Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.161
S. V. Joseph, A. D. Del Pozo-Valdivia
Systena frontalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), commonly referred to as the redheaded flea beetle, is a serious pest in container nurseries, as adult feeding defoliates nursery crops and affects plant salability. Because the foliar application of insecticides provides inconsistent efficacy, additional and alternative control tactics are sought to target immatures of this pest in growing media. Thus, the objective was to determine the effects of non-neonicotinoid insecticides applied as a drench to growing media on immatures of S. frontalis. In 2021 and 2022, nine active ingredients were evaluated in four trials in a Georgia nursery and at a Virginia research and extension center. If available, the maximum label rates for flea beetles or other coleopteran pests were applied once to Hydrangea paniculata Siebold containers (11.4 L, 3 gal) as a drench application. The emergence of S. frontalis adults from treated growing media and foliar feeding damage was lower for the tetraniliprole (TetrinoTM) and spinetoram + sulfoxaflor (XXpire®) treatments than for nontreated plants. Cyclaniliprole (SarisaTM) and chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn®) suppressed S. frontalis adult eclosion with less feeding damage than the nontreated plants. Tetraniliprole, spinetoram + sulfoxaflor, and cyclaniliprole are not labeled for drench application. Dinotefuran (Safari®) effectively reduced adult emergence and feeding damage. Species used in this study: Redheaded flea beetle, Systena frontalis (F.); panicled hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata Siebold. Chemicals used in this study: Cyantraniliprole (Mainspring®GNL), chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn®), tetraniliprole (TetrinoTM), cyclaniliprole (SarisaTM), Spinetoram + Sulfoxaflor (XXpire®), tolfenpyrad (Apta®), Chromobacterium (Grandevo®CG), flupyradifurone (AltusTM), dinotefuran (Zylam® Liquid, Safari® 20G), and polyterpenes pinene (NuFilm® P).
{"title":"Effects of Insecticide Drench Application against Immatures of Systena frontalis in Container-grown Hydrangea paniculata","authors":"S. V. Joseph, A. D. Del Pozo-Valdivia","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.161","url":null,"abstract":"Systena frontalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), commonly referred to as the redheaded flea beetle, is a serious pest in container nurseries, as adult feeding defoliates nursery crops and affects plant salability. Because the foliar application of insecticides provides inconsistent efficacy, additional and alternative control tactics are sought to target immatures of this pest in growing media. Thus, the objective was to determine the effects of non-neonicotinoid insecticides applied as a drench to growing media on immatures of S. frontalis. In 2021 and 2022, nine active ingredients were evaluated in four trials in a Georgia nursery and at a Virginia research and extension center. If available, the maximum label rates for flea beetles or other coleopteran pests were applied once to Hydrangea paniculata Siebold containers (11.4 L, 3 gal) as a drench application. The emergence of S. frontalis adults from treated growing media and foliar feeding damage was lower for the tetraniliprole (TetrinoTM) and spinetoram + sulfoxaflor (XXpire®) treatments than for nontreated plants. Cyclaniliprole (SarisaTM) and chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn®) suppressed S. frontalis adult eclosion with less feeding damage than the nontreated plants. Tetraniliprole, spinetoram + sulfoxaflor, and cyclaniliprole are not labeled for drench application. Dinotefuran (Safari®) effectively reduced adult emergence and feeding damage.\u0000 Species used in this study: Redheaded flea beetle, Systena frontalis (F.); panicled hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata Siebold.\u0000 Chemicals used in this study: Cyantraniliprole (Mainspring®GNL), chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn®), tetraniliprole (TetrinoTM), cyclaniliprole (SarisaTM), Spinetoram + Sulfoxaflor (XXpire®), tolfenpyrad (Apta®), Chromobacterium (Grandevo®CG), flupyradifurone (AltusTM), dinotefuran (Zylam® Liquid, Safari® 20G), and polyterpenes pinene (NuFilm® P).","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139013518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.133
Ethan B. Jenkins, M. Knuth, Charlie R. Hall, Marco A. Palma
The U.S. floral industry is constantly shifting due to several factors that are involved in nearly every aspect of an industry that sells a living product. In order to determine these factors, over forty leaders from different sectors within the industry were interviewed in order to gain expert insight into which factors are directing these shifts. Utilizing the participants’ responses, Leximancer software was used to conduct a quantitative content analysis using a machine learning technique. Through our analyses, we pinpointed many of the same recurring responses from the participants regarding structural shifts in the industry, omnichannel development, and key future success factors. Implications are discussed.
