While of increasing importance for the real-time enterprise, deployments of Internet of Things infrastructures such as RFID remain complex and expensive. In this paper, we illustrate these challenges by studying the applications of the EPC Network which is an RFID standards framework that aims to facilitate interoperability and application development. We show how the use of blueprints that were successful on the Web can help to make the adoption of these standards less complex. We discuss in particular how Cloud Computing, RESTful interfaces, Real-time Web (Websockets and Comet) and Web 2.0 Mashups can simplify application development, deployments and maintenance in a common RFID application. Our analysis also illustrates that RFID/EPC Network applications are an excellent playground for Web of Things technologies and that further research in this field can significantly contribute to making real-world applications less complex and cost-intensive.
{"title":"Cloud computing, REST and Mashups to simplify RFID application development and deployment","authors":"D. Guinard, C. Floerkemeier, S. Sarma","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993979","url":null,"abstract":"While of increasing importance for the real-time enterprise, deployments of Internet of Things infrastructures such as RFID remain complex and expensive. In this paper, we illustrate these challenges by studying the applications of the EPC Network which is an RFID standards framework that aims to facilitate interoperability and application development. We show how the use of blueprints that were successful on the Web can help to make the adoption of these standards less complex. We discuss in particular how Cloud Computing, RESTful interfaces, Real-time Web (Websockets and Comet) and Web 2.0 Mashups can simplify application development, deployments and maintenance in a common RFID application. Our analysis also illustrates that RFID/EPC Network applications are an excellent playground for Web of Things technologies and that further research in this field can significantly contribute to making real-world applications less complex and cost-intensive.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115985959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benedikt Ostermaier, Matthias Kovatsch, S. Santini
We present first experiences of using programmable low-power WiFi modules for connecting things directly to the Web. Instead of relying on dedicated low-power radio technology and specialized protocols, we leverage the ubiquity of IEEE 802.11 access points and the interoperability of the HTTP protocol. Using a loosely coupled approach, we enable seamless association of sensors, actuators, and everyday objects with each other and with the Web. Our experimental results show that low-power WiFi modules can achieve long battery lifetime despite the fact that we are using HTTP over TCP/IP for communication.
{"title":"Connecting things to the web using programmable low-power WiFi modules","authors":"Benedikt Ostermaier, Matthias Kovatsch, S. Santini","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993970","url":null,"abstract":"We present first experiences of using programmable low-power WiFi modules for connecting things directly to the Web. Instead of relying on dedicated low-power radio technology and specialized protocols, we leverage the ubiquity of IEEE 802.11 access points and the interoperability of the HTTP protocol. Using a loosely coupled approach, we enable seamless association of sensors, actuators, and everyday objects with each other and with the Web. Our experimental results show that low-power WiFi modules can achieve long battery lifetime despite the fact that we are using HTTP over TCP/IP for communication.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116192537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Internet of Things (IoT) enables communication among real-world things and devices through Internet. So far, IoT research has focused on allowing such communication through different protocols and architectures. Some of these architectural approaches are Web of Things (WoT) and Triple Space (TS) which are both resource oriented architectures. This work analyses and compares both approaches and outlines the scenarios in which they will be more useful. Particularly, it outlines how some of the drawbacks of WoT in the discovery and cooperation aspects may be complemented by integrating with TS.
