In a recent article [Kawamoto, J. Phys. Complexity 4, 035005 (2023)], Kawamoto evoked statistical physics methods for the problem of counting graphs with a prescribed degree sequence. This treatment involved truncating a particular Taylor expansion at the first two terms, which resulted in the Bender-Canfield estimate for the graph counts. This is surprisingly successful since the Bender-Canfield formula is asymptotically accurate for large graphs, while the series truncation does not a priori suggest a similar level of accuracy. We upgrade this treatment in three directions. First, we derive an exact formula for counting d-regular graphs in terms of a d-dimensional Gaussian integral. Second, we show how to convert this formula into an integral representation for the generating function of d-regular graph counts. Third, we perform explicit saddle point analysis for large graph sizes and identify the saddle point configurations responsible for graph count estimates. In these saddle point configurations, only two of the integration variables condense to significant values, while the remaining ones approach zero for large graphs. This provides an underlying picture that justifies Kawamoto’s earlier findings.
在最近的一篇文章[Kawamoto, J. Phys. Complexity 4, 035005 (2023)]中，川本引用了统计物理学方法来解决具有规定度序列的图计数问题。这种处理方法涉及截断特定泰勒展开的前两项，从而得出图形计数的本德尔-坎菲尔德估计值。这种方法出乎意料地成功，因为本德尔-坎菲尔德公式对于大型图来说是渐进精确的，而数列截断法并没有先验地显示出类似的精确度。我们从三个方面提升了这一处理方法。首先，我们用 d 维高斯积分推导出计算 d 不规则图的精确公式。其次，我们展示了如何将该公式转换为 d 不规则图计数生成函数的积分表示。第三，我们对大图形尺寸进行了明确的鞍点分析，并确定了对图形计数估计负责的鞍点配置。在这些鞍点配置中，只有两个积分变量浓缩为重要值，而其余变量在大型图中趋近于零。这提供了一个基本图景，证明了川本早先的发现是正确的。
{"title":"A Gaussian integral that counts regular graphs","authors":"Oleg Evnin, Weerawit Horinouchi","doi":"10.1063/5.0208715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0208715","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent article [Kawamoto, J. Phys. Complexity 4, 035005 (2023)], Kawamoto evoked statistical physics methods for the problem of counting graphs with a prescribed degree sequence. This treatment involved truncating a particular Taylor expansion at the first two terms, which resulted in the Bender-Canfield estimate for the graph counts. This is surprisingly successful since the Bender-Canfield formula is asymptotically accurate for large graphs, while the series truncation does not a priori suggest a similar level of accuracy. We upgrade this treatment in three directions. First, we derive an exact formula for counting d-regular graphs in terms of a d-dimensional Gaussian integral. Second, we show how to convert this formula into an integral representation for the generating function of d-regular graph counts. Third, we perform explicit saddle point analysis for large graph sizes and identify the saddle point configurations responsible for graph count estimates. In these saddle point configurations, only two of the integration variables condense to significant values, while the remaining ones approach zero for large graphs. This provides an underlying picture that justifies Kawamoto’s earlier findings.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"242 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dynamical properties of a generalized max-plus model for ultradiscrete limit cycles are investigated. This model includes both the negative feedback model and the Sel’kov model. It exhibits the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation, and possesses stable and unstable ultradiscrete limit cycles. The number of discrete states in the limit cycles can be analytically determined and its approximate relation is proposed. Additionally, relationship between the max-plus model and the two-dimensional normal form of the border collision bifurcation is discussed.
