Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311054
G. Antoniol, M. D. Penta, M. Zazzara
The relevance and pervasiveness of Web applications as a vital part of modern enterprise systems has significantly increased in recent years. However, the lack of adequate documentation promotes the need for reverse engineering tools aiming at supporting Web application maintenance and evolution tasks. A nontrivial Web application is a complex artifact integrating technologies such as scripting languages, middleware, Web services, data warehouses and databases. The task to recover abstractions requires the adoption of dynamic analyses to complement the information gathered with static analyses. This paper presents an approach and a tool, named WANDA, that instruments Web applications and combines static and dynamic information to recover the as-is architecture and, in general, the UML documentation of the application itself. To this aim we propose an extension of the Conallen UML diagrams to account for detailed dynamic information. The tool has been implemented and tested on several Web applications. Its architecture has been conceived to allow easy customization and extension. The paper presents our tool in the context of a program understanding task; however, it can be usefully applied to many other tasks such as profiling, security and dependability verification and application restructuring.
{"title":"Understanding Web applications through dynamic analysis","authors":"G. Antoniol, M. D. Penta, M. Zazzara","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311054","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance and pervasiveness of Web applications as a vital part of modern enterprise systems has significantly increased in recent years. However, the lack of adequate documentation promotes the need for reverse engineering tools aiming at supporting Web application maintenance and evolution tasks. A nontrivial Web application is a complex artifact integrating technologies such as scripting languages, middleware, Web services, data warehouses and databases. The task to recover abstractions requires the adoption of dynamic analyses to complement the information gathered with static analyses. This paper presents an approach and a tool, named WANDA, that instruments Web applications and combines static and dynamic information to recover the as-is architecture and, in general, the UML documentation of the application itself. To this aim we propose an extension of the Conallen UML diagrams to account for detailed dynamic information. The tool has been implemented and tested on several Web applications. Its architecture has been conceived to allow easy customization and extension. The paper presents our tool in the context of a program understanding task; however, it can be usefully applied to many other tasks such as profiling, security and dependability verification and application restructuring.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124313183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311069
Dirk Beyer, T. Henzinger, Ranjit Jhala, R. Majumdar
While model checking has been successful in uncovering subtle bugs in code, its adoption in software engineering practice has been hampered by the absence of a simple interface to the programmer in an integrated development environment. We describe an integration of the software model checker BLAST into the Eclipse development environment. We provide a verification interface for practical solutions for some typical program analysis problems - assertion checking, reachability analysis, dead code analysis, and test generation - directly on the source code. The analysis is completely automatic, and assumes no knowledge of model checking or formal notation. Moreover, the interface supports incremental program verification to support incremental design and evolution of code.
{"title":"An eclipse plug-in for model checking","authors":"Dirk Beyer, T. Henzinger, Ranjit Jhala, R. Majumdar","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311069","url":null,"abstract":"While model checking has been successful in uncovering subtle bugs in code, its adoption in software engineering practice has been hampered by the absence of a simple interface to the programmer in an integrated development environment. We describe an integration of the software model checker BLAST into the Eclipse development environment. We provide a verification interface for practical solutions for some typical program analysis problems - assertion checking, reachability analysis, dead code analysis, and test generation - directly on the source code. The analysis is completely automatic, and assumes no knowledge of model checking or formal notation. Moreover, the interface supports incremental program verification to support incremental design and evolution of code.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121497236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311045
Zhenchang Xing, Eleni Stroulia
In the context of object-oriented design, software systems model real-world entities abstractly represented in the system classes. As the system evolves through its lifecycle, its class design also evolves. Thus, understanding class evolution is essential in understanding the current design of the system and the rationale behind its evolution. In this paper, we describe a taxonomy of class-evolution profiles, a method for automatically categorizing a system's classes in one (or more) of eight types in the taxonomy, and a data-mining method for eliciting co-evolution relations among them. These methods rely on our UMLDiff algorithm that, given a sequence of UML class models of a system, surfaces the design-level changes over its lifecycle. The recovered knowledge about class evolution facilitates the overall understanding of the system class-design evolution and the identification of the specific classes that should be investigated in more detail towards improving the system-design qualities. We report on two case studies evaluating our approach.
{"title":"Understanding class evolution in object-oriented software","authors":"Zhenchang Xing, Eleni Stroulia","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311045","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of object-oriented design, software systems model real-world entities abstractly represented in the system classes. As the system evolves through its lifecycle, its class design also evolves. Thus, understanding class evolution is essential in understanding the current design of the system and the rationale behind its evolution. In this paper, we describe a taxonomy of class-evolution profiles, a method for automatically categorizing a system's classes in one (or more) of eight types in the taxonomy, and a data-mining method for eliciting co-evolution relations among them. These methods rely on our UMLDiff algorithm that, given a sequence of UML class models of a system, surfaces the design-level changes over its lifecycle. The recovered knowledge about class evolution facilitates the overall understanding of the system class-design evolution and the identification of the specific classes that should be investigated in more detail towards improving the system-design qualities. We report on two case studies evaluating our approach.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128777091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311063
Y. Kanellopoulos, Christos Tjortjis
This paper presents ongoing work on using data mining to discover knowledge about software systems thus facilitating program comprehension. We discuss how this work fits in the context of tool supported maintenance and comprehension and report on applying a new methodology on C++ programs. The overall framework can provide practical insights and guide the maintainer through the specifics of systems, assuming little familiarity with these. The contribution of this work is two-fold: it provides a model and associated method to extract data from C++ source code which is subsequently to be mined, and evaluates a proposed framework for clustering such data to obtain useful knowledge. The methodology is evaluated on three open source applications, results are assessed and conclusions are presented. This paper concludes with directions for future work.