物联网(Internet of Things, IoT)使现实世界的事物和设备能够通过互联网进行通信。到目前为止，物联网研究的重点是通过不同的协议和架构允许这种通信。其中一些架构方法是物联网(WoT)和三重空间(TS)，它们都是面向资源的架构。这项工作分析和比较了这两种方法，并概述了它们将更有用的场景。特别是，它概述了如何通过与TS集成来弥补WoT在发现和合作方面的一些缺点。
{"title":"On the complementarity of triple spaces and the Web of Things","authors":"Aitor Gómez-Goiri, D. López-de-Ipiña","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993983","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) enables communication among real-world things and devices through Internet. So far, IoT research has focused on allowing such communication through different protocols and architectures. Some of these architectural approaches are Web of Things (WoT) and Triple Space (TS) which are both resource oriented architectures. This work analyses and compares both approaches and outlines the scenarios in which they will be more useful. Particularly, it outlines how some of the drawbacks of WoT in the discovery and cooperation aspects may be complemented by integrating with TS.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"24 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131455893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The "Web of Things" is emerging as an exciting vision for seamlessly integrating everyday objects like home appliances, digital picture frames, health monitoring devices and energy meters into the Internet using the Web's well-known standards and blueprints. The key idea is to represent resources on these devices as URIs and use HTTP verbs (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE) as the uniform interface to manipulate them. Unfortunately, practical considerations such as bandwidth or energy constraints, firewalls/NATs and mobility pose interesting challenges in the realization of this ideal vision. This paper describes these challenges, identifies some potential solutions and presents the design and implementation of a gateway-based network architecture to address these concerns. To the best of our knowledge, it represents the first attempt within the Web of Things community to tackle these issues in a comprehensive manner.
{"title":"A network architecture for the Web of Things","authors":"Vipul Gupta, R. Goldman, Poornaprajna Udupi","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993971","url":null,"abstract":"The \"Web of Things\" is emerging as an exciting vision for seamlessly integrating everyday objects like home appliances, digital picture frames, health monitoring devices and energy meters into the Internet using the Web's well-known standards and blueprints. The key idea is to represent resources on these devices as URIs and use HTTP verbs (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE) as the uniform interface to manipulate them. Unfortunately, practical considerations such as bandwidth or energy constraints, firewalls/NATs and mobility pose interesting challenges in the realization of this ideal vision. This paper describes these challenges, identifies some potential solutions and presents the design and implementation of a gateway-based network architecture to address these concerns. To the best of our knowledge, it represents the first attempt within the Web of Things community to tackle these issues in a comprehensive manner.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125763091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Web of Things community explores how to extend the Internet of Things vision to the World Wide Web. This requires to look beyond establishing mere connectivity, and address the specific issues of loose coupling, massive scalability and heterogeneity in the context of pervasive computing. Specifically, the goal of the second International Workshop on the Web of Things (WoT 2011) is to look at the problems and research issues that can be identified when thinking "out of the box" of most pervasive computing applications, which often assume a homogeneous and centrally managed infrastructure that supports some specific applications scenario. Looking at the Web level, it becomes necessary to consider new constraints and design issues. While certain scenarios might not map well to Web concepts, the opportunities and economies of scale available at Web scale make it very interesting to carefully examine how to eventually build a fully functioning and performant "Web of Things".
{"title":"Second International Workshop on the Web of Things (WoT 2011)","authors":"D. Guinard, V. Trifa, Erik Wilde","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993968","url":null,"abstract":"The Web of Things community explores how to extend the Internet of Things vision to the World Wide Web. This requires to look beyond establishing mere connectivity, and address the specific issues of loose coupling, massive scalability and heterogeneity in the context of pervasive computing. Specifically, the goal of the second International Workshop on the Web of Things (WoT 2011) is to look at the problems and research issues that can be identified when thinking \"out of the box\" of most pervasive computing applications, which often assume a homogeneous and centrally managed infrastructure that supports some specific applications scenario. Looking at the Web level, it becomes necessary to consider new constraints and design issues. While certain scenarios might not map well to Web concepts, the opportunities and economies of scale available at Web scale make it very interesting to carefully examine how to eventually build a fully functioning and performant \"Web of Things\".","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128049445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Namatame, Yong Ding, T. Riedel, H. Tokuda, Takashi Miyaki, M. Beigl
Although there are many smart devices and networked embedded object applications using World Wide Web technologies, it is still a big step to go towards a true Web of Things. It is e.g. difficult to build ubiquitous WoT applications that work in and accross multiple environments. Approaches which aggregate WoT ressources by centralizing all the resource information, have problems: total dependency on external infrasture, lack of private WoT management, inflexible communication patterns and limited dynamic ressource discovery and mapping. To solve these problems, we propose uBox, a local WoT platform which can be a stand-alone server to make your WoT environment, with interfaces to connect the other local WoT platforms. This way, which we call uBoXing, we can create World Wide WoT platform with a distributed architecture. This paper describes the concept of a distributed resource management architecture, and how we implement the concept into software. Also, we will discuss the platform with the example application in SmartTecO environment.
