1. IntroductionRecently there has been a change in the functioning model of the health care system. There has been a focus shift from a model based on a biological paradigm towards a model structure where a biopsychosocial paradigm has been playing an increasingly important role. Various factors have been contributing to ongoing changes. One of them is a changing structure of diseases. Chronic diseases such as cancerous changes, metabolic disorders including diabetes, osteoporosis or hyperlipidaemia begin to be very significant. As far as chronic conditions are concerned the treatment time in hospital shortens and often the treatment is continued in out-patients' clinics; where possible, hospital treatment is reduced to an essential minimum and home care becomes even more important. In the case of the patients whose medical treatment is ineffective or groundless, palliative care including hospice care is available. These changes provoke modification in the clinician-patient relation (Bishop, 2000).2. Problem StatementClinicians have noticed the need to expand their knowledge and their professional practice in terms of new achievements of humanities (Szczeklik, 2002). The empirical facts, which demonstrate a significant role of psychological factors in the diagnosis and treatment process, need to be noticed and inspire to change the conventional therapeutic methods. This need has also been expressed by patients, who apart from strictly medical knowledge, expect from the medical personnel, sensitivity to their problems, empathy and kindness (Moore et al., 2004). Psychological factors are so important that they determine the choice of a doctor; it transpires that for many patients personal qualities of the medical personnel are more important than their medical knowledge. When making a decision about the change of a doctor, patients often mention psychological factors, i.e. communication style and a manner of treating patients as the cause of the change while taking doctors' medical qualifications as an obvious fact. Patients draw attention to lack of sensitivity to their needs, communication problems, lack of respect towards their views and excessive use of technical jargon, as well as excessive formality of the contact as well as the treatment process (Moore et al., 2004). From empirical data influencing changes in the paradigm of healthcare it transpires that a dynamically raising number of results of health psychology research plays a significant role (Heszen & Sek, 2008). The reason is that they are multi-faceted and have strong methodological grounds. The results prove the importance of psychosocial factors to maintain good health and emphasize their considerable role in etiology of somatic diseases as well as in the process of medical treatment (Benedetti, 2013).Scientific and technical progressHowever, progress of life and medical sciences brings more opportunities of medical interference in human body both for diagnostic and therapeutic rea
{"title":"Psychological Knowledge and Skills in Clinical Practice among Selected Medical Professions","authors":"Miroslawa Adamus, M. Jaworski","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.143","url":null,"abstract":"1. IntroductionRecently there has been a change in the functioning model of the health care system. There has been a focus shift from a model based on a biological paradigm towards a model structure where a biopsychosocial paradigm has been playing an increasingly important role. Various factors have been contributing to ongoing changes. One of them is a changing structure of diseases. Chronic diseases such as cancerous changes, metabolic disorders including diabetes, osteoporosis or hyperlipidaemia begin to be very significant. As far as chronic conditions are concerned the treatment time in hospital shortens and often the treatment is continued in out-patients' clinics; where possible, hospital treatment is reduced to an essential minimum and home care becomes even more important. In the case of the patients whose medical treatment is ineffective or groundless, palliative care including hospice care is available. These changes provoke modification in the clinician-patient relation (Bishop, 2000).2. Problem StatementClinicians have noticed the need to expand their knowledge and their professional practice in terms of new achievements of humanities (Szczeklik, 2002). The empirical facts, which demonstrate a significant role of psychological factors in the diagnosis and treatment process, need to be noticed and inspire to change the conventional therapeutic methods. This need has also been expressed by patients, who apart from strictly medical knowledge, expect from the medical personnel, sensitivity to their problems, empathy and kindness (Moore et al., 2004). Psychological factors are so important that they determine the choice of a doctor; it transpires that for many patients personal qualities of the medical personnel are more important than their medical knowledge. When making a decision about the change of a doctor, patients often mention psychological factors, i.e. communication style and a manner of treating patients as the cause of the change while taking doctors' medical qualifications as an obvious fact. Patients draw attention to lack of sensitivity to their needs, communication problems, lack of respect towards their views and excessive use of technical jargon, as well as excessive formality of the contact as well as the treatment process (Moore et al., 2004). From empirical data influencing changes in the paradigm of healthcare it transpires that a dynamically raising number of results of health psychology research plays a significant role (Heszen & Sek, 2008). The reason is that they are multi-faceted and have strong methodological grounds. The results prove the importance of psychosocial factors to maintain good health and emphasize their considerable role in etiology of somatic diseases as well as in the process of medical treatment (Benedetti, 2013).Scientific and technical progressHowever, progress of life and medical sciences brings more opportunities of medical interference in human body both for diagnostic and therapeutic rea","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113966173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lawrence Hunt, Mehryar Nooriafshar, C. Krishnamurti
