For the purpose of this paper, a logical decision network is defined as a system whose elements can be in either of only two states, TRUE or FALSE. Therefore the operation of the system can be described by a set of simultaneous Boolean equations which are functions of time. These states must be defined specifically for each of the elements of the system, and in particular might represent yes and no, on and off, energize and de-energize a coil, "make" and "break" of a relay contact, presence and absence of voltage at a node, open and close a mechanical valve, etc.
{"title":"Simulation of logical decision networks of time-delay elements by means of a general-purpose digital computer","authors":"Y. N. Chang, O. M. George","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464196","url":null,"abstract":"For the purpose of this paper, a logical decision network is defined as a system whose elements can be in either of only two states, TRUE or FALSE. Therefore the operation of the system can be described by a set of simultaneous Boolean equations which are functions of time. These states must be defined specifically for each of the elements of the system, and in particular might represent yes and no, on and off, energize and de-energize a coil, \"make\" and \"break\" of a relay contact, presence and absence of voltage at a node, open and close a mechanical valve, etc.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133912255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Ledley, L. Rotolo, M. Belson, J. Jacobsen, J. B. Wilson, T. Golab
The biomedical sciences characteristically deal with huge masses of data, which must be organized, reduced, analyzed, and generally processed in many different ways. Much of this data is in the form of pictures: photomicrographs, electron micrographs, X-ray films, Schlieren photographs, X-ray diffraction patterns, autoradiographs, time-lapse films, cineradiographs, or the like. Individual pictures hold a great wealth of precise numerical information, such as the morphological and structural characteristics of lengths, areas, volumes, and densities. From sequences of pictures, quantitative results can be derived, such as the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of trajectories. Such pictures relate to almost every field of biomedical research: chromosome karyograms in cytogenetics, angiogram cineradiographs in cardiology, Schlieren photographs in ultracentrifugal molecular-weight determinations, autoradiographs of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the study of leukemia, Golgi-stained neuron photomicrographs in the study of the ontogeny and phylogeny of the brain, X rays of bones in studies of calcium density distribution in orthopedic diseases, X rays of epiphysial plates of the hand in investigations of accurate physiological age, X-ray crystallographic plates in protein structure determination, electron micrographs in the investigation of the fine structure of virus particles, motion pictures of marine crustaceans in the detection of their sensitivity to polarized light, tissue-culture time-lapse films in the investigation of cancer-cell motility, and many others.
{"title":"Pattern recognition studies in the biomedical sciences","authors":"R. Ledley, L. Rotolo, M. Belson, J. Jacobsen, J. B. Wilson, T. Golab","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464232","url":null,"abstract":"The biomedical sciences characteristically deal with huge masses of data, which must be organized, reduced, analyzed, and generally processed in many different ways. Much of this data is in the form of pictures: photomicrographs, electron micrographs, X-ray films, Schlieren photographs, X-ray diffraction patterns, autoradiographs, time-lapse films, cineradiographs, or the like. Individual pictures hold a great wealth of precise numerical information, such as the morphological and structural characteristics of lengths, areas, volumes, and densities. From sequences of pictures, quantitative results can be derived, such as the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of trajectories. Such pictures relate to almost every field of biomedical research: chromosome karyograms in cytogenetics, angiogram cineradiographs in cardiology, Schlieren photographs in ultracentrifugal molecular-weight determinations, autoradiographs of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the study of leukemia, Golgi-stained neuron photomicrographs in the study of the ontogeny and phylogeny of the brain, X rays of bones in studies of calcium density distribution in orthopedic diseases, X rays of epiphysial plates of the hand in investigations of accurate physiological age, X-ray crystallographic plates in protein structure determination, electron micrographs in the investigation of the fine structure of virus particles, motion pictures of marine crustaceans in the detection of their sensitivity to polarized light, tissue-culture time-lapse films in the investigation of cancer-cell motility, and many others.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131081922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid increase in the availability of mass storage, we now find that there is an increasing need for massive data input. This input is requiring increasingly large volumes of data conversion to machine language. As this load expands, we find that we must pay more and more attention to the rigorous control of errors on data creation. This study reports the results of a computer technique to reduce errors of input data.