{"title":"A distributed resource management architecture for interconnecting Web-of-Things using uBox","authors":"N. Namatame, Yong Ding, T. Riedel, H. Tokuda, Takashi Miyaki, M. Beigl","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993972","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are many smart devices and networked embedded object applications using World Wide Web technologies, it is still a big step to go towards a true Web of Things. It is e.g. difficult to build ubiquitous WoT applications that work in and accross multiple environments. Approaches which aggregate WoT ressources by centralizing all the resource information, have problems: total dependency on external infrasture, lack of private WoT management, inflexible communication patterns and limited dynamic ressource discovery and mapping. To solve these problems, we propose uBox, a local WoT platform which can be a stand-alone server to make your WoT environment, with interfaces to connect the other local WoT platforms. This way, which we call uBoXing, we can create World Wide WoT platform with a distributed architecture. This paper describes the concept of a distributed resource management architecture, and how we implement the concept into software. Also, we will discuss the platform with the example application in SmartTecO environment.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133115636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sonja Meyer, Klaus Sperner, C. Magerkurth, J. Pasquier-Rocha
In this paper we aim at bringing together the Web of Things (WoT) domain with the domain of enterprise business process modeling in order to work towards a Future Internet that includes all layers of networked technology stacks. We suggest introducing new notation concepts to the current business process modeling standards to facilitate modeling WoT aware business processes. We obtain and classify known WoT specific properties of real-world business processes. By means of a sensor based case study we analyze existing business process modeling standards such as Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN), Web Service Business Process Execution Language (WSBPEL), Extended Event-driven Process Chain (eEPC) and Unified Modeling Language (UML) in order to extract WoT specific process properties. A final evaluation concludes with the current most fitting process notation for modeling real world processes using WoT technology and suggests extending established approaches by including WoT specific aspects.
{"title":"Towards modeling real-world aware business processes","authors":"Sonja Meyer, Klaus Sperner, C. Magerkurth, J. Pasquier-Rocha","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993978","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we aim at bringing together the Web of Things (WoT) domain with the domain of enterprise business process modeling in order to work towards a Future Internet that includes all layers of networked technology stacks. We suggest introducing new notation concepts to the current business process modeling standards to facilitate modeling WoT aware business processes. We obtain and classify known WoT specific properties of real-world business processes. By means of a sensor based case study we analyze existing business process modeling standards such as Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN), Web Service Business Process Execution Language (WSBPEL), Extended Event-driven Process Chain (eEPC) and Unified Modeling Language (UML) in order to extract WoT specific process properties. A final evaluation concludes with the current most fitting process notation for modeling real world processes using WoT technology and suggests extending established approaches by including WoT specific aspects.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131746780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ongoing evolution of the Internet of Things toward the Web of Things, where Web-enabled smart objects connect and communicate using the protocols of the Web, has raised several research issues from protocols adoption and communication models to architectural styles. In this paper we present our vision about the anatomy of a scalable architecture for a large scale social Web of Things for smart objects and the solutions adopted. Main faced issues include a reasoned exploration of design choices in conjunction with the related state-of-art analysis, technologies, concepts and social aspects behind our proposed solution. Among them, a prototype is proposed and two experimented scenarios are described. Finally, this paper reports the conclusion, challenges and future works toward the evolution of our social Web of Things architecture and tool.