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. IntroductionFor nonprofit organisations, research has established that there is a strong correlation between board performance and organisational performance (McDonagh 2006; Nicholson, Newton and McGregor-Lowndes 2012; Willems, Huybrechts, Jegers, Weijters, Vantibborgh, Didee and Pepermans 2012). The implication of this finding is that improving the performance of the board will lead to improvement in the performance of the organisation. To improve their performance, nonprofit management teams need actionable information that will enable them to identify their strengths and weaknesses (McDonagh 2006; Nicholson, Newton and McGregor-Lowndes 2012).Current models used to measure the performance of nonprofit boards are often difficult to implement with a considerable delay before results are available or they produce results that have not been rigorously tested to validate the accuracy of their measurement of performance (Heiberg and Bruno-van Vijfeijken 2009, Herman and Renz 2006). Many studies have attempted to develop models that can measure nonprofit management performance but the results are generally inconclusive leading to a lack of consensus as to which is the best approach (Herman 1990; Moxham 2010; Taysir and Taysir 2012). There is no agreement that one performance measurement model is better than another and the findings from one study sometimes do not support the findings of another study (Cornforth 2012; Barnard and Lesirge 2012; Bhardwaj and Vuyyuri 2005; Holland, Chait and Taylor 1989; Ostrower and Stone 2010). There is also a positivist orientation evident in the current approach (Cornforth 2012), looking at how well the board as a whole carries out their responsibilities. The result is a lack of focus on management deficiencies and individual board member competencies.2. Problem StatementResearchers have been trying to develop a technique for measuring management deficiency in a nonprofit organisation (NPO) for more than 30 years. Traditional, analytical techniques have failed to find a solution that has broad acceptance.3. Research QuestionWill heuristic methodology provide an acceptable, approximate solution to the measurement of management deficiency in a nonprofit organisation?4. Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the factors that contribute to management deficiency in an NPO can be identified and measured using a heuristic methodology. The objective was to build a heuristic model that will measure individual management deficiency and produce an assessment of management strengths and weaknesses for the board members of nonprofit organisations.5. Research Methods5.1 Defining the Adopted ApproachThere is a direct relationship between nonprofit board performance and the overall performance of the organisation (Alexander, Hearld and Mittler 2011; McDonagh 2006; Nicholson, Newton and McGregor-Lowndes 2012; Willems, Huybrechts, Jegers, Weijters, Vantibborgh,
(ProQuest:……表示公式省略。)对于非营利组织，研究已经确定董事会绩效与组织绩效之间存在很强的相关性(McDonagh 2006;Nicholson, Newton和McGregor-Lowndes 2012;Willems, Huybrechts, Jegers, Weijters, vantibborg, Didee and Pepermans 2012)。这一发现的含义是，改善董事会的绩效将导致组织绩效的改善。为了提高绩效，非营利组织管理团队需要可操作的信息，使他们能够识别自己的优势和劣势(McDonagh 2006;Nicholson, Newton和McGregor-Lowndes 2012)。目前用于衡量非营利组织董事会绩效的模型往往难以实施，在结果可用之前会有相当长的延迟，或者它们产生的结果没有经过严格的测试来验证其绩效衡量的准确性(Heiberg和Bruno-van Vijfeijken 2009; Herman和Renz 2006)。许多研究试图开发可以衡量非营利组织管理绩效的模型，但结果通常是不确定的，导致对哪种方法是最佳方法缺乏共识(Herman 1990;Moxham 2010;Taysir and Taysir 2012)。没有一致意见认为一种绩效测量模型比另一种更好，一项研究的发现有时不支持另一项研究的发现(Cornforth 2012;Barnard and Lesirge 2012;Bhardwaj and Vuyyuri 2005;Holland, Chait and Taylor 1989;Ostrower and Stone 2010)。在目前的方法中也有一个实证主义的取向(Cornforth 2012)，看看董事会作为一个整体如何履行他们的职责。其结果是缺乏对管理缺陷和董事会成员个人能力的关注。30多年来，研究人员一直试图开发一种衡量非营利组织(NPO)管理缺陷的技术。传统的分析技术未能找到被广泛接受的解决方案。研究问题:启发式方法是否能为衡量非营利组织的管理缺陷提供一个可接受的、近似的解决方案?研究的目的本研究的目的是证明，可以使用启发式方法识别和测量导致非营利组织管理缺陷的因素。目标是建立一个启发式模型，该模型将衡量个人管理缺陷，并为非营利组织的董事会成员提供管理优势和劣势的评估。研究方法5.1确定采用的方法非营利组织董事会绩效与组织整体绩效之间存在直接关系(Alexander, Hearld and Mittler 2011;麦多纳2006;Nicholson, Newton和McGregor-Lowndes 2012;Willems, Huybrechts, Jegers, Weijters, vantibborg, Didee and Pepermans 2012)。因此，董事会表现不佳将导致组织表现不佳。此外，有理由认为，如果董事会表现不佳，那么这在很大程度上归因于董事会成员的能力和个人属性(Balduck, Rossem和Buelens 2010)。也有证据表明，大多数非营利组织的失败都是缺乏经验的周管理的结果(生产力委员会2010)。换句话说，管理缺陷是NPO失败的主要原因。因此，调查董事会表现不佳的原因与调查导致董事会表现良好的原因同样重要。查明董事会成员的个别管理缺陷将为管理小组提供可采取行动的资料，协助他们制订管理发展方案，以解决弱点领域。…
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1. IntroductionIn front of every teacher there are many demands and expectations set from professional and social environment in which should rethink about self and vocation, define long-term goals of pedagogical acting, knows the way of student learning, thinking, feeling and acting. Also, teachers develop skills that enhance personal satisfaction and effectiveness, but also knowledge and skills that encourage student self esteem. Complexity of teacher work demands competences for every day dealing with student learning, emotional and behavioral characteristics. Deakin Crick (2008) described competence as a "complex combination of different knowledge, skills, understanding, values, attitudes and desire which lead to effective, embodied human action in the world, in a particular domain". It is necessary to understand the pedagogical competencies of teacher as continuing process which is permanently submitted to valuation through the interaction with co-workers, student, parents and others (Ljubetic & Kostovic Vranjes, 2008).Inclusive education assumed identification and elimination of existing and possible sources of exclusion or separation which represent limitation of opportunities for all students and in the same time examines features of school, teachers, students, teaching and learning (Slee, 2003). In context of inclusive process, schools and classrooms meet various students and challenges to deal with. Students with disabilities, in this paper special education needs (SEN) student, are included in regular schools with their peers. Some of schools have assistants to help in classroom as only support to student. Other schools have professional support from special education needs teachers, psychologists, social workers, work therapists, etc. The most of schools don't have any support, so the teachers manage with range of different demands in classrooms. Hastings and Oakford (2003) argued that students with emotional and behavioural problems