{"title":"A generalization for ultradiscrete limit cycles in a certain type of max-plus dynamical systems","authors":"Shousuke Ohmori, Yoshihiro Yamazaki","doi":"10.1063/5.0203186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203186","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamical properties of a generalized max-plus model for ultradiscrete limit cycles are investigated. This model includes both the negative feedback model and the Sel’kov model. It exhibits the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation, and possesses stable and unstable ultradiscrete limit cycles. The number of discrete states in the limit cycles can be analytically determined and its approximate relation is proposed. Additionally, relationship between the max-plus model and the two-dimensional normal form of the border collision bifurcation is discussed.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the stability problem of steady solutions to the semi-stationary Boussinesq equations in the strip domain R2×(0,1). For an equilibrium state with any general steady solution θe which satisfies ϑe > m > 0, we show the global existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions to the system with the no-slip boundary condition when the initial temperature is close enough to it. Thus such a steady solution is asymptotically stable, which reflects the well-known phenomenon of Rayleigh-Taylor stability.
我们研究了带状域R2×(0,1)中半稳态布森斯克方程稳态解的稳定性问题。对于具有满足 ϑe > m > 0 的任意一般稳定解θe 的平衡态，我们证明了当初始温度足够接近无滑动边界条件时，系统解的全局存在性和渐近行为。因此，这种稳定解是渐近稳定的，这反映了著名的瑞利-泰勒稳定性现象。
{"title":"Asymptotic stability to semi-stationary Boussinesq equations without thermal conduction","authors":"Jianguo Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0150791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0150791","url":null,"abstract":"We study the stability problem of steady solutions to the semi-stationary Boussinesq equations in the strip domain R2×(0,1). For an equilibrium state with any general steady solution θe which satisfies ϑe > m > 0, we show the global existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions to the system with the no-slip boundary condition when the initial temperature is close enough to it. Thus such a steady solution is asymptotically stable, which reflects the well-known phenomenon of Rayleigh-Taylor stability.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We draw connections between contact topology and Maxwell fields in vacuo on three-dimensional closed Riemannian submanifolds in four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds. This is accomplished by showing that contact topological methods can be applied to reveal topological features of a class of solutions to Maxwell’s equations. This class of Maxwell fields is such that electric fields are parallel to magnetic fields. In addition these electromagnetic fields are composed of the so-called Beltrami fields. We employ several theorems resolving the Weinstein conjecture on closed manifolds with contact structures and stable Hamiltonian structures, where this conjecture refers to the existence of periodic orbits of the Reeb vector fields. Here a contact form is a special case of a stable Hamiltonian structure. After showing how to relate Reeb vector fields with electromagnetic 1-forms, we apply a theorem regarding contact manifolds and an improved theorem regarding stable Hamiltonian structures. Then a closed field line is shown to exist, where field lines are generated by Maxwell fields. In addition, electromagnetic energies are shown to be conserved along the Reeb vector fields.
{"title":"Contact topology and electromagnetism: The Weinstein conjecture and Beltrami-Maxwell fields","authors":"Shin-itiro Goto","doi":"10.1063/5.0202751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0202751","url":null,"abstract":"We draw connections between contact topology and Maxwell fields in vacuo on three-dimensional closed Riemannian submanifolds in four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds. This is accomplished by showing that contact topological methods can be applied to reveal topological features of a class of solutions to Maxwell’s equations. This class of Maxwell fields is such that electric fields are parallel to magnetic fields. In addition these electromagnetic fields are composed of the so-called Beltrami fields. We employ several theorems resolving the Weinstein conjecture on closed manifolds with contact structures and stable Hamiltonian structures, where this conjecture refers to the existence of periodic orbits of the Reeb vector fields. Here a contact form is a special case of a stable Hamiltonian structure. After showing how to relate Reeb vector fields with electromagnetic 1-forms, we apply a theorem regarding contact manifolds and an improved theorem regarding stable Hamiltonian structures. Then a closed field line is shown to exist, where field lines are generated by Maxwell fields. In addition, electromagnetic energies are shown to be conserved along the Reeb vector fields.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dale Frymark, Markus Holzmann, Vladimir Lotoreichik
We consider the one-parametric family of self-adjoint realizations of the two-dimensional massive Dirac operator with a Lorentz scalar δ-shell interaction of strength τ∈R{−2,0,2} supported on a broken line of opening angle 2ω with ω∈(0,π2). The essential spectrum of any such self-adjoint realization is symmetric with respect to the origin with a gap around zero whose size depends on the mass and, for τ < 0, also on the strength of the interaction, but does not depend on ω. As the main result, we prove that for any N∈N and strength τ ∈ (−∞, 0){−2} the discrete spectrum of any such self-adjoint realization has at least N discrete eigenvalues, with multiplicities taken into account, in the gap of the essential spectrum provided that ω is sufficiently small. Moreover, we obtain an explicit estimate on ω sufficient for this property to hold. For τ ∈ (0, ∞){2}, the discrete spectrum consists of at most one simple eigenvalue.
