Black soybean seed coats, is traditionally employed in the treatment of "bone bi" disease and has been utilized in managing OA. Nonetheless, the effects of SF on ECM deterioration and cartilage destruction in OA, as well as its principal bioactive components, remain inadequately understood.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>This study aims to investigate SF's therapeutic potential against ECM deterioration and cartilage destruction in OA, explore its underlying mechanisms, and identify its primary bioactive components.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A mouse model of knee OA was established via anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). The analgesic effect of SF on arthritis pain was assessed by measuring cold pain thresholds. Cartilage damage was evaluated using Safranin O-fast green staining and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to evaluate the influence of SF on cartilage metabolism, whereas cellular experiments were conducted to examine SF's capacity to enhance chondrocyte anabolism. The expression levels of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1), and aggrecan (ACAN) were analyzed using Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Alcian blue staining was utilized to identify the bioactive components of SF that affect chondrocyte anabolism. This was further supported by preliminary analyses using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SF has been shown to effectively reduce cartilage degradation and enhance the expression of SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1 in the cartilage of OA mice. Furthermore, SF promotes ECM anabolism in chondrocyte cells, as evidenced by the increased production of chondrocyte acidic polysaccharides and elevated mRNA levels of SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1. Additionally, Formononetin (FMN) was screened as a key compound of SF with the ability to enhance cartilage ECM anabolism. FMN significantly upregulated the expression of SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1, alleviated pain symptoms, and reduced cartilage damage in OA mice. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses indicated that FMN targets the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), thereby activating the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in chondrocyte cells. And the chondroprotective effect of FMN is attenuated by PPARG inhibitors. Additionally, both CETSA and SPR analyses demonstrated direct binding between FMN and PPARG.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated th
{"title":"Soufeng Sanjie formula and its active ingredient formononetin alleviate osteoarthritis via PPARG-AKT-ERK1/2 promoted cartilage extracellular matrix anabolism.","authors":"Qingyu Liu, Ran Nie, Bo Fan, Wenhui Wu, Jianbin Ge, Lizhong Zhu, Juan Ye, Xiaoyan Sun, Peng Cao, Chunping Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Ethnopharmacological relevance: </strong>In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), osteoarthritis (OA) is referred to as \"Gu Bi\" (bone bi syndrome), which is characterized by chronic joint disease, cartilage damage, and deterioration of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The Soufeng Sanjie formula (SF), comprising Scolopendra, Scorpions, Astragali radix, and Black soybean seed coats, is traditionally employed in the treatment of \"bone bi\" disease and has been utilized in managing OA. Nonetheless, the effects of SF on ECM deterioration and cartilage destruction in OA, as well as its principal bioactive components, remain inadequately understood.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>This study aims to investigate SF's therapeutic potential against ECM deterioration and cartilage destruction in OA, explore its underlying mechanisms, and identify its primary bioactive components.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A mouse model of knee OA was established via anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). The analgesic effect of SF on arthritis pain was assessed by measuring cold pain thresholds. Cartilage damage was evaluated using Safranin O-fast green staining and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to evaluate the influence of SF on cartilage metabolism, whereas cellular experiments were conducted to examine SF's capacity to enhance chondrocyte anabolism. The expression levels of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1), and aggrecan (ACAN) were analyzed using Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Alcian blue staining was utilized to identify the bioactive components of SF that affect chondrocyte anabolism. This was further supported by preliminary analyses using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SF has been shown to effectively reduce cartilage degradation and enhance the expression of SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1 in the cartilage of OA mice. Furthermore, SF promotes ECM anabolism in chondrocyte cells, as evidenced by the increased production of chondrocyte acidic polysaccharides and elevated mRNA levels of SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1. Additionally, Formononetin (FMN) was screened as a key compound of SF with the ability to enhance cartilage ECM anabolism. FMN significantly upregulated the expression of SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1, alleviated pain symptoms, and reduced cartilage damage in OA mice. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses indicated that FMN targets the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), thereby activating the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in chondrocyte cells. And the chondroprotective effect of FMN is attenuated by PPARG inhibitors. Additionally, both CETSA and SPR analyses demonstrated direct binding between FMN and PPARG.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated th","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"121320"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Xiehuang San (XHS) is a classical Chinese herbal formula with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal-regulating and hypoglycemic effects, but its specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
Aim of the study: To evaluate the effects of XHS on T2DM, with a particular focus on its metabolic and molecular mechanisms.
