Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789047414728_015
{"title":"The Middle East: Oil Diplomacy and Issues of War and Peace","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789047414728_015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047414728_015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125720345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.8
K. Tōgō
The 'Meiji Restoration' took place in Japan. Before the Restoration Japan was a feudal society, orderly, stable, rich and in its own way with a highly civilized culture. It was governed by a class of warriors (samurai), which effectively controlled the class of farmers, producers and merchants. At a time when the Meiji government's efforts were directed primarily towards the creation of a strong government based on a strong economy, two major issues weighed heavily in the area of foreign policy. These two issues were essential if Japan was to secure equal footing with the Euro-American powers of the international community. In June Japan lost a historic naval battle at Midway, in February 1943 it had to abandon an important strategic island in the Pacific Ocean, Guadalcanal. In the course of 1944 United States (US) troops successively occupied South Pacific islands such as Palau and Saipan.Keywords: Japan; Meiji Restoration; Pacific Ocean; United States (US)
{"title":"Prologue: From the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War","authors":"K. Tōgō","doi":"10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.8","url":null,"abstract":"The 'Meiji Restoration' took place in Japan. Before the Restoration Japan was a feudal society, orderly, stable, rich and in its own way with a highly civilized culture. It was governed by a class of warriors (samurai), which effectively controlled the class of farmers, producers and merchants. At a time when the Meiji government's efforts were directed primarily towards the creation of a strong government based on a strong economy, two major issues weighed heavily in the area of foreign policy. These two issues were essential if Japan was to secure equal footing with the Euro-American powers of the international community. In June Japan lost a historic naval battle at Midway, in February 1943 it had to abandon an important strategic island in the Pacific Ocean, Guadalcanal. In the course of 1944 United States (US) troops successively occupied South Pacific islands such as Palau and Saipan.Keywords: Japan; Meiji Restoration; Pacific Ocean; United States (US)","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127036069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.85
K. Tōgō
In July 1944 a conference of the Allied Powers was held in Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA, to discuss the postwar economic order. As a result of the agreement reached there two international organizations were established: International Monetary Fund (IMF), and International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). On 14 August 1952 Japan also joined the IBRD. In August 1971 President Nixon announced a new economic policy, including a temporary suspension of the exchange rate of dollars for gold. In the following years discussions at the G7 Economic Summit centred around the key issue of combating 'stagflation' in the world economy. Since the postwar period, when the major developed countries discussed macroeconomic policy or trade issues to ensure that the most dynamic development of the global economy, the question of the developing countries, or the question of development in general, was one of the key issues in their deliberations.Keywords: G7 Economic Summit; IBRD; International Monetary Fund (IMF); Japan
{"title":"Multilateral Economic Diplomacy: From Participant to Positive Contributor","authors":"K. Tōgō","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.85","url":null,"abstract":"In July 1944 a conference of the Allied Powers was held in Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA, to discuss the postwar economic order. As a result of the agreement reached there two international organizations were established: International Monetary Fund (IMF), and International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). On 14 August 1952 Japan also joined the IBRD. In August 1971 President Nixon announced a new economic policy, including a temporary suspension of the exchange rate of dollars for gold. In the following years discussions at the G7 Economic Summit centred around the key issue of combating 'stagflation' in the world economy. Since the postwar period, when the major developed countries discussed macroeconomic policy or trade issues to ensure that the most dynamic development of the global economy, the question of the developing countries, or the question of development in general, was one of the key issues in their deliberations.Keywords: G7 Economic Summit; IBRD; International Monetary Fund (IMF); Japan","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133324781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.41
K. Tōgō
Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea were established in 1965, 20 years after the Pacific War ended. This fact alone suggests the complexity of Japan-Korea relations. Although Korea is geographically the closest country to Japan, historically relations with Korea have been amongst the most complex and sensitive. This chapter discusses about five major issues of the negotiations. The first issue was how to reach a moral, legal and political reconciliation with the past, as well as how to reconcile the Cold War reality of the division between the North and the South. The second issue was related to the question of reparations. The third issue was the conclusion of the Agreement on Fisheries. The fourth issue was the status of Koreans resident in Japan. The fifth issue was the territorial issue regarding Takeshima, as we call it in Japan, and Dokdo as it is called in Korea.Keywords: Japan; negotiations; South Korea; Takeshima
{"title":"Korea: South Korean Relations Develop with Complexity, Will North Korean Relations Start?","authors":"K. Tōgō","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.41","url":null,"abstract":"Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea were established in 1965, 20 years after the Pacific War ended. This fact alone suggests the complexity of Japan-Korea relations. Although Korea is geographically the closest country to Japan, historically relations with Korea have been amongst the most complex and sensitive. This chapter discusses about five major issues of the negotiations. The first issue was how to reach a moral, legal and political reconciliation with the past, as well as how to reconcile the Cold War reality of the division between the North and the South. The second issue was related to the question of reparations. The third issue was the conclusion of the Agreement on Fisheries. The fourth issue was the status of Koreans resident in Japan. The fifth issue was the territorial issue regarding Takeshima, as we call it in Japan, and Dokdo as it is called in Korea.Keywords: Japan; negotiations; South Korea; Takeshima","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129973077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.48