have negatively influence on teachers and peers than students with intellectual disabilities.Bradshaw and Mundia (2006) quote some variables that have the most influence on process of inclusion. Related to teacher they highlights efficiency, work experience, beliefs about students and their education, educational environment in which they put accent on availability of support. As shown in earlier studies, teacher quality is essential factor for in student learning (Blanton et all, 2003). Considering the teacher as the most important factor of inclusive education process, he has obligation to create appropriate and stimulating environment for learning. In dealing with professional demands on creating opportunities for easily SEN students learning, teacher has to possess specific professional and personal competences. Personal competences could be observed through the attitudes and motivation for teaching SEN students in regular schools settings and professional competencies through the SEN student characte
1. 每个教师都面临着来自专业和社会环境的诸多要求和期望，需要重新思考自我和职业，明确教学行为的长期目标，了解学生的学习、思考、感受和行为方式。此外，教师培养提高个人满意度和效率的技能，以及鼓励学生自尊的知识和技能。教师工作的复杂性要求教师具备日常处理学生学习、情感和行为特征的能力。迪肯·克里克(2008)将能力描述为“不同的知识、技能、理解、价值观、态度和欲望的复杂组合，这些组合导致在特定领域中有效地、具体地在世界上采取人类行动”。有必要理解教师的教学能力是一个持续的过程，它通过与同事、学生、家长和其他人的互动而永久地提交给评估(Ljubetic & Kostovic Vranjes, 2008)。全纳教育要求识别和消除现有的和可能的排斥或分离的来源，这些来源代表了所有学生机会的限制，同时检查学校、教师、学生、教学和学习的特征(Slee, 2003)。在包容性进程的背景下，学校和教室面临着各种各样的学生和挑战。在本文中，残疾学生，特殊教育需要(SEN)的学生，包括在普通学校与同龄人。一些学校有助手在课堂上帮助学生。其他学校有特殊教育需求教师、心理学家、社会工作者、工作治疗师等专业支持。大多数学校没有任何支持，所以老师们在教室里管理着各种不同的需求。Hastings和Oakford(2003)认为有情绪和行为问题的学生比有智力障碍的学生对教师和同龄人的影响更消极。Bradshaw和Mundia(2006)引用了一些对包容过程影响最大的变量。与教师相关，他们强调效率，工作经验，对学生和他们的教育的信念，教育环境，他们强调可获得的支持。早期的研究表明，教师素质是学生学习的关键因素(Blanton et all, 2003)。教师是全纳教育过程中最重要的因素，他有义务创造适宜的、激励的学习环境。为特殊教育学生创造轻松学习的机会，教师必须具备特定的专业和个人能力。个人能力可以通过普通学校教学特殊教育学生的态度和动机来观察，专业能力可以通过特殊教育学生的特征认识、识别能力和学习方式来观察。问题陈述sen学生有权根据他们的兴趣、需要和能力，与其他没有残疾的同学一起接受适当的教育。包容性课堂教师必须接受与特殊教育学生学习方式相关的特定领域的教育。未来教师学生的正规教育过程旨在培养那些确保取得有价值成果的能力。当前的教育和学校实践要求教师能够在这样苛刻的条件下为残疾学生的具体特点创造教学条件。我们有理由相信，称职的教师能够而且将会使他或她的学生感到成功和满足。Ashby(2010)评论说，包容的过程更多是社会性的，而不是学术性的，以接受和发展积极的态度为主要目标。然而，政府通过立法要求学校和直接教师为每个特殊教育学生创建个人课程。…
{"title":"Teachers Competency for Inclusive Education","authors":"Zlatko Bukvić","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.141","url":null,"abstract":"1. IntroductionIn front of every teacher there are many demands and expectations set from professional and social environment in which should rethink about self and vocation, define long-term goals of pedagogical acting, knows the way of student learning, thinking, feeling and acting. Also, teachers develop skills that enhance personal satisfaction and effectiveness, but also knowledge and skills that encourage student self esteem. Complexity of teacher work demands competences for every day dealing with student learning, emotional and behavioral characteristics. Deakin Crick (2008) described competence as a \"complex combination of different knowledge, skills, understanding, values, attitudes and desire which lead to effective, embodied human action in the world, in a particular domain\". It is necessary to understand the pedagogical competencies of teacher as continuing process which is permanently submitted to valuation through the interaction with co-workers, student, parents and others (Ljubetic & Kostovic Vranjes, 2008).Inclusive education assumed identification and elimination of existing and possible sources of exclusion or separation which represent limitation of opportunities for all students and in the same time examines features of school, teachers, students, teaching and learning (Slee, 2003). In context of inclusive process, schools and classrooms meet various students and challenges to deal with. Students with disabilities, in this paper special education needs (SEN) student, are included in regular schools with their peers. Some of schools have assistants to help in classroom as only support to student. Other schools have professional support from special education needs teachers, psychologists, social workers, work therapists, etc. The most of schools don't have any support, so the teachers manage with range of different demands in classrooms. Hastings and Oakford (2003) argued that students with emotional and behavioural problems have negatively influence on teachers and peers than students with intellectual disabilities.Bradshaw and Mundia (2006) quote some variables that have the most influence on process of inclusion. Related to teacher they highlights efficiency, work experience, beliefs about students and their education, educational environment in which they put accent on availability of support. As shown in earlier studies, teacher quality is essential factor for in student learning (Blanton et all, 2003). Considering the teacher as the most important factor of inclusive education process, he has obligation to create appropriate and stimulating environment for learning. In dealing with professional demands on creating opportunities for easily SEN students learning, teacher has to possess specific professional and personal competences. Personal competences could be observed through the attitudes and motivation for teaching SEN students in regular schools settings and professional competencies through the SEN student characte","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124721267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. IntroductionThe "border" concept is closely connected with the sovereignty of Westphalia system. In the case of Europe, border have reshaped modern nation state and beginning with the 19th century it was used as the "effective map" for the European colonial empires (Anderson and Borth, 2001: 15).The argument that liberals point out is the increasing irrelevance of national borders to the conduct and organization of economic activity. They focus on the growth of free trade, the capacity of transnational corporations to escape political regulation and national legal jurisdiction. Even if the state is no longer prepared to insulate its citizens from the vicissitudes of the world economy, it is still expected to secure them from the threats. Only the state can meet these and many other challenges such as "border protection" and transnational crime. There are no market-based solutions to these dangers (Burchill, 2005: 72-80).EU enlargement and the inter-state and inter-societal