{"title":"Shifts in the American Floriculture Industry: Insight from Industry Experts","authors":"Ethan B. Jenkins, M. Knuth, Charlie R. Hall, Marco A. Palma","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.133","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The U.S. floral industry is constantly shifting due to several factors that are involved in nearly every aspect of an industry that sells a living product. In order to determine these factors, over forty leaders from different sectors within the industry were interviewed in order to gain expert insight into which factors are directing these shifts. Utilizing the participants’ responses, Leximancer software was used to conduct a quantitative content analysis using a machine learning technique. Through our analyses, we pinpointed many of the same recurring responses from the participants regarding structural shifts in the industry, omnichannel development, and key future success factors. Implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"101 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.141
Stephen A. Prior, G. Runion, A. Murphy, Heath Hoffman, Mark G. Johnson, H. Torbert
Biochar is a pyrolytic product generated by heating biomass in the absence of oxygen such as during bioenergy production. Biochar can be made from various feedstocks and research into its potential use in agricultural systems has examined its effects on plant growth, trace gas emissions, and N loss. However, since a paucity of work has examined biochar use in horticultural container production systems, we investigated how biochar additions to growth media impacted trace gas efflux (CO2, CH4, and N2O), plant growth, and N loss via leachate in two separate experiments: a peat-based greenhouse study using viola (Viola cornuta L. ‘Sorbet® XP Deep Orange’) and a pinebark-based outdoor study using daylily (Hemerocallis x ‘EveryDaylily Cream PBR’ L.). Biochar had little effect on viola growth, but growth inhibition was noted for daylily. Both studies clearly showed that N in leachate was reduced by biochar additions, with higher biochar rates having greater effects on reducing N loss. Reductions in N loss with biochar suggest improved N use efficiencies in agricultural systems. Biochar use also decreased N2O and CO2 fluxes in daylily, which suggests that biochar could help mitigate global climate change. Our results suggest that future studies should focus on testing lower rates of biochar in terms of growth and environmental impacts. The complexities of N management highlight the importance of developing biochar practices that increase N retention for the benefit of both agriculture and the environment. Species used in this study: viola (Viola cornuta L. ‘Sorbet® XP Deep Orange’); daylily (Hemerocallis x ‘EveryDaylily Cream PBR’ L.).