Materials and methods: C57BL/6J mice were induced with T2DM using a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. T2DM mice were treated with XHS for 4 weeks to assess blood glucose control and metabolism. Serum metabolomics were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Network pharmacology integrated drug-metabolite-disease associations. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations assessed the binding of active compounds to targets. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to determine gene and protein expression levels. An in vitro model was established to validate the effects of XHS on T2DM.
Results: XHS significantly improved T2DM pathology. Compared to the diabetic Mod group, XHS reduced fasting blood glucose levels, enhances glucose tolerance and improves insulin resistance and sensitivity. 24 dysregulated metabolites were corrected after treatment. Network pharmacology predicted that the key target of XHS in T2DM treatment is the CLCF1-STAT3 pathway. Licochalcone B, Wogonin and Apigenin are predicted to exhibit strong binding affinity for this pathway. Both in vitro and in vivo models, XHS effectively inhibits the activation of the CLCF1-STAT3 signalling pathway and protects insulin signalling.
Conclusion: This study combines metabolomics and network pharmacology to reveal that XHS exerts anti-diabetic effects by remodeling glycerophospholipid metabolism and inhibiting CLCF1-STAT3 signaling. These findings support the application of XHS in the treatment of T2DM.
{"title":"Integrating metabolomics, network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulations reveals that Xiehuang San targets CLCF1-STAT3 to restore insulin signaling in T2DM.","authors":"Jiayi Lin, Yu Sun, Yukun Pan, Huimin Liu, Yue Gao, Shuyi Lv, Yangyang Li, Lili Song, Yubo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Ethnopharmacological relevance: </strong>Xiehuang San (XHS) is a classical Chinese herbal formula with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal-regulating and hypoglycemic effects, but its specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>To evaluate the effects of XHS on T2DM, with a particular focus on its metabolic and molecular mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>C57BL/6J mice were induced with T2DM using a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. T2DM mice were treated with XHS for 4 weeks to assess blood glucose control and metabolism. Serum metabolomics were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Network pharmacology integrated drug-metabolite-disease associations. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations assessed the binding of active compounds to targets. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to determine gene and protein expression levels. An in vitro model was established to validate the effects of XHS on T2DM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>XHS significantly improved T2DM pathology. Compared to the diabetic Mod group, XHS reduced fasting blood glucose levels, enhances glucose tolerance and improves insulin resistance and sensitivity. 24 dysregulated metabolites were corrected after treatment. Network pharmacology predicted that the key target of XHS in T2DM treatment is the CLCF1-STAT3 pathway. Licochalcone B, Wogonin and Apigenin are predicted to exhibit strong binding affinity for this pathway. Both in vitro and in vivo models, XHS effectively inhibits the activation of the CLCF1-STAT3 signalling pathway and protects insulin signalling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study combines metabolomics and network pharmacology to reveal that XHS exerts anti-diabetic effects by remodeling glycerophospholipid metabolism and inhibiting CLCF1-STAT3 signaling. These findings support the application of XHS in the treatment of T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"121284"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121303
Xinxin Wang , Panpan Wang , Zhen Wang , Junbai Ma , Shiyi Song , Lingyang Kong , Xinyi Zhang , Wei Ma , Xiubo Liu
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham., a medicinal herb from the Asteraceae family, contains flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids as its primary bioactive compounds. It is commonly used in the treatment of ocular diseases and dermatological conditions. However, with its expanding applications across various fields, growing attention has been directed toward the potential safety concerns associated with its use.
Aim of the review
This article systematically reviews existing literature on S. scandens, examining its botany, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, applications, and development utilization, to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth exploration of its pharmacological mechanisms and resource development.
Materials and methods
This study conducted a systematic review of literature on S. scandens published from 1972 to 2025, based on databases including PubMed and Web of Science. Plants names are provided in accordance with "The Plant List" (https://wfoplantlist.org/).
Result
Over 200 chemical constituents, primarily flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, have been isolated and identified from S. scandens, endowing it with diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects. To address potential hepatorenal toxicity from its pyrrolizidine alkaloids, relevant safety guidelines have been gradually established alongside various clinical dosage forms. It is also widely used in fields including medicine, animal husbandry, agriculture, and cosmetics.