{"title":"Techniques for replacing characters that are garbled on input","authors":"Gary Carlson","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464203","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid increase in the availability of mass storage, we now find that there is an increasing need for massive data input. This input is requiring increasingly large volumes of data conversion to machine language. As this load expands, we find that we must pay more and more attention to the rigorous control of errors on data creation. This study reports the results of a computer technique to reduce errors of input data.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116818995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of RQA (Recursive Queue Analyzer), a program for the numerical solution of the stationary distribution of large scale Markov processes, has made possible the accurate analysis of large stochastic systems with modest computational costs. In particular, time-shared computer systems with their random program and user characteristics are examples of systems which can be modeled as multidimensional Markov queueing processes and analyzed by the method. Having obtained a solution for the limiting state probabilities of the model using RQA, one can readily derive many time average performance and usage characteristics. Thus a useful tool is available to provide guides in the design and modification of such systems and to forecast user response and system capacity in terms of the number of users and the operating statistics.
{"title":"An analysis of time-sharing computer systems using Markov models","authors":"J. L. Smith","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464192","url":null,"abstract":"The development of RQA (Recursive Queue Analyzer), a program for the numerical solution of the stationary distribution of large scale Markov processes, has made possible the accurate analysis of large stochastic systems with modest computational costs. In particular, time-shared computer systems with their random program and user characteristics are examples of systems which can be modeled as multidimensional Markov queueing processes and analyzed by the method. Having obtained a solution for the limiting state probabilities of the model using RQA, one can readily derive many time average performance and usage characteristics. Thus a useful tool is available to provide guides in the design and modification of such systems and to forecast user response and system capacity in terms of the number of users and the operating statistics.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121797326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a number of hybrid techniques, most of them developed as applications for the AMBILOG 200 Stored Program Signal Processor. They are described in fairly general terms, since our purpose is to elucidate the techniques, rather than to describe specific applications or detailed methods of implementation.
{"title":"Hybrid analog/digital techniques for signal processing applications","authors":"T. Hagan, Robert Treiber","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464228","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a number of hybrid techniques, most of them developed as applications for the AMBILOG 200 Stored Program Signal Processor. They are described in fairly general terms, since our purpose is to elucidate the techniques, rather than to describe specific applications or detailed methods of implementation.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121958953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last few years a veritable explosion of study, effort and accomplishment by business, government, and university organizations has taken place in the realm of information retrieval and dissemination. Theoretical problems have been explored, new equipment and techniques have been developed, and a number of successful operating systems have been implemented.
{"title":"The engineer-scientist and an information retrieval system","authors":"C. Merritt, Paul J. Nelson","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464205","url":null,"abstract":"During the last few years a veritable explosion of study, effort and accomplishment by business, government, and university organizations has taken place in the realm of information retrieval and dissemination. Theoretical problems have been explored, new equipment and techniques have been developed, and a number of successful operating systems have been implemented.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130175492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advent of multiple-access computing, the increasing variety of processors in systems, and the growing use of multiprocessing and multiprogramming in computing systems has put many new burdens on the computing system designer-planner-programmer. The selection of suitable system structure and programming structure, as well as the selection of scheduling rules, requires a much more detailed and precise understanding of the stochastic behavior of system traffic than has been required in the past. In short, the "architect" of system hardware and software is finding a need for more and more insight into the behavior of computers as networks of queues and processors.
{"title":"Markovian models and numerical analysis of computer system behavior","authors":"V. Wallace, R. Rosenberg","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464198","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of multiple-access computing, the increasing variety of processors in systems, and the growing use of multiprocessing and multiprogramming in computing systems has put many new burdens on the computing system designer-planner-programmer. The selection of suitable system structure and programming structure, as well as the selection of scheduling rules, requires a much more detailed and precise understanding of the stochastic behavior of system traffic than has been required in the past. In short, the \"architect\" of system hardware and software is finding a need for more and more insight into the behavior of computers as networks of queues and processors.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114541533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holography has in the last two years undergone a tremendous resurgence. The laser has contributed immeasurably to this, through the remarkable coherence of its light, which permits previously performed experiments to be carried out with relative ease, and in addition allows the performance of experiments which were hitherto hardly conceivable. Old experiments have been repeated with vastly improved results, and the new interest has given rise to new ideas with exciting promise.