integration it forges is a fundamental process of conflict resolution and peace building that is particularly relevant for the era of globalization. With the enlargement of the EU borders, the community's possibility of facing new problems towards its exterior borders has been increased, so "Europe Integrated Border Management Model" which has been developed to solve problems. (Diez, 2006: 563).Changes in the understanding of security make an effective border security system as a basic necessity for all countries. Besides, Border Security is considered as a common problem of every country. Border Security is playing an important role in the establishment of international cooperation and in confidence building. The weaknesses that countries show in their border security also affect neighbor countries and other countries as well. Specifically, with the approval of the free movement of people in the interior borders of the EU, border management in the neighbor countries have become important for all EU countries. There is a new and dynamic border management understanding that have been developed for the sake of finding common applications related to border checks within the EU Schengen legislation and other EU legal acquis. Such actions of the EU emerged "Integrated Border Management" approach. The new border management approach has a structure which requires cooperation and coordination with transportation firms, non-governmental organizations and institutions that have direct or indirect links with border management. This also aims to have open but controlled and safe borders (Akman, 2010: 9).The candidate states to EU membership need to solve the existence of border conflict in their region before their membership. In the framework of enlargement principals, the conditions related to the solution of the border conflicts which is applied to other candidate states, was not applied to the Greek Cypriot Administration. With the Treaty of Accession, which was put into practice in
{"title":"The Effects of European Union Border Security Policies on Cyprus Conflict","authors":"M. Yilmaz, M. Ogun, Oktay Kirazoluğu","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.138","url":null,"abstract":"1. IntroductionThe \"border\" concept is closely connected with the sovereignty of Westphalia system. In the case of Europe, border have reshaped modern nation state and beginning with the 19th century it was used as the \"effective map\" for the European colonial empires (Anderson and Borth, 2001: 15).The argument that liberals point out is the increasing irrelevance of national borders to the conduct and organization of economic activity. They focus on the growth of free trade, the capacity of transnational corporations to escape political regulation and national legal jurisdiction. Even if the state is no longer prepared to insulate its citizens from the vicissitudes of the world economy, it is still expected to secure them from the threats. Only the state can meet these and many other challenges such as \"border protection\" and transnational crime. There are no market-based solutions to these dangers (Burchill, 2005: 72-80).EU enlargement and the inter-state and inter-societal integration it forges is a fundamental process of conflict resolution and peace building that is particularly relevant for the era of globalization. With the enlargement of the EU borders, the community's possibility of facing new problems towards its exterior borders has been increased, so \"Europe Integrated Border Management Model\" which has been developed to solve problems. (Diez, 2006: 563).Changes in the understanding of security make an effective border security system as a basic necessity for all countries. Besides, Border Security is considered as a common problem of every country. Border Security is playing an important role in the establishment of international cooperation and in confidence building. The weaknesses that countries show in their border security also affect neighbor countries and other countries as well. Specifically, with the approval of the free movement of people in the interior borders of the EU, border management in the neighbor countries have become important for all EU countries. There is a new and dynamic border management understanding that have been developed for the sake of finding common applications related to border checks within the EU Schengen legislation and other EU legal acquis. Such actions of the EU emerged \"Integrated Border Management\" approach. The new border management approach has a structure which requires cooperation and coordination with transportation firms, non-governmental organizations and institutions that have direct or indirect links with border management. This also aims to have open but controlled and safe borders (Akman, 2010: 9).The candidate states to EU membership need to solve the existence of border conflict in their region before their membership. In the framework of enlargement principals, the conditions related to the solution of the border conflicts which is applied to other candidate states, was not applied to the Greek Cypriot Administration. With the Treaty of Accession, which was put into practice in","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128381976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information flow is the lifeblood of your company because it enables you to get the most out of your people and to learn from your customersBill Gates ('Business at the Speed of Thought', p.6 of Introduction)1. IntroductionCommunication within any organization is crucial for its smooth functioning. It is the tool with which people strive to attain organizational goals and objectives and ultimately the common core goal of profit and progress. Ineffective communications may lead to misunderstandings, lack of information, lower performance and more employee rotation. The inability of managers to effectively communicate with their employees leads to poor performance. The same is true when employees do not trust their managers because there will be no proper upward flow of crucial information. Good communication leads to increased job satisfaction, safety, productivity, and profits; it decreases grievances and turnover. Companies that attach higher importance to internal communication by setting up a separate ICC department usually have higher levels of employee