Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy最新文献

The ground state rotational spectrum of 1,1-dichloro-1-silacyclohex-2-ene has been recorded using a chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectrometer. Several isotopologues in their natural abundances have been observed in the free-jet expansion, and their spectra assigned, making it possible to present a partial heavy-atom substitution structure. Furthermore, the high resolution of this technique allows the complicated hyperfine splitting pattern to be largely deconvoluted. As a result, the on-diagonal nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for the two chlorine atoms have been determined for all observed isotopologues. Additionally, χ_bc is determined for both chlorine atoms of the parent species. The quadrupole coupling tensors for the parent species have been diagonalised, noting some assumptions have been made pertaining to the off-diagonal nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in the principal axis system, to yield reasonable values of χ_zz and η which are then compared.

Torsional vibrational states of trans − and cis − conformers belonging to point symmetry groups C_2H and C_2V, respectively, of hydroquinone molecules are classified according to the irreducible representations of the molecular symmetry group D_2H(M). A correspondence has been established between the symmetry elements of the D_2H(M) group and the symmetry elements on the torsional coordinate plane for two-dimensional surfaces of potential energy, wave functions, kinetic coefficients and dipole moment projections. A correspondence has been established between the symmetry species of the point symmetry groups C_2H, C_2V and the symmetry species of the molecular symmetry group D_2H(M). Conformational states, barriers to internal rotation and the above-mentioned characteristics of the hydroquinone molecule were calculated at the MP2/Aug-cc-pVDZ, MP2/Aug-cc-pVQZ, MP2/Aug-cc-pVTZ, MP2/CBS(aD,aT,aQ), and CCSD(T)/dAug-cc-pVDZ levels of theory. The calculated data sets were approximated using symmetry-adapted sets of basis functions. Using a numerical solution of the vibrational Schrödinger equation of restricted dimensionality, the energies and wave functions of 50 stationary torsional states of the hydroquinone molecule were determined for the first time. The values of tunneling splittings of the ground vibrational and a number of excited torsional states of trans − and cis − conformers were determined. In particular, when calculating at the MP2/CBS(aD,aT,aQ) level of theory, the values of tunneling splittings of the ground vibrational states of trans − and cis − conformers turned were 1.32*10^-6 and 1.62*10^-6 cm⁻¹, which is consistent with the experimentally established upper limit for this value in the cis − conformer by authors of [W. Caminati, S. Melandri, L. B. Favero, J.Chem.Phys., 100 (1994) 8569 – 8572] (0.2 MHz or 6.67*10^-6 cm⁻¹). The calculations of the matrix elements of the dipole moment operator and the partition function made it possible to simulate the torsional IR spectra of the molecule’s conformers at different temperatures. The frequencies of fundamental torsional vibrations in the trans – (267.1 and 269.0 cm⁻¹) and cis – (269.5 and 270.9 cm⁻¹) conformers, calculated at the MP2/CBS(aD,aT,aQ) level of theory, are in good agreement with the experimental value of frequency of this vibration (266 cm⁻¹), established in [W.G. Fateley, G.L. Carlson, F.F. Bentley, J.Phys.Chem., 79 (1975) 199–204.].

Caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are representative xanthine alkaloids, commonly used as stimulants due to their effects on the central nervous system. Despite their similar molecular structures, they have different pharmacological effects, necessitating a rapid and accurate identification method. In this study, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was used to measure the absorption spectra of these three xanthine alkaloids within the range of 2.0–17.0 THz. The characteristic absorption peaks were visualized and analyzed basing on the quantum chemical calculations using Hartree-Fock (HF), Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT). Caffeine exhibited unique absorption peaks at 4.24, 5.00, and 11.13 THz. Theophylline showed characteristic peaks at 9.25, 12.20, and 15.09 THz. While theobromine exhibited characteristic peaks at 4.45, 7.68, and 11.21 THz. The results demonstrate that combining THz-TDS with DFT calculation can non-destructively, efficiently, and accurately identify these xanthine alkaloids, and providing valuable information for further understanding their pharmacological functions.

The current study involves an ab initio exploration of the ground and low-lying excited electronic states of the rhodium halide molecules RhF and RhCl using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) with multireference configuration interaction (MRCI+Q) method including single and double excitations and with Davidson corrections. We investigated the potential energy curves, the transition and permanent electric dipole moments, the electronic energy relative to the ground state T_e, the harmonic frequency ω_e, the internuclear distance R_e, and the rotational constant B_e corresponding to each of the bounded states. Our findings demonstrate good agreement with the available experimental data. Notably, this work represents the inaugural theoretical investigation of the excited states of RhF and RhCl molecules, identifying the ground state of both to be X³Π, as observed in the sole two experimental investigations.

A new program, westerfit, has been developed to treat $C_s$ molecules with internal rotation and spin angular momentum. It implements a single diagonalization Rho Axis Method approach for the torsion–rotation alongside a complete treatment of nuclear quadrupole interaction and spin–rotation coupling. Unlike other programs designed for internal rotation with spin effects, westerfit includes matrix elements off-diagonal in the rotational angular momentum quantum number, $N$, rather than the perturbative treatment of the spin–rotation and quadrupole interactions. This full combined approach allows fitting of all symmetrically allowed terms in both the spin–rotation and the quadrupole tensors as well as inclusion of higher order terms coupling the large amplitude motion to the spin angular momentum. The program was benchmarked against other published programs to test molecular cases of torsion–rotation, spin–rotation, and spin–torsion-rotation. All three tests produced a lower RMS. westerfit paves a way forward for complete treatment of spin–torsion–rotation problems regardless of barrier height or quadrupole moment.