生物炭是生物质在无氧条件下加热产生的热解产物，例如在生物能源生产过程中。生物炭可由各种原料制成，有关生物炭在农业系统中的潜在用途的研究已经考察了生物炭对植物生长、微量气体排放和氮损失的影响。然而，由于研究生物炭在园艺容器生产系统中的应用的工作很少，我们在两个独立的实验中调查了生物炭添加到生长介质中对微量气体排放（CO2、CH4 和 N2O）、植物生长和氮通过浸出液流失的影响：一个是使用中提琴（Viola cornuta L. 'Sorbet® XP Deep Orange'）进行的泥炭温室研究，另一个是使用萱草（Hemerocallis x 'EveryDaylily Cream PBR' L.）进行的松柏室外研究。生物碳对中提琴草的生长几乎没有影响，但对萱草的生长有抑制作用。这两项研究都清楚地表明，添加生物炭可以减少渗滤液中的氮，生物炭添加量越高，减少氮流失的效果越大。生物炭能减少氮的流失，这表明农业系统的氮利用效率有所提高。生物炭的使用还降低了萱草的一氧化二氮和二氧化碳通量，这表明生物炭有助于减缓全球气候变化。我们的研究结果表明，未来的研究应重点测试生物炭在生长和环境影响方面的低用量。氮管理的复杂性凸显了开发生物炭方法的重要性，这种方法能提高氮的保留率，对农业和环境都有好处。本研究使用的物种：中提琴（Viola cornuta L. 'Sorbet® XP Deep Orange'）；萱草（Hemerocallis x 'EveryDaylily Cream PBR' L.）。
{"title":"Influence of Biochar Addition to Nursery Container Media: Trace Gas Efflux, Growth, and Leachate N","authors":"Stephen A. Prior, G. Runion, A. Murphy, Heath Hoffman, Mark G. Johnson, H. Torbert","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.141","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Biochar is a pyrolytic product generated by heating biomass in the absence of oxygen such as during bioenergy production. Biochar can be made from various feedstocks and research into its potential use in agricultural systems has examined its effects on plant growth, trace gas emissions, and N loss. However, since a paucity of work has examined biochar use in horticultural container production systems, we investigated how biochar additions to growth media impacted trace gas efflux (CO2, CH4, and N2O), plant growth, and N loss via leachate in two separate experiments: a peat-based greenhouse study using viola (Viola cornuta L. ‘Sorbet® XP Deep Orange’) and a pinebark-based outdoor study using daylily (Hemerocallis x ‘EveryDaylily Cream PBR’ L.). Biochar had little effect on viola growth, but growth inhibition was noted for daylily. Both studies clearly showed that N in leachate was reduced by biochar additions, with higher biochar rates having greater effects on reducing N loss. Reductions in N loss with biochar suggest improved N use efficiencies in agricultural systems. Biochar use also decreased N2O and CO2 fluxes in daylily, which suggests that biochar could help mitigate global climate change. Our results suggest that future studies should focus on testing lower rates of biochar in terms of growth and environmental impacts. The complexities of N management highlight the importance of developing biochar practices that increase N retention for the benefit of both agriculture and the environment.\u0000 Species used in this study: viola (Viola cornuta L. ‘Sorbet® XP Deep Orange’); daylily (Hemerocallis x ‘EveryDaylily Cream PBR’ L.).","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"188 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139014237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.170
E. J. Stallknecht, Christopher K. Herrera, Thomas D. Sharkey, R. Lunt, E. Runkle
Transparent photovoltaic (PV) materials can be used as greenhouse coverings that selectively transmit photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Despite the economic importance of the floriculture industry, research on floriculture crops has been limited in these dual-purpose, agrivoltaic greenhouses. We grew snapdragon under simulated photoselective and neutral-density panels with transmissions ranging from ∼30 to 90%, and absorption edges in the green (G; 500–599 nm), red (R; 600–699 nm), far-red (FR, 700–750 nm), and near-infrared (NIR) wavebands. We hypothesized that snapdragon could tolerate some degree of PV shading without reducing growth and flower number or delaying flowering time. Biomass accumulation, compactness, time to flower, and crop quality under 1) a clear acrylic control, 2) a FR-absorbing, and 3) a NIR-absorbing PV panel were not statistically different when the average daily light integral was between 17 and 20 mol·m−2·d−1. Crop quality progressively diminished below 17 mol·m−2·d−1. These results indicate that snapdragon tolerated ∼15% PV shading during summer months without reduced growth or quality. Species used in the study: Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.).