{"title":"Spectral analysis of the Dirac operator with a singular interaction on a broken line","authors":"Dale Frymark, Markus Holzmann, Vladimir Lotoreichik","doi":"10.1063/5.0202693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0202693","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the one-parametric family of self-adjoint realizations of the two-dimensional massive Dirac operator with a Lorentz scalar δ-shell interaction of strength τ∈R{−2,0,2} supported on a broken line of opening angle 2ω with ω∈(0,π2). The essential spectrum of any such self-adjoint realization is symmetric with respect to the origin with a gap around zero whose size depends on the mass and, for τ &lt; 0, also on the strength of the interaction, but does not depend on ω. As the main result, we prove that for any N∈N and strength τ ∈ (−∞, 0){−2} the discrete spectrum of any such self-adjoint realization has at least N discrete eigenvalues, with multiplicities taken into account, in the gap of the essential spectrum provided that ω is sufficiently small. Moreover, we obtain an explicit estimate on ω sufficient for this property to hold. For τ ∈ (0, ∞){2}, the discrete spectrum consists of at most one simple eigenvalue.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study some notions of cohomology for asymptotically additive sequences and prove a Livšic-type result for almost additive sequences of potentials. As a consequence, we are able to characterize almost additive sequences based on their equilibrium measures and also show how to obtain almost (and asymptotically) additive sequences of Hölder continuous functions satisfying the bounded variation condition (with a unique equilibrium measure) and which are not physically equivalent to any additive sequence generated by a Hölder continuous function. Moreover, we also use our main result to suggest a classification of almost additive sequences based on physical equivalence relations with respect to the classical additive setup.
{"title":"A Livšic-type theorem and some regularity properties for nonadditive sequences of potentials","authors":"Carllos Eduardo Holanda, Eduardo Santana","doi":"10.1063/5.0181706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0181706","url":null,"abstract":"We study some notions of cohomology for asymptotically additive sequences and prove a Livšic-type result for almost additive sequences of potentials. As a consequence, we are able to characterize almost additive sequences based on their equilibrium measures and also show how to obtain almost (and asymptotically) additive sequences of Hölder continuous functions satisfying the bounded variation condition (with a unique equilibrium measure) and which are not physically equivalent to any additive sequence generated by a Hölder continuous function. Moreover, we also use our main result to suggest a classification of almost additive sequences based on physical equivalence relations with respect to the classical additive setup.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a quasi-local, functional analytic method to locate and invariantly characterize the stationary limit surfaces of black hole spacetimes with stationary regions. The method is based on ellipticity-hyperbolicity transitions of the Dirac, Klein–Gordon, Maxwell, and Fierz–Pauli Hamiltonians defined on spacelike hypersurfaces of such black hole spacetimes, which occur only at the locations of stationary limit surfaces and can be ascertained from the behaviors of the principal symbols of the Hamiltonians. Therefore, since it relates solely to the effects that stationary limit surfaces have on the time evolutions of the corresponding elementary fermions and bosons, this method is profoundly different from the usual detection procedures that employ either scalar polynomial curvature invariants or Cartan invariants, which, in contrast, make use of the local geometries of the underlying black hole spacetimes. As an application, we determine the locations of the stationary limit surfaces of the Kerr–Newman, Schwarzschild–de Sitter, and Taub–NUT black hole spacetimes. Finally, we show that for black hole spacetimes with static regions, our functional analytic method serves as a quasi-local event horizon detector and gives rise to a relational concept of black hole entropy.
