Pub Date : 1947-12-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787767
J. Due
An excise tax is defined, for purposes of analysis of tax policy, as a levy imposed upon the sale or purchase of a particular product or a closely related group of products. In contrast, a tax upon the sale of all products, except articles excluded by specific exemption, or upon the sale of a wide range of products, such as all manufactured goods, is known as a general sales tax, or, more commonly, a sales tax. The concept of an excise as defined above must be distinguished from the legal concept of the term, which for constitutional reasons has been broadened to include additional levies, such as the social security payroll taxes, which are imposed upon bases other than the sale or purchase of goods. Significant use of excises by the Federal government was first made during the Civil War. From that period until World War I, they constituted a major element in the revenue structure. Despite the introduction of new excises during World War I, these levies declined in relative importance because of the rapid development of the income tax. The decline was hastened dur-
{"title":"FEDERAL EXCISE TAXATION","authors":"J. Due","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787767","url":null,"abstract":"An excise tax is defined, for purposes of analysis of tax policy, as a levy imposed upon the sale or purchase of a particular product or a closely related group of products. In contrast, a tax upon the sale of all products, except articles excluded by specific exemption, or upon the sale of a wide range of products, such as all manufactured goods, is known as a general sales tax, or, more commonly, a sales tax. The concept of an excise as defined above must be distinguished from the legal concept of the term, which for constitutional reasons has been broadened to include additional levies, such as the social security payroll taxes, which are imposed upon bases other than the sale or purchase of goods. Significant use of excises by the Federal government was first made during the Civil War. From that period until World War I, they constituted a major element in the revenue structure. Despite the introduction of new excises during World War I, these levies declined in relative importance because of the rapid development of the income tax. The decline was hastened dur-","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125607268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-12-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787769
M. Beck
Late in 1939 the City of Philadelphia took a pioneering step in local finance and enacted a tax on earned income. This measure climaxed a decade of financial distress, during which time declining real estate valuations resulted in an average annual loss of $20 million in real estate revenues. To meet the loss, Philadelphia first curtailed expenditures and then turned to unsound fiscal expedients: overestimation of yearly receipts, flotation of loans to meet current expenses, and short-changing of the sinking fund through excessive valuation of sinking fund assets.
{"title":"THE PHILADELPHIA INCOME TAX: A SOLUTION TO MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES","authors":"M. Beck","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787769","url":null,"abstract":"Late in 1939 the City of Philadelphia took a pioneering step in local finance and enacted a tax on earned income. This measure climaxed a decade of financial distress, during which time declining real estate valuations resulted in an average annual loss of $20 million in real estate revenues. To meet the loss, Philadelphia first curtailed expenditures and then turned to unsound fiscal expedients: overestimation of yearly receipts, flotation of loans to meet current expenses, and short-changing of the sinking fund through excessive valuation of sinking fund assets.","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114961768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-12-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787768
R. Blough
articles of general consumption, such as that on electrical energy, and the taxes on the various utility services which are regarded as luxury in character passenger transportation, and communications services. The remainder of the luxury excises are poor substitutes for the income tax and will prove deflationary in their effects. The least objectionable of the excises, apart from the gasoline tax,26 are the sumptuary excises, since the distortion of consumer choice which they produce is regarded
{"title":"THE ISSUE OF FEDERAL TAX REDUCTION DURING INFLATION","authors":"R. Blough","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787768","url":null,"abstract":"articles of general consumption, such as that on electrical energy, and the taxes on the various utility services which are regarded as luxury in character passenger transportation, and communications services. The remainder of the luxury excises are poor substitutes for the income tax and will prove deflationary in their effects. The least objectionable of the excises, apart from the gasoline tax,26 are the sumptuary excises, since the distortion of consumer choice which they produce is regarded","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122072834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-12-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787770
B. Blank