{"title":"Growth of Snapdragon Under Simulated Transparent Photovoltaic Panels for Greenhouse Applications","authors":"E. J. Stallknecht, Christopher K. Herrera, Thomas D. Sharkey, R. Lunt, E. Runkle","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.170","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Transparent photovoltaic (PV) materials can be used as greenhouse coverings that selectively transmit photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Despite the economic importance of the floriculture industry, research on floriculture crops has been limited in these dual-purpose, agrivoltaic greenhouses. We grew snapdragon under simulated photoselective and neutral-density panels with transmissions ranging from ∼30 to 90%, and absorption edges in the green (G; 500–599 nm), red (R; 600–699 nm), far-red (FR, 700–750 nm), and near-infrared (NIR) wavebands. We hypothesized that snapdragon could tolerate some degree of PV shading without reducing growth and flower number or delaying flowering time. Biomass accumulation, compactness, time to flower, and crop quality under 1) a clear acrylic control, 2) a FR-absorbing, and 3) a NIR-absorbing PV panel were not statistically different when the average daily light integral was between 17 and 20 mol·m−2·d−1. Crop quality progressively diminished below 17 mol·m−2·d−1. These results indicate that snapdragon tolerated ∼15% PV shading during summer months without reduced growth or quality.\u0000 Species used in the study: Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.).","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138991394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.152
Alicia L. Rihn, B. Behe
Plants provide many benefits (e.g., social, physiological, emotional, mental) but some consumers may be unaware of those benefits. Here, we investigate the effects of social, physiological, and emotional and mental health benefits of plants on consumers’ likelihood to buy (LTB) a plant based on those messages. A sample of 497 Americans participated in an online survey in 2021. All three plant benefit messages increased consumers’ LTB a plant, but differences were observed among age cohorts. Compared to the oldest age cohort (consumers born before 1965), Generation Z (born after 1996) responded most positively to the emotional and mental health benefit message followed by the physiological benefit, but did not respond to the social benefit. Compared to the older cohort, Millennials (persons born between 1981–1996) responded more favorably to all three benefit messages. Generation X (people born between 1965–1980) responded favorably to the emotional and mental health benefit message followed by the social benefit but not the physiological benefit. Generally, as education level and income increased, effects of the plant benefit messages decreased. Respondents who made plant purchases online responded favorably to the emotional and mental health plant benefits. Individuals who did not buy any plants did not respond favorably to any of the plant benefit messages. Plant sellers should employ benefit messages tailored to the age cohort target market(s) for the greatest impact.
{"title":"Plant Benefit Perceptions Influence Consumers' Likelihood to Buy and Differs across Age Cohorts","authors":"Alicia L. Rihn, B. Behe","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.4.152","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Plants provide many benefits (e.g., social, physiological, emotional, mental) but some consumers may be unaware of those benefits. Here, we investigate the effects of social, physiological, and emotional and mental health benefits of plants on consumers’ likelihood to buy (LTB) a plant based on those messages. A sample of 497 Americans participated in an online survey in 2021. All three plant benefit messages increased consumers’ LTB a plant, but differences were observed among age cohorts. Compared to the oldest age cohort (consumers born before 1965), Generation Z (born after 1996) responded most positively to the emotional and mental health benefit message followed by the physiological benefit, but did not respond to the social benefit. Compared to the older cohort, Millennials (persons born between 1981–1996) responded more favorably to all three benefit messages. Generation X (people born between 1965–1980) responded favorably to the emotional and mental health benefit message followed by the social benefit but not the physiological benefit. Generally, as education level and income increased, effects of the plant benefit messages decreased. Respondents who made plant purchases online responded favorably to the emotional and mental health plant benefits. Individuals who did not buy any plants did not respond favorably to any of the plant benefit messages. Plant sellers should employ benefit messages tailored to the age cohort target market(s) for the greatest impact.","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"284 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139014564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.80
Xinya Lu, Maxine Cuarto, Haiying Liang