engagement. Effective internal communication is thus essential for addressing organizational concerns.The Indian retail industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India and consists of both organized 7 unorganized sectors. It is the fifth largest in the world. Earlier, it was mostly unorganized; but today, with the changing preferences of the consumers, it is becoming more popular as well as organized. Today, it is expected that it will grow at a pace of 25-30% annually.2. Literature ReviewA retailer is someone who cuts off or sheds a small piece from something. Retailing is thus the set of activities that markets products or services to final consumers for their own personal or household use. The word "Retail" originates from a French-Italian word.. It does this by organizing their availability on a relatively large scale and supplying them to customers on a relatively small scale. A retailer is thus a Person or Agent or Agency or Company or Organization who is instrumental in reaching the Goods or Merchandise or Services to the End User or Ultimate Consumer. Retailing involves customer orientation, coordinated effort, value-driven, and goal orientation. The total retail sales in India are expected to grow to US$ 785.12 billion by 2015, according to the BMI India Retail report for the third quarter of 2011. The key factors behind the forecast growth are robust economic growth, high disposable income with the end-consumer and the rapid construction of organized retail infrastructure. The report identifies potential in India's tier-II and tier-III cities along with the expansion in middle and upper class consumer base, A growing vehicle population providing improved mobility and a greater availability of personal credit also contribute to a trend towards annual retail sales growth of 12.2 per cent. Indian retail sector accounts for 22 per cent of the country's gross domestic product (
{"title":"Internal communication satisfaction as an employee motivation tool in the retail sector in Pune","authors":"P. Chitrao","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.137","url":null,"abstract":"Information flow is the lifeblood of your company because it enables you to get the most out of your people and to learn from your customersBill Gates ('Business at the Speed of Thought', p.6 of Introduction)1. IntroductionCommunication within any organization is crucial for its smooth functioning. It is the tool with which people strive to attain organizational goals and objectives and ultimately the common core goal of profit and progress. Ineffective communications may lead to misunderstandings, lack of information, lower performance and more employee rotation. The inability of managers to effectively communicate with their employees leads to poor performance. The same is true when employees do not trust their managers because there will be no proper upward flow of crucial information. Good communication leads to increased job satisfaction, safety, productivity, and profits; it decreases grievances and turnover. Companies that attach higher importance to internal communication by setting up a separate ICC department usually have higher levels of employee engagement. Effective internal communication is thus essential for addressing organizational concerns.The Indian retail industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India and consists of both organized 7 unorganized sectors. It is the fifth largest in the world. Earlier, it was mostly unorganized; but today, with the changing preferences of the consumers, it is becoming more popular as well as organized. Today, it is expected that it will grow at a pace of 25-30% annually.2. Literature ReviewA retailer is someone who cuts off or sheds a small piece from something. Retailing is thus the set of activities that markets products or services to final consumers for their own personal or household use. The word \"Retail\" originates from a French-Italian word.. It does this by organizing their availability on a relatively large scale and supplying them to customers on a relatively small scale. A retailer is thus a Person or Agent or Agency or Company or Organization who is instrumental in reaching the Goods or Merchandise or Services to the End User or Ultimate Consumer. Retailing involves customer orientation, coordinated effort, value-driven, and goal orientation. The total retail sales in India are expected to grow to US$ 785.12 billion by 2015, according to the BMI India Retail report for the third quarter of 2011. The key factors behind the forecast growth are robust economic growth, high disposable income with the end-consumer and the rapid construction of organized retail infrastructure. The report identifies potential in India's tier-II and tier-III cities along with the expansion in middle and upper class consumer base, A growing vehicle population providing improved mobility and a greater availability of personal credit also contribute to a trend towards annual retail sales growth of 12.2 per cent. Indian retail sector accounts for 22 per cent of the country's gross domestic product (","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127674764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. IntroductionThere has been burgeoning of South African research in men and masculinities over the past twenty years where there has been an emphasis on the concept of hegemonic masculinity particularly (Morrell, Jewkes, & Lindegger, 2012; Morrell, Jewkes, Lindegger, & Hamlall, 2013). Much local research has been compatible with a model of multiple hegemonic masculinities applied in areas of health, education, social issues and psychology (Morrell et al., 2012). Over the past ten years, psychologists in South Africa have produced a variety of studies specifically focused on adolescent boys or young men (Morrell et al., 2012). This research has had varying focuses including young masculinity and disability (Joseph & Lindegger, 2007), violent behaviour and peaceful alternatives (Hamlall, 2013), peer group counsellors (Davies & Eagle, 2007), group constructions and homophobia (Blackbeard & Lindegger, 2007), ideal masculinity (Lindegger & Maxwell, 2007) and the acceptance or rejection of peer-validated masculinities (Langa, 2010). The relevance of such research included gender-responsive education, health risk and prevention, health services