Conclusion
By systematically reviewing the botany, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, application, and development and utilization of S. scandens, this paper identifies key utilization obstacles, proposes future research directions, and provides a theoretical framework for its further development.
民族药理学相关性：Senecio scandens buchh . ham。是一种菊科草药，含有黄酮类、萜类和生物碱等主要生物活性成分。它通常用于眼部疾病和皮肤病的治疗。然而，随着其在各个领域的应用范围的扩大，越来越多的人开始关注与其使用相关的潜在安全问题。综述目的：本文从植物学、植物化学、生物活性、毒性、应用和开发利用等方面综述了香参的相关文献，为深入探索香参的药理机制和资源开发提供理论依据。材料与方法：本研究基于PubMed和Web of Science等数据库，对1972 - 2025年发表的关于scandens的文献进行了系统回顾。根据“植物清单”（https://wfoplantlist.org/）.Result)提供植物名称：从S. scandens中分离鉴定出200多种化学成分，主要是黄酮类、萜类和生物碱，使其具有抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等多种生物活性。为了解决其吡咯利西啶类生物碱的潜在肝肾毒性，相关的安全指南已逐渐与各种临床剂型一起建立。在医药、畜牧、农业、化妆品等领域也有广泛的应用。结论：本文系统综述了香草的植物学、植物化学、生物活性、毒性、应用及开发利用等方面的研究进展，明确了香草利用的关键障碍，提出了今后的研究方向，为香草的进一步开发提供了理论框架。
{"title":"Senecio scandens Buch. - Ham.: A comprehensive review of botany, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, quality control, application, and practical domain","authors":"Xinxin Wang , Panpan Wang , Zhen Wang , Junbai Ma , Shiyi Song , Lingyang Kong , Xinyi Zhang , Wei Ma , Xiubo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2026.121303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Ethnopharmacological relevance</h3><div><em>Senecio scandens</em> Buch.-Ham., a medicinal herb from the Asteraceae family, contains flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids as its primary bioactive compounds. It is commonly used in the treatment of ocular diseases and dermatological conditions. However, with its expanding applications across various fields, growing attention has been directed toward the potential safety concerns associated with its use.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the review</h3><div>This article systematically reviews existing literature on <em>S. scandens</em>, examining its botany, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, applications, and development utilization, to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth exploration of its pharmacological mechanisms and resource development.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This study conducted a systematic review of literature on <em>S. scandens</em> published from 1972 to 2025, based on databases including PubMed and Web of Science. Plants names are provided in accordance with \"The Plant List\" (<span><span>https://wfoplantlist.org/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Over 200 chemical constituents, primarily flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, have been isolated and identified from <em>S. scandens</em>, endowing it with diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects. To address potential hepatorenal toxicity from its pyrrolizidine alkaloids, relevant safety guidelines have been gradually established alongside various clinical dosage forms. It is also widely used in fields including medicine, animal husbandry, agriculture, and cosmetics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>By systematically reviewing the botany, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, application, and development and utilization of <em>S. scandens</em>, this paper identifies key utilization obstacles, proposes future research directions, and provides a theoretical framework for its further development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 121303"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30Epub Date: 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2025.120198
Xianglong Meng, Xiaoyan Zhang, Xiaojuan Su, Xiaoqin Liu, Kele Ren, Chenxu Ning, Qi Zhang, ShuoSheng Zhang
{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Daphnes Cortex and its licorice-processed products suppress inflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and regulation of the metabolic profile in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis\" [J. Ethnopharmacol. (2022) Jan 30:283:114657].","authors":"Xianglong Meng, Xiaoyan Zhang, Xiaojuan Su, Xiaoqin Liu, Kele Ren, Chenxu Ning, Qi Zhang, ShuoSheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2025.120198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jep.2025.120198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15761,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ethnopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"120198"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144553664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121298