{"title":"Requirements for hologram construction","authors":"E. Leith, A. Kozma, J. Upatnieks","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464187","url":null,"abstract":"Holography has in the last two years undergone a tremendous resurgence. The laser has contributed immeasurably to this, through the remarkable coherence of its light, which permits previously performed experiments to be carried out with relative ease, and in addition allows the performance of experiments which were hitherto hardly conceivable. Old experiments have been repeated with vastly improved results, and the new interest has given rise to new ideas with exciting promise.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115130487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a present trend in data processing systems toward the decentralization of computer systems as exemplified by time-sharing and related techniques. A consequence of this development is a requirement for digital communication systems capable of operating reliably at comparatively high speeds. One of the oldest known forms of such communication is the printing telegraph which operates at the lower end of the speed spectrum at rates ranging from 50 to 100 baud. There is some evidence to suggest that for routine digital communications purposes, particularly in the timesharing area, the economic maximum for a few years into the future will lie in the vicinity of 1000 to 2000 baud and that the volume of traffic at these rates will rapidly increase. Present practice is generally to transmit data at such rates in "real time" only over communication paths which are not expected to fail during the transmission period. In the future, however, it is a virtual certainty that low-cost buffering devices will be required having the speed, versatility and storage capacity to handle system requirements at rates up to 4800 baud or more.
{"title":"A new development in the transmission, storage and conversion of digital data","authors":"R. P. Burr, John J. Rheinhold, R. Andres","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464222","url":null,"abstract":"There is a present trend in data processing systems toward the decentralization of computer systems as exemplified by time-sharing and related techniques. A consequence of this development is a requirement for digital communication systems capable of operating reliably at comparatively high speeds. One of the oldest known forms of such communication is the printing telegraph which operates at the lower end of the speed spectrum at rates ranging from 50 to 100 baud. There is some evidence to suggest that for routine digital communications purposes, particularly in the timesharing area, the economic maximum for a few years into the future will lie in the vicinity of 1000 to 2000 baud and that the volume of traffic at these rates will rapidly increase. Present practice is generally to transmit data at such rates in \"real time\" only over communication paths which are not expected to fail during the transmission period. In the future, however, it is a virtual certainty that low-cost buffering devices will be required having the speed, versatility and storage capacity to handle system requirements at rates up to 4800 baud or more.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124522356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The structure for a fundamental treatment of image formation problems already exists in the formalism of modern coherence theory as introduced by Wolf. An adequate introduction to the subject is provided by Born and Wolf, (Chap. 10), and a detailed description of most of the results of the theory to date may be found in Beran and Parrent. Therefore it will not be necessary to review the subject extensively here. Rather, we shall limit ourselves to a statement of the pertinent definitions and a summary of the treatment of the imaging problem in coherence theory.
在沃尔夫介绍的现代相干理论的形式主义中，已经存在着处理成像问题的基本结构。Born and Wolf提供了对该主题的充分介绍(第10章)，并且对迄今为止理论的大多数结果的详细描述可以在Beran和parent中找到。因此，没有必要在这里广泛地讨论这个问题。相反，我们将限于对相关定义的陈述和对相干理论中成像问题的处理的总结。
{"title":"Basic theory of partial coherence","authors":"G. Parrent","doi":"10.1145/1464182.1464185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464182.1464185","url":null,"abstract":"The structure for a fundamental treatment of image formation problems already exists in the formalism of modern coherence theory as introduced by Wolf. An adequate introduction to the subject is provided by Born and Wolf, (Chap. 10), and a detailed description of most of the results of the theory to date may be found in Beran and Parrent. Therefore it will not be necessary to review the subject extensively here. Rather, we shall limit ourselves to a statement of the pertinent definitions and a summary of the treatment of the imaging problem in coherence theory.","PeriodicalId":158826,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Spring)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132543786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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