Microwave spectra of acetic anhydride, D6-acetic anhydride, and acetic difluoroacetic anhydride have been observed in a supersonic jet. In conjunction with accompanying DFT and MP2 calculations, these systems are shown to adopt a nonplanar configuration in which the C=O groups point in approximately orthogonal directions. Methyl group internal rotation was fully analyzed for both species. The observed conformation of these systems appears to result from an interaction between a CH₃ hydrogen (in acetic anhydride) or the CF₂H hydrogen (in acetic difluoroacetic anhydride) with the carbonyl group to which it is not directly bound, forming a six-membered ring. The fitted rotational constants for both systems are in reasonably good agreement with calculated values, but for acetic anhydride, the agreement is somewhat worse than that previously observed for a series of syn anhydrides. The calculations indicate a pronounced flexing of the heavy atom frame as the CH₃ group in the six-membered ring undergoes internal rotation, and this likely influences the level of agreement between the theoretical and vibrationally averaged experimental constants. The other CH₃ group does not interact with a carbonyl oxygen because of its orientation in the molecule, and its internal rotation does not induce similar changes in the molecular frame. In the acetic difluoroacetic anhydride, it is the CF₂H hydrogen that interacts with its remote carbonyl oxygen, leaving the internally rotating CH₃ group unaffected by participation in a six-membered ring and giving rise to much smaller deviations in the rotational constants as it moves along its internal rotation coordinate. Correspondingly better agreement between experimental and theoretical spectroscopic constants is obtained.

The high-resolution rotational spectrum of chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO₂OH) has been studied using both broadband and cavity-based Fourier transform microwave spectrometers over the frequency range of 5–18 GHz. a-, b-, and c-type transitions have been recorded for both the ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl isotopologues. The observation of c-type lines establishes that the molecule lacks a plane of symmetry and suggests that the OH group can undergo large amplitude motion between equivalent structures. Interconversion between these structures can be achieved via internal rotation through two inequivalent barriers occurring at Cl-S-O-H torsional angles of 0 or 180 degrees. As in previous work on triflic and methanesulfonic acids, two states are observed and are treated as tunneling states which are presumed to arise primarily due to motion through the lower of the two barriers. The a- and c-type transitions occur within each of these states while the b-type transitions cross between them. Rotational, centrifugal distortion, and chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, as well as the energy difference between the two tunneling states and associated coupling constants, have been determined. The experimental tunneling energies, ΔE, for the ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl isotopologues are 52.6926(16) MHz and 52.6397(46) MHz, respectively. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out using MP2 and B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) methods with an aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. The rotational constants from the optimized structures were in good agreement with the experimental values. The lowest energy barrier for OH motion was calculated to be 2.63 kcal/mol at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level. The effects of the large amplitude motion are similar to those recently reported for triflic acid (CF₃SO₂OH) and methanesulfonic acid (CH₃SO₂OH). However, while the tunneling splittings in chlorosulfonic and triflic acids are virtually identical, they differ significantly from that of methanesulfonic acid.

We present an experimental study of the dissociative excitation in the collision of helium ions with nitrogen and oxygen molecules for collision energy of $0.7\text{–}10.0$ keV. Absolute emission cross sections are measured and reported for the most pronounced nitrogen and oxygen atomic and ionic lines in vacuum ultraviolet ($80\text{–}130\mathrm{nm}$) and visible ($380\text{–}670\mathrm{nm}$) spectral regions. Remarkable similarities of the processes realized in He${}^{+}+$N₂ and He${}^{+}+$O₂ collision systems are observed. We present polarization measurements for He${}^{+}+$N₂ collision system.

The emission of excited dissociative products was detected using an improved high-resolution optical spectroscopy method. This method incorporates the retarding potential method and a high resolution electrostatic energy analyzer to precisely measure the energy of incident particles and the energy of dispersion. The improvement in the optical sensitivity allows us to measure the cross section on the order of 10⁻¹⁹ cm² or lower.

The rotationally resolved vibrational autodetachment spectrum of the H¹⁵NO^– anion has been observed in the region from 2932 to 3092 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{-1}$. ${{}^{r}R}_K\left(N\right)$ branches were observed for $K=4$ through 8, and two ${{}^{r}Q}_K\left(N\right)$ branches with $K=5$ and 6 were assigned. The ${{}^{r}Q}_5\left(N\right)$ branch of H¹⁴NO^– has also been identified. The new observations have allowed a rotational analysis of H¹⁵NO^– and have required a re-analysis of the previously observed spectrum of H¹⁴NO^–. The spectra are consistent with a ground state ($r_m^{\left(1\right)}$) geometry of $r_{\mathrm{NH}}=1.099\AA$, $r_{\mathrm{NO}}=1.330\AA$, and $\angle HNO={105.5}^{°}$, in good agreement with the results of Ellis and Ellison for the NO bond length and comparing well with recent theoretical treatments of this anion. The band has been reassigned as the $\left(0,2,0\right)-(0,0,0)$ band.

Standard thermodynamic functions of germane isotopologues ⁷⁰GeH₄, ⁷²GeH₄, ⁷³GeH₄, ⁷⁴GeH₄, and ⁷⁶GeH₄ are calculated in “harmonic oscillator – rigid rotator” and “anharmonic oscillator – oscillating non-rigid rotator” approximations and by the direct summation of the experimental energy values. To found the values of thermodynamic functions in the 200–700 K temperature range, approximation coefficients are determined by regression analysis. The isotope effect influence on the values of the standard isobaric heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy of heating, and the reduced isobaric-isothermal potential of germane is established. Limiting requirements for the accuracy of determining the spectral parameters for detecting the influence of the isotope effect on the thermodynamic functions and interatomic distances in the germane molecule are formulated.