Xin Li , Yun Shi , Jiaojiao Zhang , Tongming Liu , Chenfeng Zhang , Xun Gao , Chunhui Liu , Qing Zhang , Kunming Qin
<div><h3>Ethnopharmacological relevance</h3><div>As a classical prescription, Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction (WWXDD) (五味消毒饮) is composed of five medicinal components: <em>Lonicerae Japonicae Flos</em>, <em>Taraxaci Herba</em>, <em>Chrysanthemi Indici Flos</em>, <em>Violae Herba</em>, and <em>Semiaquilegiae Radix</em>. Originating from the Qing Dynasty, WWXDD has been widely employed in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating inflammatory diseases. Although numerous studies have explored various aspects of WWXDD, few comprehensive reviews have systematically synthesized its ethnopharmacological basis, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications, which hinders the further application and commercialization of WWXDD.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the study</h3><div>This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the traditional theory, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, and clinical evidence related to WWXDD, with a focus on current challenges and future perspectives.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The literature was systematically searched in databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The search period covered publications from 2013 to 2025. Keywords included “Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction”, “WWXDD”, “traditional Chinese medicine”, “phytochemistry”, “pharmacology”, and “clinical application”. Original research articles, reviews, and clinical studies relevant to the composition, pharmacological activities, quality control, and clinical applications of WWXDD were included. Duplicates, unrelated studies, and articles lacking sufficient methodological information were excluded. Chemical structures were drawn using ChemDraw 23, and the graphical abstract and schematic illustrations were created using BioRender and PowerPoint.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review firstly summarized the progress of the chemical constituents of WWXDD and discussed the advanced methods in monitoring quality of WWXDD and its herbal ingredients. Meanwhile, the attribution of each herb in WWXDD provides some theoretical basis for its efficacy. Pharmacological investigations reveal that WWXDD exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial properties, attributable to its constituent herbs. Clinically, it has demonstrated efficacy in managing facial acne and preventing postoperative infections. Finally, it is important to note in WWXDD use that even though there is no toxicity, most drugs are cold in nature, so it is important to pay attention to the people for whom the use is contraindicated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Through systematic investigation of WWXDD's herbal components, this study enhances the mechanistic understanding of its therapeutic actions. Both preclinical and clinical evidence underscores its potential in managing complex diseases. On this basis, we summarize an actionable compound-level quality-control framework (chemical
民族药理学相关性：无味消毒汤（WWXDD）为经典处方，由金银花、蒲公英、菊花、堇菜、半水仙五种药用成分组成。wxdd起源于清朝，在中医中被广泛用于治疗炎症性疾病。虽然已有大量研究对其进行了多方面的探索，但系统地综合其民族药理学基础、植物化学、药理学和临床应用的综述较少，阻碍了其进一步的应用和商业化。研究目的：本文旨在全面综述与WWXDD相关的传统理论、化学成分、药理活性和临床证据，并重点介绍当前面临的挑战和未来的展望。材料和方法：系统检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、CNKI等数据库。检索期涵盖2013年至2025年的出版物。关键词包括“五味消毒汤”、“WWXDD”、“中药”、“植物化学”、“药理学”、“临床应用”。本文收录了有关WWXDD的组成、药理活性、质量控制和临床应用等方面的原创研究文章、综述和临床研究。排除了重复、不相关的研究和缺乏足够方法学信息的文章。使用ChemDraw 23绘制化学结构，使用BioRender和PowerPoint创建图形摘要和原理图。结果：本文首先综述了地黄化学成分的研究进展，并对地黄及其中草药成分质量监测的最新方法进行了探讨。同时，各中草药在WWXDD中的归属也为其疗效提供了一定的理论依据。药理研究表明，由于其成分草药，WWXDD具有抗炎、抗癌和抗菌的特性。临床上，它已被证明有效管理面部痤疮和预防术后感染。最后，在使用WWXDD时需要注意的是，尽管没有毒性，但大多数药物本质上是寒性的，所以注意使用禁忌症的人是很重要的。结论：本研究通过对中药成分的系统研究，提高了对其治疗作用机制的认识。临床前和临床证据都强调了它在管理复杂疾病方面的潜力。在此基础上，我们总结了一个可操作的化合物级质量控制框架（化学指纹/多组分定量-光谱-效应和生物活性一致性-机理和临床证据相互确认），并强调标准化和配方级指标仍然是关键瓶颈。本文就当前存在的问题进行讨论，以期为今后的研究提供参考和启示。
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