Abstract The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is a complex process. It plays an important role in the successful production of elite clones since it is a key step in the vegetative propagation of economically important horticultural woody species. The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is a heritage species and is notoriously recalcitrant to stem rooting. As part of the efforts to understand American chestnut cuttings’ recalcitrance, we examined AR formation via histology and compared the phytohormone level profile between American chestnut and easy-to-root poplar cuttings (Populus x euramericana). It was found that ARs could be induced directly from American chestnut cuttings without callus formation. Adventitious roots of American chestnut were initiated from cambial derivatives and developed a vascular system connected with that of the stem. Compared to easy-to-root poplar, American chestnut cuttings had a low level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and a high level of cytokinin (CK), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). Hormone distribution between leaves and stems also differed between American chestnut and poplar. This unfavorite endogenous hormone profile may contribute to American chestnut cuttings’ recalcitrance to rooting. Species used in this study: American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.], poplar (Populus x euramericana). Chemicals used in this study: 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
不定根(ARs)的形成是一个复杂的过程。它是经济上重要的园艺木本植物无性繁殖的关键步骤，对优质无性繁殖的成功生产起着重要的作用。美洲板栗(Castanea dentata)是一个传统的物种，是出了名的顽固的茎生根。为了了解美洲板栗扦插的抗逆性，我们通过组织学检查了AR的形成，并比较了美洲板栗和易根杨树扦插(Populus x euramericana)的植物激素水平。结果表明，在不形成愈伤组织的情况下，板栗扦插可直接诱导ARs。美洲板栗不定根起源于形成层衍生物，并发展出与茎相连的维管系统。与易根杨树相比，美洲板栗扦插中吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)含量较低，细胞分裂素(CK)、脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)和氧基植物二烯酸(OPDA)含量较高。板栗与杨树叶片和茎间的激素分布也存在差异。这种不受欢迎的内源激素可能是美洲板栗扦插不生根的原因之一。本研究使用的物种:美洲板栗[Castanea dentata (Marsh.)]Borkh。]，杨树(Populus x euramericana)。本研究所用化学物质:1-萘乙酸(NAA)。
{"title":"Histology of Adventitious Root Formation and Phytohormone Analysis of American Chestnut Cuttings","authors":"Xinya Lu, Maxine Cuarto, Haiying Liang","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.80","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is a complex process. It plays an important role in the successful production of elite clones since it is a key step in the vegetative propagation of economically important horticultural woody species. The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is a heritage species and is notoriously recalcitrant to stem rooting. As part of the efforts to understand American chestnut cuttings’ recalcitrance, we examined AR formation via histology and compared the phytohormone level profile between American chestnut and easy-to-root poplar cuttings (Populus x euramericana). It was found that ARs could be induced directly from American chestnut cuttings without callus formation. Adventitious roots of American chestnut were initiated from cambial derivatives and developed a vascular system connected with that of the stem. Compared to easy-to-root poplar, American chestnut cuttings had a low level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and a high level of cytokinin (CK), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). Hormone distribution between leaves and stems also differed between American chestnut and poplar. This unfavorite endogenous hormone profile may contribute to American chestnut cuttings’ recalcitrance to rooting. Species used in this study: American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.], poplar (Populus x euramericana). Chemicals used in this study: 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135346646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.109
Lauren Fessler, Sun Xiaocun, Wesley C. Wright, Heping Zhu, Amy Fulcher
Abstract Air-blast sprayers have known inefficiencies in nursery production systems. Intelligent, variable-rate spray technology aims to improve application accuracy and reduce total pesticide consumption by utilizing pulse-width modulated solenoid valves, laser scanning and ground speed sensors, and a computerized algorithm to customize spray output based on plant presence, size, shape, and density. This study used an air-blast sprayer retrofitted with this variable-rate spray technology to directly compare spray characteristics and pest control of the sprayer operated in intelligent, variable-rate mode and conventional, constant-rate mode to spray trees grown in 57 L (15 gal) containers in a multi-row pot-in-pot production system. Variable-rate mode reduced total spray volume by 43% while providing equivalent, and at times better, disease control compared to the constant-rate mode for two fungal borne diseases of Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckley). This research demonstrates the capability of variable-rate technology to reduce input costs, environmental harm, and risk of pesticide exposure while simultaneously controlling disease and maintaining saleable crops. Species used in this study: Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckley).