{"title":"A quasi-local, functional analytic detection method for stationary limit surfaces of black hole spacetimes","authors":"Christian Röken","doi":"10.1063/5.0207754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207754","url":null,"abstract":"We present a quasi-local, functional analytic method to locate and invariantly characterize the stationary limit surfaces of black hole spacetimes with stationary regions. The method is based on ellipticity-hyperbolicity transitions of the Dirac, Klein–Gordon, Maxwell, and Fierz–Pauli Hamiltonians defined on spacelike hypersurfaces of such black hole spacetimes, which occur only at the locations of stationary limit surfaces and can be ascertained from the behaviors of the principal symbols of the Hamiltonians. Therefore, since it relates solely to the effects that stationary limit surfaces have on the time evolutions of the corresponding elementary fermions and bosons, this method is profoundly different from the usual detection procedures that employ either scalar polynomial curvature invariants or Cartan invariants, which, in contrast, make use of the local geometries of the underlying black hole spacetimes. As an application, we determine the locations of the stationary limit surfaces of the Kerr–Newman, Schwarzschild–de Sitter, and Taub–NUT black hole spacetimes. Finally, we show that for black hole spacetimes with static regions, our functional analytic method serves as a quasi-local event horizon detector and gives rise to a relational concept of black hole entropy.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kerr-star spacetime is the extension over the horizons and in the negative radial region of the Kerr spacetime. Despite the presence of closed timelike curves below the inner horizon, we prove that the timelike geodesics cannot be closed in the Kerr-star spacetime. Since the existence of closed null geodesics was ruled out by the author in Sanzeni [arXiv:2308.09631v3 (2024)], this result shows the absence of closed causal geodesics in the Kerr-star spacetime.
{"title":"Nonexistence of closed timelike geodesics in Kerr spacetimes","authors":"Giulio Sanzeni","doi":"10.1063/5.0221959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221959","url":null,"abstract":"The Kerr-star spacetime is the extension over the horizons and in the negative radial region of the Kerr spacetime. Despite the presence of closed timelike curves below the inner horizon, we prove that the timelike geodesics cannot be closed in the Kerr-star spacetime. Since the existence of closed null geodesics was ruled out by the author in Sanzeni [arXiv:2308.09631v3 (2024)], this result shows the absence of closed causal geodesics in the Kerr-star spacetime.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper mainly deals with the (non)existence, asymptotic behaviors and uniqueness of traveling waves to a nonlocal diffusion system with asymmetric kernels and delays for quasi-monotone case. The difference from some previous works is the asymmetry reflected in both diffusion and reaction terms, and this not only has an impact on the positivity of minimal wave speed and the wave profiles of traveling waves with the same speed spreading from the left and right of the x-axis, but also leads to some difficulties for the nonexistence and asymptotic behaviors of traveling waves, which are overcome by using new techniques. Thereby, the results for traveling waves of nonlocal diffusion equations with symmetric kernels and with (or without) delays are improved to equations with asymmetric kernels, and those conclusions for scalar equations and systems with Laplace diffusion and local nonlinearities are also generalized to the nonlocal case. Finally, some concrete applications and numerical simulations are shown to confirm our theoretical results.