government. This fact becomes clear upon examination of Table 3. While expenditures of the ten largest cities rose 65 per cent over the period 1925-1939, property tax revenues rose only 33 per cent. Most of the increased collection was apparently due to an overall increase in rates, since the tax base assessed valuations rose only 13 per cent. To meet the crisis in municipal finance, the authors of the Treasury Committee Report on Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations recommended a recasting of the property tax into an " occupancy " tax based on the rental value of property. While this proposal has merit and would be a marked improvement over the existing property taxes, it does not offer a solution to the problem of finding additional revenue. It does nothing about exacting a contribution from the fringe-dweller for the services which he receives from the central city. Nor is the latter problem satisfactorily met by the proposal of Hansen and Perloff for more local sharing of state collected taxes.16 The large central cities seldom receive an adequate share of such taxes. For example, a study of the Wisconsin gasoline
{"title":"THE AUSTRALIAN GRANTS-IN-AID SYSTEM","authors":"B. Blank","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787770","url":null,"abstract":"government. This fact becomes clear upon examination of Table 3. While expenditures of the ten largest cities rose 65 per cent over the period 1925-1939, property tax revenues rose only 33 per cent. Most of the increased collection was apparently due to an overall increase in rates, since the tax base assessed valuations rose only 13 per cent. To meet the crisis in municipal finance, the authors of the Treasury Committee Report on Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations recommended a recasting of the property tax into an \" occupancy \" tax based on the rental value of property. While this proposal has merit and would be a marked improvement over the existing property taxes, it does not offer a solution to the problem of finding additional revenue. It does nothing about exacting a contribution from the fringe-dweller for the services which he receives from the central city. Nor is the latter problem satisfactorily met by the proposal of Hansen and Perloff for more local sharing of state collected taxes.16 The large central cities seldom receive an adequate share of such taxes. For example, a study of the Wisconsin gasoline","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133128472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-11-01DOI: 10.1086/BULLNATTAX41787762
W. H. Andrews
{"title":"COMMUNICATIONS: SOME COMMENTS ON RAUCH'S ARGUMENT FOR PARITY AMONG FEDERAL INCOME TAXPAYERS","authors":"W. H. Andrews","doi":"10.1086/BULLNATTAX41787762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/BULLNATTAX41787762","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134349026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-11-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787757
A. Buehler
The discussion of the income tax as a local revenue suggests merely one phase of the problem of local government and its financing. What functions should our local governments perform? How should they be organized to carry on those functions? What revenues should they have available to finance their activities? These are some of the fundamental questions to which this discussion should be related. Local government expenditures have tended to increase through the centuries in spite of all efforts to hold back the tide. The growth in population, the greater demand for public services, financial mismanagement, and other factors have contributed to the rising expenditures. On the revenue side, our local governments have been rather narrowly restricted to property taxation for their major revenues, a source which is inevitably exhausted. The financial, economic, political, and social problems of our cities and other units of local government have been the occasion for endless debate. Many observers think we have had too many words and too little action. The slums and blighted areas of our mature Eastern cities, the movement of population into and away from our cities, the high cost of city government in relation to financial resources, and the critical financial and other problems of our cities have caused much concern and some action to remedy the recent maladjustments. In the main, however, the approach to the problems of local government has been a patchwork affair, with primary consideration for immediate needs. Everywhere one finds a search for new local government revenues to relieve the distress of local finances in this postwar period of rising costs. In Pennsylvania the last legislature extended to local governments generally the privilege that had been given to Philadelphia in 1932 to impose such taxes as are not levied by the State, subject to the limitation, however, that the revenues raised from new taxes may not exceed the revenues obtained from real estate. Governor Duff has bluntly advised local governments that they must find new local revenues for education and other func-