{"title":"Intelligent, Variable-rate Spray Technology Reduces Total Pesticide Output while Controlling Foliar Disease of Shumard Oak","authors":"Lauren Fessler, Sun Xiaocun, Wesley C. Wright, Heping Zhu, Amy Fulcher","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Air-blast sprayers have known inefficiencies in nursery production systems. Intelligent, variable-rate spray technology aims to improve application accuracy and reduce total pesticide consumption by utilizing pulse-width modulated solenoid valves, laser scanning and ground speed sensors, and a computerized algorithm to customize spray output based on plant presence, size, shape, and density. This study used an air-blast sprayer retrofitted with this variable-rate spray technology to directly compare spray characteristics and pest control of the sprayer operated in intelligent, variable-rate mode and conventional, constant-rate mode to spray trees grown in 57 L (15 gal) containers in a multi-row pot-in-pot production system. Variable-rate mode reduced total spray volume by 43% while providing equivalent, and at times better, disease control compared to the constant-rate mode for two fungal borne diseases of Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckley). This research demonstrates the capability of variable-rate technology to reduce input costs, environmental harm, and risk of pesticide exposure while simultaneously controlling disease and maintaining saleable crops. Species used in this study: Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckley).","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135346647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.fmi
{"title":"Significance to the Horticulture Industry","authors":"","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.fmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.fmi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.121
Isabel B. Emanuel, Jessica L. Cooperstone, Francesca Peduto Hand
Abstract Winterberry [Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray] is a species of deciduous holly bearing colorful fruit, and is popularly used in landscape design and as specialty woody cuts for fall and winter seasonal decoration. Latent fruit rot of winterberry, caused by the fungus Diaporthe ilicicola, has recently afflicted nurseries in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. Trials conducted in 2021 and 2022 screened eight commercially available winterberry cultivars for their susceptibility to the disease. Results showed that not all cultivars are equally susceptible, and that ‘Maryland Beauty’ and ‘Winter Red’ consistently had the lowest disease ratings. UHPLC-MS/MS metabolomic analysis was used to determine whether differences in susceptibility are reflected in the fruit metabolome. Principal components analysis of whole metabolome data showed a distinct separation of the less susceptible cultivars from the more susceptible cultivars, and univariate analysis comparing these two groups of cultivars at three phenological timepoints (corresponding with fruit set, fruit color change, and fruit maturation) found 89 features present at a significantly higher relative abundance in the less susceptible cultivars. Some compounds identified in less susceptible cultivars with reported antifungal bioactivity are derivatives of terpenes, cinnamic acids, and stilbenes. These results suggest that differences in susceptibility could be based on the presence of antifungal compounds within winterberry fruit. Future research to further identify unknown features and assess compound bioactivity against winterberry fruit rot pathogens should be done to inform both resistance breeding efforts and chemical or biological control programs. Species used in this study: Common winterberry [Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray]; Diaporthe ilicicola S. Lin, Taylor & Peduto Hand, 2018.
{"title":"Susceptibility Screening of Winterberry Cultivars Against Latent Fruit Rot, and Identification of Metabolites Correlated with Rot-resistant Phenotypes","authors":"Isabel B. Emanuel, Jessica L. Cooperstone, Francesca Peduto Hand","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Winterberry [Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray] is a species of deciduous holly bearing colorful fruit, and is popularly used in landscape design and as specialty woody cuts for fall and winter seasonal decoration. Latent fruit rot of winterberry, caused by the fungus Diaporthe ilicicola, has recently afflicted nurseries in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. Trials conducted in 2021 and 2022 screened eight commercially available winterberry cultivars for their susceptibility to the disease. Results showed that not all cultivars are equally susceptible, and that ‘Maryland Beauty’ and ‘Winter Red’ consistently had the lowest disease ratings. UHPLC-MS/MS metabolomic analysis was used to determine whether differences in susceptibility are reflected in the fruit metabolome. Principal components analysis of whole metabolome data showed a distinct separation of the less susceptible cultivars from the more susceptible cultivars, and univariate analysis comparing these two groups of cultivars at three phenological timepoints (corresponding with fruit set, fruit color change, and