K. Tōgō
This chapter deals primarily with Southeast Asia supplemented by some other parts of the Eurasian continent and Pacific region. The basic security structure which evolved in the region was a bilateral security arrangement between the country concerned and the United States. The diversity of the countries of the region in history, ethnicity, religion, population, size of the territory, per capita GDP, economic system, and political structure, or, in other words, the lack of common ground and experience in Asia, formed a psychological and substantive obstacle to the creation of a regional and multilateral institution. The historical and geopolitical circumstances dictated that it was the Southeast Asian countries that were to set the tone and pace of this process towards multilateralism.Keywords: bilateral security arrangement; multilateralism; Southeast Asia; United States
{"title":"Asia and the Pacific: Expanding Relations from Bilateral to Multilateral","authors":"K. Tōgō","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004185012.I-484.48","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals primarily with Southeast Asia supplemented by some other parts of the Eurasian continent and Pacific region. The basic security structure which evolved in the region was a bilateral security arrangement between the country concerned and the United States. The diversity of the countries of the region in history, ethnicity, religion, population, size of the territory, per capita GDP, economic system, and political structure, or, in other words, the lack of common ground and experience in Asia, formed a psychological and substantive obstacle to the creation of a regional and multilateral institution. The historical and geopolitical circumstances dictated that it was the Southeast Asian countries that were to set the tone and pace of this process towards multilateralism.Keywords: bilateral security arrangement; multilateralism; Southeast Asia; United States","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115117044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.91
K. Tōgō
The United Nations became the driving force behind the Japanese foreign policy immediately after Japan joined the UN. In February 1957 Foreign Minister Kishi announced in his parliamentary policy speech the three pillars of postwar Japanese foreign policy, 'United Nations-centred diplomacy', 'Cooperation with the free world', and 'Maintaining the position as a member of Asia'. UN peacekeeping operations were substantially activated from the end of the 1980's. The end of the Cold War opened a real possibility for consensus-building within the Security Council, without always being hampered by vetoes from a permanent member. Disarmament and non-proliferation have been areas to which Japan has paid continued attention and tried to take initiatives in its postwar foreign policy. It could be explained by its determination to become a peace-loving nation and its experience of being subjected to nuclear bombs in 1945.Keywords: centred diplomacy; Cold War; disarmament; non-proliferation; peacekeeping operations; United Nations (UN)
{"title":"Multilateral Political Diplomacy: The United Nations and Peacekeeping Operations","authors":"K. Tōgō","doi":"10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.91","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations became the driving force behind the Japanese foreign policy immediately after Japan joined the UN. In February 1957 Foreign Minister Kishi announced in his parliamentary policy speech the three pillars of postwar Japanese foreign policy, 'United Nations-centred diplomacy', 'Cooperation with the free world', and 'Maintaining the position as a member of Asia'. UN peacekeeping operations were substantially activated from the end of the 1980's. The end of the Cold War opened a real possibility for consensus-building within the Security Council, without always being hampered by vetoes from a permanent member. Disarmament and non-proliferation have been areas to which Japan has paid continued attention and tried to take initiatives in its postwar foreign policy. It could be explained by its determination to become a peace-loving nation and its experience of being subjected to nuclear bombs in 1945.Keywords: centred diplomacy; Cold War; disarmament; non-proliferation; peacekeeping operations; United Nations (UN)","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132339459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.76
K. Tōgō
Economic assistance, known as Official Development Assistance (ODA), was probably the most consistent and effective tool of postwar Japanese foreign policy. Japan's ODA can be analysed in four periods of its development since WWII, postwar reconstruction and reparations (1945-1963), expansion of economic assistance (1964-1976), programmed expansion (1977-1988) and a top donor (1989-to the present). In 1964 Japan's ODA reached $100 million. In the following decade that amount grew about 10 times and reached $1.1 billion in 1976. It was a period of quantitative and qualitative development. Powerful economic development through the 1960's was an important factor.Keywords: donor; Japan; Official Development Assistance (ODA)
{"title":"Official Development Assistance: From Recipient to Donor Number One","authors":"K. Tōgō","doi":"10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004185012.i-484.76","url":null,"abstract":"Economic assistance, known as Official Development Assistance (ODA), was probably the most consistent and effective tool of postwar Japanese foreign policy. Japan's ODA can be analysed in four periods of its development since WWII, postwar reconstruction and reparations (1945-1963), expansion of economic assistance (1964-1976), programmed expansion (1977-1988) and a top donor (1989-to the present). In 1964 Japan's ODA reached $100 million. In the following decade that amount grew about 10 times and reached $1.1 billion in 1976. It was a period of quantitative and qualitative development. Powerful economic development through the 1960's was an important factor.Keywords: donor; Japan; Official Development Assistance (ODA)","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"291 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122783452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789047414728_008
{"title":"The United States: Political and Security Relations","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789047414728_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047414728_008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158459,"journal":{"name":"Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125272232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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