本文主要讨论准单调情况下具有非对称核和延迟的非局部扩散系统行波的（非）存在性、渐近行为和唯一性。与之前的一些研究不同的是，扩散项和反应项都反映了非对称性，这不仅影响了最小波速的正向性和从 x 轴左右两侧扩散的具有相同速度的行波的波形，而且导致了行波的非存在性和渐近行为的一些困难，通过使用新技术克服了这些困难。因此，具有对称核和延迟（或无延迟）的非局部扩散方程的行波结果被改进为具有非对称核的方程，而具有拉普拉斯扩散和局部非线性的标量方程和系统的结论也被推广到非局部情况。最后，还展示了一些具体应用和数值模拟，以证实我们的理论结果。
{"title":"Traveling waves for a nonlocal diffusion system with asymmetric kernels and delays","authors":"Yun-Rui Yang, Lu Yang, Ke-Wang Mu","doi":"10.1063/5.0184913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0184913","url":null,"abstract":"This paper mainly deals with the (non)existence, asymptotic behaviors and uniqueness of traveling waves to a nonlocal diffusion system with asymmetric kernels and delays for quasi-monotone case. The difference from some previous works is the asymmetry reflected in both diffusion and reaction terms, and this not only has an impact on the positivity of minimal wave speed and the wave profiles of traveling waves with the same speed spreading from the left and right of the x-axis, but also leads to some difficulties for the nonexistence and asymptotic behaviors of traveling waves, which are overcome by using new techniques. Thereby, the results for traveling waves of nonlocal diffusion equations with symmetric kernels and with (or without) delays are improved to equations with asymmetric kernels, and those conclusions for scalar equations and systems with Laplace diffusion and local nonlinearities are also generalized to the nonlocal case. Finally, some concrete applications and numerical simulations are shown to confirm our theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given a smooth potential W:Tn→R on the torus, the Quantum Guerra–Morato action functional is given by I(ψ)=∫(DvDv*2(x)−W(x))a(x)2dx, where ψ is described by ψ=aeiuℏ, u=v+v*2, a=ev*−v2ℏ, v, v* are real functions, ∫a2(x)dx = 1, and D is the derivative on x ∈ Tn. It is natural to consider the constraint div(a2Du) = 0, which means flux zero. The a and u obtained from a critical solution (under variations τ) for such action functional, fulfilling such constraints, satisfy the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with a quantum potential. Denote ′ =ddτ. We show that the expression for the second variation of a critical solution is given by ∫a2D[v′] D[(v*)′] dx. Introducing the constraint ∫a2Du dx = V, we also consider later an associated dual eigenvalue problem. From this follows a transport and a kind of eikonal equation.
给定环上的光滑势 W：Tn→R，量子格拉-莫拉托作用函数为 I(ψ)=∫(DvDv*2(x)-W(x))a(x)2dx、其中，ψ由 ψ=aeiuℏ 描述，u=v+v*2，a=ev*-v2ℏ，v、v* 均为实函数，∫a2(x)dx = 1，D 为 x∈Tn 上的导数。考虑 div(a2Du) = 0 这一约束条件是很自然的，这意味着通量为零。从这种作用函数的临界解（变化 τ 下）得到的 a 和 u 满足这种约束条件，满足具有量子势的汉密尔顿-贾可比方程。记为 ′ =ddτ.我们证明临界解的二次变化表达式为∫a2D[v′] D[(v*)′] dx。引入约束条件 ∫a2Du dx = V 后，我们还要考虑相关的对偶特征值问题。由此引出一个输运方程和一种埃克纳方程。
{"title":"On the quantum Guerra–Morato action functional","authors":"Josué Knorst, Artur O. Lopes","doi":"10.1063/5.0207422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207422","url":null,"abstract":"Given a smooth potential W:Tn→R on the torus, the Quantum Guerra–Morato action functional is given by I(ψ)=∫(DvDv*2(x)−W(x))a(x)2dx, where ψ is described by ψ=aeiuℏ, u=v+v*2, a=ev*−v2ℏ, v, v* are real functions, ∫a2(x)dx = 1, and D is the derivative on x ∈ Tn. It is natural to consider the constraint div(a2Du) = 0, which means flux zero. The a and u obtained from a critical solution (under variations τ) for such action functional, fulfilling such constraints, satisfy the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with a quantum potential. Denote ′ =ddτ. We show that the expression for the second variation of a critical solution is given by ∫a2D[v′] D[(v*)′] dx. Introducing the constraint ∫a2Du dx = V, we also consider later an associated dual eigenvalue problem. From this follows a transport and a kind of eikonal equation.","PeriodicalId":16174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Physics","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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