provision and programmes to address gender violence and interpersonal violence (Gibbs & Jobson, 2011; Hamlall, 2013; Morrell et al., 2012).The current research was a participatory study with seven adolescent boys (N=7, age range 13 to 16 years) using an interpretive approach. The research setting was a clinic-based HIV support group in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The data collection took place over six months and involved multiple methods of data collection. These were conventional qualitative methods (semi-structured interview, focus group) and visual methods (autophotography and photoelicitation interview, biographical drawing, reflective interviews).Gender research in the Southern African region has highlighted the association between gender inequitable masculinities and a range of social problems including normative sexual entitlement and rape perpetration, poverty and disadvantage, unemployment, gendered violence and interpersonal violence (Jewkes, Sikweyiya, Morrell, & Dunkle, 2011). Researchers have identified links between normative masculinity and health risk behaviours such as sexual health risks, physical risk-taking and poor health compliance, particularly with regard to young men and male adolescents (Harrison, O'Sullivan, Hoffman, Dolezal, & Morrell, 2006; Lindegger & Quayle, 2009). Research and practice has also revealed multiple constructions of young masculinity, varying from traditional patterns to alternate and progressive masculinities (Langa, 2010; Lindegger & Maxwell, 2007). Researchers have observed that equating young masculinity with problematic masculinity neglects transforming opportunities for sustaining gender-equitable masculinities (Lindegger & Quayle, 2009). Some research has focused on social structural and instrumental aspects of masculinity which can be to the neglec
{"title":"Dialogues through Autophotography: Young Masculinity and HIV Identity in KwaZulu-Natal","authors":"David Blackbeard, G. Lindegger","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.132","url":null,"abstract":"1. IntroductionThere has been burgeoning of South African research in men and masculinities over the past twenty years where there has been an emphasis on the concept of hegemonic masculinity particularly (Morrell, Jewkes, & Lindegger, 2012; Morrell, Jewkes, Lindegger, & Hamlall, 2013). Much local research has been compatible with a model of multiple hegemonic masculinities applied in areas of health, education, social issues and psychology (Morrell et al., 2012). Over the past ten years, psychologists in South Africa have produced a variety of studies specifically focused on adolescent boys or young men (Morrell et al., 2012). This research has had varying focuses including young masculinity and disability (Joseph & Lindegger, 2007), violent behaviour and peaceful alternatives (Hamlall, 2013), peer group counsellors (Davies & Eagle, 2007), group constructions and homophobia (Blackbeard & Lindegger, 2007), ideal masculinity (Lindegger & Maxwell, 2007) and the acceptance or rejection of peer-validated masculinities (Langa, 2010). The relevance of such research included gender-responsive education, health risk and prevention, health services provision and programmes to address gender violence and interpersonal violence (Gibbs & Jobson, 2011; Hamlall, 2013; Morrell et al., 2012).The current research was a participatory study with seven adolescent boys (N=7, age range 13 to 16 years) using an interpretive approach. The research setting was a clinic-based HIV support group in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The data collection took place over six months and involved multiple methods of data collection. These were conventional qualitative methods (semi-structured interview, focus group) and visual methods (autophotography and photoelicitation interview, biographical drawing, reflective interviews).Gender research in the Southern African region has highlighted the association between gender inequitable masculinities and a range of social problems including normative sexual entitlement and rape perpetration, poverty and disadvantage, unemployment, gendered violence and interpersonal violence (Jewkes, Sikweyiya, Morrell, & Dunkle, 2011). Researchers have identified links between normative masculinity and health risk behaviours such as sexual health risks, physical risk-taking and poor health compliance, particularly with regard to young men and male adolescents (Harrison, O'Sullivan, Hoffman, Dolezal, & Morrell, 2006; Lindegger & Quayle, 2009). Research and practice has also revealed multiple constructions of young masculinity, varying from traditional patterns to alternate and progressive masculinities (Langa, 2010; Lindegger & Maxwell, 2007). Researchers have observed that equating young masculinity with problematic masculinity neglects transforming opportunities for sustaining gender-equitable masculinities (Lindegger & Quayle, 2009). Some research has focused on social structural and instrumental aspects of masculinity which can be to the neglec","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122288049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of attentional bias in statistics anxiety was explored through cognitive and affective tasks. Participants consisted of 76 (73.7% females) students in the James Cook University Psychology programs at the Australia (35.5%) and Singapore campuses (64.5%). Participants completed the emotional Stroop task and the dot probe task, and measures of statistics anxiety and social desirability. No evidence of attentional bias was found. This could be due several methodological reasons. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