{"title":"The anatomy of a large scale social web for internet enabled objects","authors":"A. Pintus, D. Carboni, Andrea Piras","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993975","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing evolution of the Internet of Things toward the Web of Things, where Web-enabled smart objects connect and communicate using the protocols of the Web, has raised several research issues from protocols adoption and communication models to architectural styles. In this paper we present our vision about the anatomy of a scalable architecture for a large scale social Web of Things for smart objects and the solutions adopted. Main faced issues include a reasoned exploration of design choices in conjunction with the related state-of-art analysis, technologies, concepts and social aspects behind our proposed solution. Among them, a prototype is proposed and two experimented scenarios are described. Finally, this paper reports the conclusion, challenges and future works toward the evolution of our social Web of Things architecture and tool.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114921060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present DiscoWoT, a semantic discovery service for Web-enabled smart things. The service is based on the application of multiple Discovery Strategies to a Web resource's representation, where arbitrary users can create and update strategies at runtime using DiscoWoT's RESTful interface. Its goal is to provide a future-proof mechanism for enabling both, human users and machines, to semantically discover functionality provided by Web-enabled devices. Ultimately, it aims to allow for the facilitated discovery, selection, and utilization of smart things. DiscoWoT incorporates a transparent mechanism for deferring resource discovery to external handlers and can thus interact with other services within discovery service federations. It may be accessed by arbitrary users for ad hoc discovery of functionality offered by Web resources or incorporated into infrastructures for Web-enabled smart things.
{"title":"An extensible discovery service for smart things","authors":"S. Mayer, D. Guinard","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993976","url":null,"abstract":"We present DiscoWoT, a semantic discovery service for Web-enabled smart things. The service is based on the application of multiple Discovery Strategies to a Web resource's representation, where arbitrary users can create and update strategies at runtime using DiscoWoT's RESTful interface. Its goal is to provide a future-proof mechanism for enabling both, human users and machines, to semantically discover functionality provided by Web-enabled devices. Ultimately, it aims to allow for the facilitated discovery, selection, and utilization of smart things. DiscoWoT incorporates a transparent mechanism for deferring resource discovery to external handlers and can thus interact with other services within discovery service federations. It may be accessed by arbitrary users for ad hoc discovery of functionality offered by Web resources or incorporated into infrastructures for Web-enabled smart things.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114149727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the Web of Things (WoT) broadens real world interaction via the internet, there is an increasing need for a user centric model for managing and interacting with real world objects. We believe that online social networks can provide that capability and can enhance existing and future WoT platforms leading to a Social WoT. As both social overlays and user interface containers, online social networks (OSNs) will play a significant role in the evolution of the web of things. As user interface containers and social overlays, they can be used by end users and applications as an on-line entry point for interacting with things, both receiving updates from sensors and controlling things. Conversely, access to user identity and profile information, content and social graphs can be useful in physical social settings like cafés. In this paper we describe some of the key features of social networks used by existing social WoT systems. We follow this with a discussion of open research questions related to integration of OSNs and how OSNs may evolve to be more suitable for integration with places and things. Several ongoing projects in our lab leverage OSNs to connect places and things to online communities.
{"title":"Uniting online social networks with places and things","authors":"Michael Blackstock, R. Lea, A. Friday","doi":"10.1145/1993966.1993974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993966.1993974","url":null,"abstract":"As the Web of Things (WoT) broadens real world interaction via the internet, there is an increasing need for a user centric model for managing and interacting with real world objects. We believe that online social networks can provide that capability and can enhance existing and future WoT platforms leading to a Social WoT. As both social overlays and user interface containers, online social networks (OSNs) will play a significant role in the evolution of the web of things. As user interface containers and social overlays, they can be used by end users and applications as an on-line entry point for interacting with things, both receiving updates from sensors and controlling things. Conversely, access to user identity and profile information, content and social graphs can be useful in physical social settings like cafés. In this paper we describe some of the key features of social networks used by existing social WoT systems. We follow this with a discussion of open research questions related to integration of OSNs and how OSNs may evolve to be more suitable for integration with places and things. Several ongoing projects in our lab leverage OSNs to connect places and things to online communities.","PeriodicalId":161745,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Web of Things","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126042223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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