Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0002
Christina Phillips
This chapter identifies religion as a key problematic in early examples of the Arabic novel in Egypt before embarking on an in-depth discussion of the religious/secular opposition in seminal words by Haykal, Taha Husayn and Tawfiq al-Hakim. It examines how texts like Zaynab (1914), Al-Ayyam (vols 1 and 2; 1929, 1933), ‘Awdat al-Ruh (1933) and ‘Usfur min al-Sharq (1938) promote national and secular values on the level of story and character yet undermine these same values through self-contradiction and slippage, and how religious patterns remain deeply embedded in characters’ thought and behaviour even as formal religion is subjected to harsh critique on the surface of the plot and theocentrism is displaced as ideology.
在深入讨论Haykal, Taha Husayn和Tawfiq al-Hakim的开创性话语之前，本章确定宗教是埃及阿拉伯小说早期例子中的一个关键问题。它考察了像Zaynab (1914)， Al-Ayyam(第1卷和第2卷;1929年，1933年)，Awdat al-Ruh(1933年)和Usfur min al-Sharq(1938年)在故事和人物的层面上促进了国家和世俗的价值观，但通过自我矛盾和滑动破坏了这些价值观，以及宗教模式如何深深植根于人物的思想和行为中，即使在情节表面上正式的宗教受到严厉的批评，神权中心主义被取代为意识形态。
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Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.4324/9780203131749-13
Christina Phillips
This chapter explores feminist engagements with religion in works by Nawal Sa’dawi and Salwa Bakr. It reads Sa’dawi’s Suqut al-Imam (1987) and Jannat wa Iblis (1992) as feminist dystopias which employ unconventional narrative techniques to augment the dystopic effect and take issue with the founding texts of monotheism as historic vehicles for female oppression. It discusses Salwa Bakr’s rehabilitation of Zulaykha in Wasf al-Bulbul (1993) and explores Al-ʿAraba al-Dhahibiyya la Tasʿad ila al-Samaʾ (1991) by the same author as a critique of religion via the trope of madness, paying attention to how religion, as belief, custom, institution and law, is implicated in the plight of women in the text. The discussion also takes in the Alifa Rifʿat’s stories as a rare example of Islamic literature admitted to the canon. Each of these four chapters begins with a contextual introduction.
本章探讨了女权主义者在纳瓦尔·萨达维和萨尔瓦·巴克尔的作品中与宗教的接触。它将萨达维的Suqut al-Imam(1987)和Jannat wa Iblis(1992)视为女权主义的反乌托邦作品，它们采用非常规的叙事技巧来增强反乌托邦效果，并对一神论的奠基文本作为女性压迫的历史工具提出质疑。它讨论了Salwa Bakr在《Wasf Al- bulbul》(1993)中对Zulaykha的恢复，并探讨了Al- Al- Araba Al- dhahibiyya la Tas - ad ila Al- sama -(1991)，这是同一作者通过疯狂的比喻对宗教的批判，关注宗教，作为信仰，习俗，制度和法律，如何在文本中与女性的困境相关联。讨论还将《阿里法·里夫特》的故事作为被公认为正典的伊斯兰文学的罕见例子。这些四个章节从上下文的介绍开始。
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Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0007
Christina Phillips
This chapter explores Sufi dialogues in works by Najib Mahfuz. It begins by revisiting Mahfuz’s trilogy, rereading Kamal’s infatuation with ʿAyda in terms of the Sufi’s love affair with God. It explains the turn to Sufism post-1967 in terms of Sufism’s symbolism and identity as marginalised discourse and of certain overlaps in Sufi vision and the new literary sensibility before exploring in detail the mystical content of two further works by Mahfuz. Hikayat Haratina (1975) is read as an inversion of the Sufi path and exploration of mysticism as a solution to social ills and metaphysical angst, and Asdaʾ al-Sirat al-Dhatiyya (1995) is read as a reimagining of spiritual autobiography and embodiment of the limits and possibilities of Islamic mysticism. The structure, language and intertextual dialogue with Sufi writing in these two works are considered as ways of challenging unitary discourse and communicating postmodern themes.
{"title":"Mystical Dimensions","authors":"Christina Phillips","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Sufi dialogues in works by Najib Mahfuz. It begins by revisiting Mahfuz’s trilogy, rereading Kamal’s infatuation with ʿAyda in terms of the Sufi’s love affair with God. It explains the turn to Sufism post-1967 in terms of Sufism’s symbolism and identity as marginalised discourse and of certain overlaps in Sufi vision and the new literary sensibility before exploring in detail the mystical content of two further works by Mahfuz. Hikayat Haratina (1975) is read as an inversion of the Sufi path and exploration of mysticism as a solution to social ills and metaphysical angst, and Asdaʾ al-Sirat al-Dhatiyya (1995) is read as a reimagining of spiritual autobiography and embodiment of the limits and possibilities of Islamic mysticism. The structure, language and intertextual dialogue with Sufi writing in these two works are considered as ways of challenging unitary discourse and communicating postmodern themes.","PeriodicalId":158851,"journal":{"name":"Religion in the Egyptian Novel","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130031620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0006
Christina Phillips
This chapter explores literary engagements with Coptic Christianity in works by Baha’ Tahir, Idwar al-Kharrat, Salwa Bakr and Yusuf Zaydan. It explores Baha’ Tahir’s Khalati Safiyya wa’l-Dayr (1991) as a complex allegory of religious tolerance and reads Idwar al-Kharrat’s Turabuha Zaʿfaran (1986) as an example of Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of minor discourse whilst paying attention to Christian scriptural reference and themes of religious tolerance and Coptic identity. It then examines how Salwa Bakr’s Al-Bashmuri (1998) and Yusuf Zaydan’s ‘Azazil (2008) rewrite history from a Coptic perspective in order to redress the historical marginalisation of Egypt’s Christians and to destabilise certain myths of history and nation. Religious tolerance, religious violence and religious criticism as represented in these works are also examined.
