Journal of Nanobiotechnology最新文献

Background: Animal and human health are seriously threatened by bacterial infections, which can lead to bacteremia and extremely high rates of morbidity and mortality. Recently, there have been reports indicating the involvement of exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) in a range of human disorders and tumor types. However, the role of exosomal circRNAs in bacterial infection remains elusive.

Methods: We extracted and identified exosomes from the culture medium of PIEC cells infected with or without Glaesserella parasuis. RNA sequencing analysis was performed on the exosomes to screen and identify circRNAs (circHIF1α) associated with Glaesserella parasuis infection. PIEC cells were infected with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus suis 2 to further determine whether exosome-derived circHIF1α was the crucial circHIF1α associated with bacterial infections. The transmission process of exosomes and their circHIF1α between cells was clarified via exosome tracing and co-culture assay. Moreover, the mechanism of circHIF1α being packaged into exosomes was explored, and the effects of exosomes and their circHIF1α on cell proliferation, DNA damage and cell cycle were analyzed. In addition, the binding mode and site of interacting proteins with circHIF1α were further determined. In vivo and in vitro, the role of exosomes and their circHIF1α in host resistance to bacterial infection was confirmed.

Results: We first discovered a new circHIF1α that was very stable and detectable, encapsulated into exosomes by hnRNPA2B1, and whose expression in exosomes of bacterially infected PIEC cells significantly decreased. Additionally, exosomal circHIF1α reduced bacterial infection both in vitro and in vivo and suppressed the growth of reception cells. Mechanistically, the circHIF1α interacted with the KH domain of IGF2BP3 in an m6A-modified manner, which mediated DNA damage to arrest the cells at the G1/S phase through the interaction between the regulator of Chromosome Condensation 2 (RCC2) and γ-H2AX protein. Exosomal circHIF1α is a unique therapeutic target for bacterial infection since this work highlights its critical function in fighting bacterial infection.

There are increasing concerns regarding the rapid expansion of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs), which could impact human health. Previous studies have shown that nanoplastics can be transferred from mothers to offspring through the placenta and breast milk, resulting in cognitive deficits in offspring. However, the neurotoxic effects of maternal exposure on offspring and its mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, PS-NPs (50 nm) were gavaged to female rats throughout gestation and lactation to establish an offspring exposure model to study the neurotoxicity and behavioral changes caused by PS-NPs on offspring. Neonatal rat hippocampal neuronal cells were used to investigate the pathways through which NPs induce neurodevelopmental toxicity in offspring rats, using iron inhibitors, autophagy inhibitors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scroungers, P53 inhibitors, and NCOA4 inhibitors. We found that low PS-NPs dosages can cause ferroptosis in the hippocampus of the offspring, resulting in a decline in the cognitive, learning, and memory abilities of the offspring. PS-NPs induced NOCA4-mediated ferritinophagy and promoted ferroptosis by inciting ROS production to activate P53-mediated ferritinophagy. Furthermore, the levels of the antioxidant factors glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and glutathione (GSH), responsible for ferroptosis, were reduced. In summary, this study revealed that consumption of PS-NPs during gestation and lactation can cause ferroptosis and damage the hippocampus of offspring. Our results can serve as a basis for further research into the neurodevelopmental effects of nanoplastics in offspring.

Timely and effective interventions after tracheal mucosal injury are lack in clinical practices, which elevate the risks of airway infection, tracheal cartilage deterioration, and even asphyxiated death. Herein, we proposed a biomaterial-based strategy for the repair of injured tracheal mucosal based on a copper hydrogen phosphate nanosheets (CuHP NSs) functionalized commercial hydrogel (polyethylene glycol disuccinimidyl succinate-human serum albumin, PH). Such CuHP/PH hydrogel achieved favorable injectability, stable gelation, and excellent adhesiveness within the tracheal lumen. Moreover, CuHP NSs within the CuHP/PH hydrogel effectively stimulate the proliferation and migration of endothelial/epithelial cells, enhancing angiogenesis and demonstrating excellent tissue regenerative potential. Additionally, it exhibited significant inhibitory effects on both bacteria and bacterial biofilms. More importantly, when injected injured site of tracheal mucosa under fiberoptic bronchoscopy guidance, our results demonstrated CuHP/PH hydrogel adhered tightly to the tracheal mucosa. The therapeutic effects of the CuHP/PH hydrogel were further confirmed, which significantly improved survival rates, vascular and mucosal regeneration, reduced occurrences of intraluminal infections, tracheal stenosis, and cartilage damage complications. This research presents an initial proposition outlining a strategy employing biomaterials to mitigate tracheal mucosal injury, offering novel perspectives on the treatment of mucosal injuries and other tracheal diseases.