{"title":"THE INCOME TAX AS A LOCAL REVENUE","authors":"A. Buehler","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787757","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion of the income tax as a local revenue suggests merely one phase of the problem of local government and its financing. What functions should our local governments perform? How should they be organized to carry on those functions? What revenues should they have available to finance their activities? These are some of the fundamental questions to which this discussion should be related. Local government expenditures have tended to increase through the centuries in spite of all efforts to hold back the tide. The growth in population, the greater demand for public services, financial mismanagement, and other factors have contributed to the rising expenditures. On the revenue side, our local governments have been rather narrowly restricted to property taxation for their major revenues, a source which is inevitably exhausted. The financial, economic, political, and social problems of our cities and other units of local government have been the occasion for endless debate. Many observers think we have had too many words and too little action. The slums and blighted areas of our mature Eastern cities, the movement of population into and away from our cities, the high cost of city government in relation to financial resources, and the critical financial and other problems of our cities have caused much concern and some action to remedy the recent maladjustments. In the main, however, the approach to the problems of local government has been a patchwork affair, with primary consideration for immediate needs. Everywhere one finds a search for new local government revenues to relieve the distress of local finances in this postwar period of rising costs. In Pennsylvania the last legislature extended to local governments generally the privilege that had been given to Philadelphia in 1932 to impose such taxes as are not levied by the State, subject to the limitation, however, that the revenues raised from new taxes may not exceed the revenues obtained from real estate. Governor Duff has bluntly advised local governments that they must find new local revenues for education and other func-","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122541072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-11-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787758
Chester B. Pond
license taxes in the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh school districts. The taxes are collected locally for local school purposes at rates of one-tenth per cent on retailing and one-twentieth per cent on wholesaling. The Philadelphia and Pittsburgh school districts will also collect taxes on intangibles, starting January 1, 1948. The collection of the Pennsylvania State mercantile license tax was quite unsatisfactory in the past, and doubts are now being expressed concerning the feasibility of the new locally administered mercantile license taxes. On the other hand, the retail sales tax of New York City appears to be administered with a fair degree of success.
{"title":"MUNICIPAL TAXES ON SELECTED COMMODITIES AND SERVICES","authors":"Chester B. Pond","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787758","url":null,"abstract":"license taxes in the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh school districts. The taxes are collected locally for local school purposes at rates of one-tenth per cent on retailing and one-twentieth per cent on wholesaling. The Philadelphia and Pittsburgh school districts will also collect taxes on intangibles, starting January 1, 1948. The collection of the Pennsylvania State mercantile license tax was quite unsatisfactory in the past, and doubts are now being expressed concerning the feasibility of the new locally administered mercantile license taxes. On the other hand, the retail sales tax of New York City appears to be administered with a fair degree of success.","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121510606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-11-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787763
{"title":"CENSUS BUREAU PUBLICATIONS ON GOVERNMENTS","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787763","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115593904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-11-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787759
J. A. Maxwell
Local governments as a whole are more in need of new revenue than state governments, and, among local governments, great inequalities exist in their ability to provide governmental services. These inequalities, particularly with respect to social welfare services, are a matter of concern for the state governments and they should do something by way of remedy. Many states have done something. Yet within many states even rich states basic governmental services are unevenly provided, and often the state governments have aggravated the problem by placing undesirable financial responsibilities upon local governments.
{"title":"STATE GRANTS-IN-AID","authors":"J. A. Maxwell","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787759","url":null,"abstract":"Local governments as a whole are more in need of new revenue than state governments, and, among local governments, great inequalities exist in their ability to provide governmental services. These inequalities, particularly with respect to social welfare services, are a matter of concern for the state governments and they should do something by way of remedy. Many states have done something. Yet within many states even rich states basic governmental services are unevenly provided, and often the state governments have aggravated the problem by placing undesirable financial responsibilities upon local governments.","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133426892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1947-11-01DOI: 10.1086/bullnattax41787760
M. Walker
{"title":"THE SALES TAX AS A SOURCE OF LOCAL REVENUE","authors":"M. Walker","doi":"10.1086/bullnattax41787760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/bullnattax41787760","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162826,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the National Tax Association","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131322165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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