本章探讨了巴哈·塔希尔、伊德瓦尔·哈拉特、萨尔瓦·巴克尔和优素福·扎伊丹的作品中与科普特基督教的文学接触。它将Baha ' Tahir的《Khalati Safiyya wa ' l- dayr》(1991)视为宗教宽容的复杂寓言，并将Idwar al-Kharrat的《Turabuha Za - faran》(1986)视为德勒兹和瓜塔里的次要话语概念的一个例子，同时关注基督教圣经参考和宗教宽容和科普特身份的主题。然后，它考察了Salwa Bakr的Al-Bashmuri(1998)和Yusuf Zaydan的Azazil(2008)如何从科普特人的角度重写历史，以纠正埃及基督徒的历史边缘化，并打破某些历史和国家的神话。这些作品所代表的宗教宽容、宗教暴力和宗教批评也被审查。
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Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0005
Christina Phillips
This chapter explores religious intertextuality in works by Jamal al-Ghitani, Najib Mahfuz and ‘Abd al-Hakim Qasim. It examines how al-Ghitani reworks elements of Ibn ‘Iyas’ Badaʿiʾ al-Zuhur fi’l-Waqaʿiʾ al-Duhur to bring out themes relating to the collusion of religion and power in Al-Zayni Barakat (1971) and how messianic thought and prophetic myth are deconstructed in Mahfuz’s Malhamat al-Harafish (1977). It analyses the reimagining of Christ’s crucifixion in ‘Abd al-Hakim Qasim’s short novel Al-Mahdi (1984) as a comment on modern-day religious violence and the practice of scapegoating, and discusses religious conflict in the text as an example of René Girard’s mimetic rivalry leading to communal self-purification through sacrifice. It also explores the dialogue with Islamic eschatology and dream narrative in Qasim’s Turaf min Khabar al-Akhira (1984), examining how the scene of the interrogating angels and pattern of judgement in the afterlife are transformed to communicate social and religious themes.
本章探讨贾马尔·吉塔尼、纳吉布·马福兹和阿卜德·哈基姆·卡西姆作品中的宗教互文性。它考察了al-Ghitani如何改写伊本·伊亚斯的《Bada - ul - zuhur fi ' l- waqa - al-Duhur》中的元素，以揭示Al-Zayni Barakat(1971)中有关宗教与权力勾结的主题，以及Mahfuz的《Malhamat al-Harafish》(1977)中弥赛亚思想和预言神话是如何被解构的。本文分析了阿卜杜·哈基姆·卡西姆的短篇小说《马赫迪》(1984)中对基督受难的重新想象，作为对现代宗教暴力和替罪羊做法的评论，并讨论了文本中的宗教冲突，作为ren·吉拉德(ren Girard)模仿竞争导致通过牺牲实现集体自我净化的例子。它还探讨了与伊斯兰末世论的对话，以及卡西姆的《图拉夫明·哈巴尔·阿基拉》(1984)中梦的叙述，研究了天使审讯的场景和来世审判的模式是如何转变为传达社会和宗教主题的。
{"title":"Intertextual Dialogues","authors":"Christina Phillips","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores religious intertextuality in works by Jamal al-Ghitani, Najib Mahfuz and ‘Abd al-Hakim Qasim. It examines how al-Ghitani reworks elements of Ibn ‘Iyas’ Badaʿiʾ al-Zuhur fi’l-Waqaʿiʾ al-Duhur to bring out themes relating to the collusion of religion and power in Al-Zayni Barakat (1971) and how messianic thought and prophetic myth are deconstructed in Mahfuz’s Malhamat al-Harafish (1977). It analyses the reimagining of Christ’s crucifixion in ‘Abd al-Hakim Qasim’s short novel Al-Mahdi (1984) as a comment on modern-day religious violence and the practice of scapegoating, and discusses religious conflict in the text as an example of René Girard’s mimetic rivalry leading to communal self-purification through sacrifice. It also explores the dialogue with Islamic eschatology and dream narrative in Qasim’s Turaf min Khabar al-Akhira (1984), examining how the scene of the interrogating angels and pattern of judgement in the afterlife are transformed to communicate social and religious themes.","PeriodicalId":158851,"journal":{"name":"Religion in the Egyptian Novel","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115062105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0004
Christina Phillips
Having discussed the religious/secular dialectic at length in Part One, this chapter sets the scene for the Egyptian novel’s engagements with religion post-1967. It discusses literary developments in the Egyptian novel from the late 1960s, specifically the turathi trend and ascendance of experimental narrative strategies, in the context of wider cultural shifts around this time, including the religious resurgence, and considers how these literary and cultural developments affected the representation of religion on the pages of the Egyptian novel.