Metastasis and recurrence are the main challenges in cancer treatment. Among various therapeutic approaches, immunotherapy holds promise for preventing metastasis and recurrence. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of treating primary cancer and blocking metastasis and recurrence with photo-immunotherapeutic nanoparticles, which were synthesized using two types of charged polysaccharides. Codium fragile polysaccharide (CFP), which exhibits immune-stimulating properties and carries a negative charge, was combined with positively charged chitosan to synthesize nanoparticles. Additionally, indocyanine green (ICG), a photosensitizer, was loaded inside these particles and was referred to as chitosan-CFP-ICG (CC-ICG). Murine colon cancer cells (CT-26) internalized CC-ICG, and subsequent 808-nanometer laser irradiation promoted apoptotic/necrotic cell death. Moreover, intratumoral injection of CC-ICG, with 808-nanometer laser irradiation eliminated CT-26 tumors in mice. Rechallenged lung metastases of CT-26 cancer were inhibited by dendritic cell activation-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte stimulation in mice cured by CC-ICG. These results demonstrated that CC-ICG is a natural tumor therapeutic with the potential to treat primary tumors and suppress metastasis and recurrence.

Background: By interacting with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and regulating their function through exosomes, bone macrophages play crucial roles in various bone-related diseases. Research has highlighted a notable increase in the number of M1 macrophages in glucocorticoid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GA-ONFH). Nevertheless, the intricate crosstalk between M1 macrophages and BMSCs in the glucocorticoid-stimulated environment has not been fully elucidated, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms involved in the occurrence of GA-ONFH remain unclear.

Methods: We employed in vivo mouse models and clinical samples from GA-ONFH patients to investigate the interactions between M1 macrophages and BMSCs. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the colocalization of M1 macrophages and BMSCs. Flow cytometry and transcriptomic analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of exosomes derived from normal (n-M1) and glucocorticoid-stimulated M1 macrophages (GC-M1) on BMSC differentiation. Additionally, miR-1a-3p expression was altered in vitro and in vivo to assess its role in regulating adipogenic differentiation.

Results: In vivo, the colocalization of M1 macrophages and BMSCs was observed, and an increase in M1 macrophage numbers and a decrease in bone repair capabilities were further confirmed in both GA-ONFH patients and mouse models. Both n-M1 and GC-M1 were identified as contributors to the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs to a certain extent via exosome secretion. More importantly, exosomes derived from GC-M1 macrophages exhibited a heightened capacity to regulate the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which was mediated by miR-1a-3p. In vivo and in vitro, miR-1a-3p promoted the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs by targeting Cebpz and played an important role in the onset and progression of GA-ONFH.

Conclusion: We demonstrated that exosomes derived from GC-M1 macrophages disrupt the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in BMSCs, contributing to the pathogenesis of GA-ONFH. Inhibiting miR-1a-3p expression, both in vitro and in vivo, significantly mitigates the preferential adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, thus slowing the progression of GA-ONFH. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying GA-ONFH and highlight potential therapeutic targets for intervention.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) have emerged as a novel mode of intercellular material transport and information transmission. It has been suggested hormones may regulate the production and function of sEV. However, the specific impact of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on pituitary sEV production and the role of sEV in the regulation of the GHRH-GH-IGF axis has not been previously reported. The results of the present study demonstrated that GHRH increased the production of pituitary sEV by promoting the expression of Rab27a. More importantly, GHRH induced alterations in protein and miRNA levels within GH3-sEV components. Notably, GH3-sEV with GHRH treatment exhibited the enhanced ability to impede BRL 3A cell proliferation and the expression of IGF-1. Conclusively, for the first time, we corroborate the influence of GHRH on pituitary sEV, thereby presenting novel evidence for how sEV participates in the balance of the GHRH-GH-IGF axis. Importantly, this study provides new insight into a novel balance mechanism mediated by sEV within the endocrine system.

The clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is significantly limited by the low immunogenicity of the tumor. Recent studies have revealed that both pyroptosis and photothermal therapy can effectively induce tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD) in liver cancer cells. Polyphyllin II (PPII), the major active component of Rhizoma Paridis, has been demonstrated for the first time to induce pyroptosis in tumor cells, while IR780 is activated by 808 nm laser to transform light energy into heat energy, effectively eliminating tumor cells. However, both PPII and IR780 are afflicted with challenges such as low solubility and poor targeting, significantly limiting their utilization. To address these problems, the pyroptosis inducer PPII and photosensitizer IR780 were co-loaded in PLGA nanoparticles by precipitation method, and the aptamer AS1411 was modified on the surface of nanoparticles to construct the targeting nanoparticles (Apt/PPII/IR780-NPs). The nanoparticles exhibit a pH/NIR dual-response intelligent release feature, which realizes the targeted and controlled release of drugs in tumor site. Furthermore, it can rapidly release PPII to induce cell pyroptosis under laser irradiation, combining with IR780-based photothermal therapy exert a significant synergistic anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo. This process not only promotes maturation of DCs and activates effector T cells, thereby initiating adaptive immunity, but also generates enduring and effective immune memory. In addition, Apt/PPII/IR780-NPs significantly improved the Anti-PD-1 efficacy. In summary, chemo-photothermal therapy based on Apt/PPII/IR780-NPs can significantly enhance tumor ICD, which provides a promising new strategy for HCC immunotherapy.

The prospective of percutaneous drug delivery (PDD) mechanisms to address the limitations of oral and injectable treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasing. These limitations encompass inadequate compliance among patients and acute gastrointestinal side effects. However, the skin's intrinsic layer can frequently hinder the percutaneous dispersion of RA medications, thus mitigating the efficiency of drug delivery. To circumvent this constraint, we developed a strontium ranelate (SrR)-loaded alginate (ALG) phototherapeutic hydrogel to assess its effectiveness in combating RA. Our studies revealed that this SrR-loaded ALG hydrogel incorporating photoelectrically responsive molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers (MoS₂ NFs) and photothermally responsive polypyrrole nanoparticles (Ppy NPs) to form ALG@SrR-MoS₂ NFs-Ppy NPs demonstrated substantial mechanical strength, potentially enabling delivery of hydrophilic therapeutic agents into the skin and significantly impeding the progression of RA. Comprehensive biochemical, histological, behavioral, and radiographic analyses in an animal model of zymosan-induced RA demonstrated that the application of these phototherapeutic ALG@SrR-MoS₂ NFs-Ppy NPs effectively reduced inflammation, increased the presence of heat shock proteins, regulatory cluster of differentiation M2 macrophages, and alleviated joint degeneration associated with RA. As demonstrated by our findings, treating RA and possibly other autoimmune disorders with this phototherapeutic hydrogel system offers a distinctive, highly compliant, and therapeutically efficient method.

Background: We previously developed a nanobody targeting CTLA-4 and demonstrated that it can boost antitumour T-cell responses in vitro; however, the resulting responses after the injection of T cells into cancer models are usually weak and transient. Here, we explored whether fusing our nanobody to IL-12 would enable it to induce stronger, longer-lasting T-cell immune responses after exposure to immature dendritic cell and tumour cell fusions.

Results: The fusion protein enhanced the response of CD8⁺ T cells to tumour antigens in vitro and led to stronger, more persistent immune responses after the T cells were injected into mice bearing different types of xenografts.

Conclusion: Our in vitro and in vivo results suggest the anticancer potential of our nanobody-interleukin fusion system and support the clinical application of this fusion approach for various nanobodies.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially those derived from stem cells, have emerged as a novel treatment for promoting wound healing in regenerative medicine. However, the clinical application of mammalian cells-derived EVs is hindered by their high cost and low yields. Inspired by the ability of EVs to mediate interkingdom communication, we explored the therapeutic potential of EVs released by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in skin wound healing and elucidated the underlying mechanism involved. Using full-thickness skin wound-healing mouse models, we found that LGG-EVs accelerated wound healing procedures, including increased re-epithelialization and promoted angiogenesis. Using in vitro experiments, we further demonstrated that LGG-EVs boosted the proliferation and migration capacities of both epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as promoted endothelial tube formation. miRNA profiling analysis revealed that miR-21-5p was highly enriched in LGG-EVs and LGG-EV treatment significantly increased miR-21-5p level in recipient cells. Mechanically, LGG-EVs induced regulatory effects via miR-21-5p mediated metabolic signaling rewiring. Our results suggest that EVs derived from LGG could serve as a promising candidate for accelerating wound healing and possibly for treating chronic and impaired healing conditions.