{"title":"No Evidence of Attentional Bias in Statistics Anxiety","authors":"Peter K. H. Chew, A. Swinbourne, Denise Dillon","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.131","url":null,"abstract":"The role of attentional bias in statistics anxiety was explored through cognitive and affective tasks. Participants consisted of 76 (73.7% females) students in the James Cook University Psychology programs at the Australia (35.5%) and Singapore campuses (64.5%). Participants completed the emotional Stroop task and the dot probe task, and measures of statistics anxiety and social desirability. No evidence of attentional bias was found. This could be due several methodological reasons. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121790561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Introduction: For a long time, music educators have suggested that music, either in the form of music education, music practice, or exposure to music, can have a significant impact on school achievement, school attendance rates and students' conduct, both in elementary and secondary education (Koopman, 2005; Waller, 2007). Educational scientists have addressed the question of what effects music education can have on child development from a research point of view. Some researchers claim to have found effects on cognitive growth, such as the increase of the ability to concentrate and academic achievement. Also effects in the social and emotional domain have been reported (Bastian, 2002; Elliott, 1995; Gardner, 2004). From a large-scale longitudinal study Bastian (2002) arrived at the conclusion to have identified a significant improvement of social competencies, an increase of motivation to learn, a significant improvement of IQ, and the ability to concentrate as a result of enhanced music education, consisting of playing Orff-instruments, recorder lessons, lessons on other musical instruments, and special music projects.Understandably, musicians and music educators point at studies like these to underpin the importance of music education. The leading organization in the United States of America, The National Association for Music Education (NAfME, before MENC), goes even further by putting on its website under 'Facts and Figures' the 'The Benefits of the Study of Music' "The study of music helps to achieve: success in society; success in school and learning; success in developing intelligence; success in life." Claims like these are supported with statements of opinion leaders, among them president John F. Kennedy, who said in 1962: "The life of the arts, far from being an interruption, a distraction, in life of the nation, is close to the center of a nation's purpose - and is a test to the quality of a nation's civilization" (MENC, 2009).1.1 Previous review studiesWaterhouse (2006) wrote a critical review on multiple intelligence, the Mozart effect, and emotional intelligence. As to the Mozart effect, that is to say the effect of music exposure on intelligence, the available evidence did not support the belief that the Mozart effect is a mechanism that can improve spatial skills without practice or emotional arousal. The evidence disconfirming the Mozart effect suggested that there is no effect at all. The evidence confirming the Mozart effect, however, suggested that certain compositions of Mozart may be a pleasant means of inducing emotional arousal and may thus provide a brief improvement in spatial-temporal skills precisely because it induces such arousal. Waterhouse (2006) also argued that it may be that cortical arousal stimulated by music can prime cortical circuits for spatial processing where the circuits for music and spatial processing overlap. In sum she concluded: "The evidence to date does not justify advocating music as means t
{"title":"The impact of music on child functioning","authors":"M. Hogenes, B. Oers, R. Diekstra","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.135","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction: For a long time, music educators have suggested that music, either in the form of music education, music practice, or exposure to music, can have a significant impact on school achievement, school attendance rates and students' conduct, both in elementary and secondary education (Koopman, 2005; Waller, 2007). Educational scientists have addressed the question of what effects music education can have on child development from a research point of view. Some researchers claim to have found effects on cognitive growth, such as the increase of the ability to concentrate and academic achievement. Also effects in the social and emotional domain have been reported (Bastian, 2002; Elliott, 1995; Gardner, 2004). From a large-scale longitudinal study Bastian (2002) arrived at the conclusion to have identified a significant improvement of social competencies, an increase of motivation to learn, a significant improvement of IQ, and the ability to concentrate as a result of enhanced music education, consisting of playing Orff-instruments, recorder lessons, lessons on other musical instruments, and special music projects.Understandably, musicians and music educators point at studies like these to underpin the importance of music education. The leading organization in the United States of America, The National Association for Music Education (NAfME, before MENC), goes even further by putting on its website under 'Facts and Figures' the 'The Benefits of the Study of Music' \"The study of music helps to achieve: success in society; success in school and learning; success in developing intelligence; success in life.\" Claims like these are supported with statements of opinion leaders, among them president John F. Kennedy, who said in 1962: \"The life of the arts, far from being an interruption, a distraction, in life of the nation, is close to the center of a nation's purpose - and is a test to the quality of a nation's civilization\" (MENC, 2009).1.1 Previous review studiesWaterhouse (2006) wrote a critical review on multiple intelligence, the Mozart effect, and emotional intelligence. As to the Mozart effect, that is to say the effect of music exposure on intelligence, the available evidence did not support the belief that the Mozart effect is a mechanism that can improve spatial skills without practice or emotional arousal. The evidence disconfirming the Mozart effect suggested that there is no effect at all. The evidence confirming the Mozart effect, however, suggested that certain compositions of Mozart may be a pleasant means of inducing emotional arousal and may thus provide a brief improvement in spatial-temporal skills precisely because it induces such arousal. Waterhouse (2006) also argued that it may be that cortical arousal stimulated by music can prime cortical circuits for spatial processing where the circuits for music and spatial processing overlap. In sum she concluded: \"The evidence to date does not justify advocating music as means t","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128977308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. IntroductionMedia