fruit maturation) found 89 features present at a significantly higher relative abundance in the less susceptible cultivars. Some compounds identified in less susceptible cultivars with reported antifungal bioactivity are derivatives of terpenes, cinnamic acids, and stilbenes. These results suggest that differences in susceptibility could be based on the presence of antifungal compounds within winterberry fruit. Future research to further identify unknown features and assess compound bioactivity against winterberry fruit rot pathogens should be done to inform both resistance breeding efforts and chemical or biological control programs. Species used in this study: Common winterberry [Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray]; Diaporthe ilicicola S. Lin, Taylor & Peduto Hand, 2018.","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.101
Mica McMillan, John Cisar, Pauric McGroary, George Snyder, Michael Fidanza
Abstract Nutrient pollution from agricultural production is an environmental concern in the Everglades Agricultural Area. Sod farms within the Lake Okeechobee watershed in south Florida were surveyed to determine their production and fertilizer practices, and to determine the nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) impacts for the watershed. Ten of twenty sod farms participated in the in-person survey for a 50% response rate. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) was grown on the greatest area at 5,463 ha (13,500 acres), followed-by St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) at 3,726 ha (9,208 acres), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis. at 188 ha (465 acres), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) at 121 ha (299 acres). Growing and harvest cycle duration varied by turfgrass species. All farms follow guidelines for best management practices using fertilizer recommendations published by Florida’s Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. The predominate nitrogen (N) source used was ammonium sulfate, and diammonium phosphate was the most commonly utilized phosphorous (P) source. Survey results indicated that 90% of sod farms had net exports of N and 100% of sod farms had net export of P. Thus, sod production provides a route for removing these two nutrients from this fragile hydrologically-linked ecosystem. Species used in this study: bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy, St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze), zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.).
农业生产中产生的养分污染是沼泽地农业区环境问题之一。对佛罗里达州南部奥基乔比湖流域内的草皮农场进行了调查，以确定其生产和施肥做法，并确定氮(N)和磷(P)对流域的影响。20个草皮农场中有10个参与了亲自调查，回复率为50%。百喜草(Paspalum notatum)的种植面积最大，为5,463公顷(13,500英亩)，其次是St. augustingrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum)，面积为3,726公顷(9,208英亩)，百喜草(Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis)。结缕草面积为121公顷(299英亩)。不同种类草坪草的生长和收获周期不同。所有农场都遵循佛罗里达州农业和消费者服务部发布的肥料建议的最佳管理实践指南。氮(N)源以硫酸铵为主，磷(P)源以磷酸二铵为主。调查结果表明，90%的草皮农场净出口氮，100%的草皮农场净出口磷，因此，草皮生产为从这个脆弱的水文联系生态系统中去除这两种营养物质提供了一条途径。本研究使用的物种:百海草(Paspalum notatum fl gg)、百海草(Cynodon dactylon (L.))珀耳斯。× C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy，圣奥古斯丁草结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)
{"title":"Nutrient Evaluation for Sod Production within the Lake Okeechobee Watershed","authors":"Mica McMillan, John Cisar, Pauric McGroary, George Snyder, Michael Fidanza","doi":"10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-41.3.101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nutrient pollution from agricultural production is an environmental concern in the Everglades Agricultural Area. Sod farms within the Lake Okeechobee watershed in south Florida were surveyed to determine their production and fertilizer practices, and to determine the nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) impacts for the watershed. Ten of twenty sod farms participated in the in-person survey for a 50% response rate. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) was grown on the greatest area at 5,463 ha (13,500 acres), followed-by St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) at 3,726 ha (9,208 acres), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis. at 188 ha (465 acres), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) at 121 ha (299 acres). Growing and harvest cycle duration varied by turfgrass species. All farms follow guidelines for best management practices using fertilizer recommendations published by Florida’s Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. The predominate nitrogen (N) source used was ammonium sulfate, and diammonium phosphate was the most commonly utilized phosphorous (P) source. Survey results indicated that 90% of sod farms had net exports of N and 100% of sod farms had net export of P. Thus, sod production provides a route for removing these two nutrients from this fragile hydrologically-linked ecosystem. Species used in this study: bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy, St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze), zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.).","PeriodicalId":15780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental horticulture","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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