{"title":"Introduction: Religion, the Egyptian Novel and the New Literary Sensibility","authors":"Christina Phillips","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Having discussed the religious/secular dialectic at length in Part One, this chapter sets the scene for the Egyptian novel’s engagements with religion post-1967. It discusses literary developments in the Egyptian novel from the late 1960s, specifically the turathi trend and ascendance of experimental narrative strategies, in the context of wider cultural shifts around this time, including the religious resurgence, and considers how these literary and cultural developments affected the representation of religion on the pages of the Egyptian novel.","PeriodicalId":158851,"journal":{"name":"Religion in the Egyptian Novel","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125013912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0001
Christina Phillips
This chapter introduces the topic of religion and literature, theorises the novel as a secular genre, and develops a concept of religion as the other in the Arabic novel. It begins with a discussion of the relationship between religion and literature, identifying imagination, metaphorical language and mythos as areas of overlap, before turning to the question of religion and the Arabic novel as a modern form which eschews faith and dogma but is nevertheless packed with religious themes, images, characters, language and intertextuality. This is accounted for by the form’s secularism, which is theorised in terms of Charles Taylor’s conditions of belief. Literary secularism is not static and stable however, thus religion emerges as the other in the Egyptian novel, with all the ambivalence which alterity characteristically entails. This religious other calls into question postcolonial studies’ over-valorisation of the East/West binary insofar as it has obscured the critical role of religion in Arab postcolonial literature and identity.
{"title":"Introduction: Religion and the Novel","authors":"Christina Phillips","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the topic of religion and literature, theorises the novel as a secular genre, and develops a concept of religion as the other in the Arabic novel. It begins with a discussion of the relationship between religion and literature, identifying imagination, metaphorical language and mythos as areas of overlap, before turning to the question of religion and the Arabic novel as a modern form which eschews faith and dogma but is nevertheless packed with religious themes, images, characters, language and intertextuality. This is accounted for by the form’s secularism, which is theorised in terms of Charles Taylor’s conditions of belief. Literary secularism is not static and stable however, thus religion emerges as the other in the Egyptian novel, with all the ambivalence which alterity characteristically entails. This religious other calls into question postcolonial studies’ over-valorisation of the East/West binary insofar as it has obscured the critical role of religion in Arab postcolonial literature and identity.","PeriodicalId":158851,"journal":{"name":"Religion in the Egyptian Novel","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127898807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0003
Christina Phillips
This chapter continues to explore the interdependence and co-imbrication of the religious and secular, focusing now on mature Egyptian novels from the mid twentieth century. It explores Mahfuz’s famous trilogy (1956-7) and al-Sharqawi’s Al-Ard (1954) and Muhammad Rasul al-Hurriyya (1962) as different culminations of the secularisation process implied by nation formation, and the conflict and tension inherent therein, examining methods of religious displacement and othering, strategies of demystification, lines of religious critique, symbolic trajectories, as well as spiritual yearning, apologetics and theological conundrums as they appear in these works. The evidence is that, into maturity, as the secular aesthetic in the Egyptian novel stabilises, religious themes endure and religion remains a contested site.
{"title":"The Secular Scripture","authors":"Christina Phillips","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter continues to explore the interdependence and co-imbrication of the religious and secular, focusing now on mature Egyptian novels from the mid twentieth century. It explores Mahfuz’s famous trilogy (1956-7) and al-Sharqawi’s Al-Ard (1954) and Muhammad Rasul al-Hurriyya (1962) as different culminations of the secularisation process implied by nation formation, and the conflict and tension inherent therein, examining methods of religious displacement and othering, strategies of demystification, lines of religious critique, symbolic trajectories, as well as spiritual yearning, apologetics and theological conundrums as they appear in these works. The evidence is that, into maturity, as the secular aesthetic in the Egyptian novel stabilises, religious themes endure and religion remains a contested site.","PeriodicalId":158851,"journal":{"name":"Religion in the Egyptian Novel","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123234247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417068.003.0009
Christina Phillips
This chapter looks back at the findings of the preceding chapters. The story of religion and the Egyptian novel is one of ambivalent coalescence. While the characteristic vision of the novel is antithetical to religion on one level (sceptical, rational, immanent, humanist, secular), the relationship between religion and the Egyptian novel is long and enduring. The conclusion reviews the question of the Egyptian novel’s secularity a century on, against a backdrop of religious revival and ideological fragmentation, using ‘Ala al-Aswani’s Imarat Ya’qubiyyan (2002) to confirm that it remains the form’s worldview but one that is short through with contradictions given its ongoing dependence and power struggle with religion and its inescapable trace. The conclusion ends with a consideration of postsecularity and what the Egyptian novel’s relationship over the past hundred years contributes to the postsecularity debate.
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