has an important function in imposing its thoughts to public by pretending as if it is independent of power. It also helps to maintain social control by formatting social thought according to the ideology of the ruling. In fact, public opinion is not the voice of society; it is the voice of power. It uses all the amenities for trying to format and check the community. According to Althusser (1971), as an ideological state apparatus, media binds society to sovereign power by will rather than pressure. In this perspective, newspapers play an important role as part of the media in shaping the provision of consent. In the last century, especially in developed countries which has been experienced great progress, it has been witnessed that media is used effectively as an ideological apparatus of power in terms of shaping the public opinion. Content of the newspapers can give us traces about the purpose of the related ideology.Sreberny-Mohammadi (1984) stated that regionalism shows itself explicitly in foreign news. In her study, up to 63% of foreign news in the press is composed of other countries' news located within the nearby geographical area. Stevenson and Cole (1984) also asserted that world press gives priority to neighboring geographical area of the country in foreign news. This conclusion is also valid for the Turkish press. In the research of Ahmet Tan (1989), it is stated that 85% of the news in the Turkish press is concerned with the country's foreign policy issues. Foreign policy is emerging as the most important determinant on the overall structure of foreign news.News about Syria in Turkish newspapers is seen as an obvious example including internal and external policies of power politics and as a neighboring country. Turkish government's foreign policy towards Syria has been changed with the onset of Syrian internal turmoil. As for the ministry of foreign affairs (2013), the recent developments in Syria carry the potential to exceed the limits of peace and stability in the region. According to Cagaptay (2013); for all the talk of Turkey's "zero problems with neighbors (Davutoglu, 2010)" no amount of soft power has been able to protect the country from the protracted civil war in Syria and it turns out that old hard power is most useful. Government's Syria policy is heavily criticized by the opposition parties in the meantime. Many of criticism are related to the type of given support and the address of aid which may be in the boundaries of hard power apparatuses. Content analysis of Syria news in newspapers within this perspective is going to give us idea about the current ideological conflict and bias of media.1.1. Problem StatementIt is a matter for consideration to show the impact of dominant ideology on the media. Theoretical context displays different patterns for the related issue. However there is not much research on ideological bias of Turkish media, specifically on newspapers. Newspapers as an ideological
{"title":"The Effect of Dominant Ideology on Media: The Syria Case","authors":"M. Yilmaz","doi":"10.15405/EJSBS.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15405/EJSBS.136","url":null,"abstract":"1. IntroductionMedia has an important function in imposing its thoughts to public by pretending as if it is independent of power. It also helps to maintain social control by formatting social thought according to the ideology of the ruling. In fact, public opinion is not the voice of society; it is the voice of power. It uses all the amenities for trying to format and check the community. According to Althusser (1971), as an ideological state apparatus, media binds society to sovereign power by will rather than pressure. In this perspective, newspapers play an important role as part of the media in shaping the provision of consent. In the last century, especially in developed countries which has been experienced great progress, it has been witnessed that media is used effectively as an ideological apparatus of power in terms of shaping the public opinion. Content of the newspapers can give us traces about the purpose of the related ideology.Sreberny-Mohammadi (1984) stated that regionalism shows itself explicitly in foreign news. In her study, up to 63% of foreign news in the press is composed of other countries' news located within the nearby geographical area. Stevenson and Cole (1984) also asserted that world press gives priority to neighboring geographical area of the country in foreign news. This conclusion is also valid for the Turkish press. In the research of Ahmet Tan (1989), it is stated that 85% of the news in the Turkish press is concerned with the country's foreign policy issues. Foreign policy is emerging as the most important determinant on the overall structure of foreign news.News about Syria in Turkish newspapers is seen as an obvious example including internal and external policies of power politics and as a neighboring country. Turkish government's foreign policy towards Syria has been changed with the onset of Syrian internal turmoil. As for the ministry of foreign affairs (2013), the recent developments in Syria carry the potential to exceed the limits of peace and stability in the region. According to Cagaptay (2013); for all the talk of Turkey's \"zero problems with neighbors (Davutoglu, 2010)\" no amount of soft power has been able to protect the country from the protracted civil war in Syria and it turns out that old hard power is most useful. Government's Syria policy is heavily criticized by the opposition parties in the meantime. Many of criticism are related to the type of given support and the address of aid which may be in the boundaries of hard power apparatuses. Content analysis of Syria news in newspapers within this perspective is going to give us idea about the current ideological conflict and bias of media.1.1. Problem StatementIt is a matter for consideration to show the impact of dominant ideology on the media. Theoretical context displays different patterns for the related issue. However there is not much research on ideological bias of Turkish media, specifically on newspapers. Newspapers as an ideological ","PeriodicalId":164632,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130503067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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