{"title":"Data mining source code to facilitate program comprehension: experiments on clustering data retrieved from C++ programs","authors":"Y. Kanellopoulos, Christos Tjortjis","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311063","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents ongoing work on using data mining to discover knowledge about software systems thus facilitating program comprehension. We discuss how this work fits in the context of tool supported maintenance and comprehension and report on applying a new methodology on C++ programs. The overall framework can provide practical insights and guide the maintainer through the specifics of systems, assuming little familiarity with these. The contribution of this work is two-fold: it provides a model and associated method to extract data from C++ source code which is subsequently to be mined, and evaluates a proposed framework for clustering such data to obtain useful knowledge. The methodology is evaluated on three open source applications, results are assessed and conclusions are presented. This paper concludes with directions for future work.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117018207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311044
I. Hammouda, Olcay Guldogan, K. Koskimies, Tarja Systä
To employ an existing software library, its structure should be first learned and the required elements should be identified. This can be challenging if the library is large and only a specific part of it should be comprehended. In this paper, we study the problem of learning complex software libraries modeled in UML. It is argued that the learning process can be supported with a tool environment that allows the customization of the UML model according to the context of the learner, stepwise and dynamically chosen learning tasks, and focusing on a particular learning concern at a time. We show how such an environment can be achieved based on the concept of a pattern, using existing tool support. We demonstrate the idea with a part of Symbian platform architecture. The approach is evaluated in a case study where a pattern-driven learning environment is constructed for JPEG interchange file format specifications.
{"title":"Tool-supported customization of UML class diagrams for learning complex system models","authors":"I. Hammouda, Olcay Guldogan, K. Koskimies, Tarja Systä","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311044","url":null,"abstract":"To employ an existing software library, its structure should be first learned and the required elements should be identified. This can be challenging if the library is large and only a specific part of it should be comprehended. In this paper, we study the problem of learning complex software libraries modeled in UML. It is argued that the learning process can be supported with a tool environment that allows the customization of the UML model according to the context of the learner, stepwise and dynamically chosen learning tasks, and focusing on a particular learning concern at a time. We show how such an environment can be achieved based on the concept of a pattern, using existing tool support. We demonstrate the idea with a part of Symbian platform architecture. The approach is evaluated in a case study where a pattern-driven learning environment is constructed for JPEG interchange file format specifications.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125580124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311055
A. D. Lucia, R. Francese, G. Scanniello, G. Tortora
Web applications are subject to continuous and rapid evolution. Often it happens that programmers indiscriminately duplicate Web pages without considering systematic development and maintenance methods. This practice creates code clones that make Web applications hard to maintain and reuse. This paper presents an approach for reengineering Web applications based on clone analysis that aims at identifying and generalizing static and dynamic pages and navigational patterns of a Web application. Clone analysis is also helpful for identifying literals that can be generated from a database. A case study is described which shows how the proposed approach can be used for restructuring the navigational structure of a Web application by removing redundant code.
{"title":"Reengineering Web applications based on cloned pattern analysis","authors":"A. D. Lucia, R. Francese, G. Scanniello, G. Tortora","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311055","url":null,"abstract":"Web applications are subject to continuous and rapid evolution. Often it happens that programmers indiscriminately duplicate Web pages without considering systematic development and maintenance methods. This practice creates code clones that make Web applications hard to maintain and reuse. This paper presents an approach for reengineering Web applications based on clone analysis that aims at identifying and generalizing static and dynamic pages and navigational patterns of a Web application. Clone analysis is also helpful for identifying literals that can be generated from a database. A case study is described which shows how the proposed approach can be used for restructuring the navigational structure of a Web application by removing redundant code.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131440289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311062
F. Ricca, P. Tonella, Christian Girardi, E. Pianta
Web site evolution is characterized by a limited support to the understanding activities offered to the developers. In fact, design diagrams are often missing or outdated. A potentially interesting option is to reverse engineer high level views of Web sites from the content of the Web pages. Clustering is a valuable technique that can be used in this respect. Web pages can be clustered together based on the similarity of summary information about their content, represented as a list of automatically extracted keywords. This work presents an empirical study that was conducted to determine the meaningfulness for Web developers of clusters automatically produced from the analysis of the Web page content. Natural language processing (NLP) plays a central role in content analysis and keyword extraction. Thus, a second objective of the study was to assess the contribution of some shallow NLP techniques to the clustering task.
{"title":"An empirical study on keyword-based Web site clustering","authors":"F. Ricca, P. Tonella, Christian Girardi, E. Pianta","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311062","url":null,"abstract":"Web site evolution is characterized by a limited support to the understanding activities offered to the developers. In fact, design diagrams are often missing or outdated. A potentially interesting option is to reverse engineer high level views of Web sites from the content of the Web pages. Clustering is a valuable technique that can be used in this respect. Web pages can be clustered together based on the similarity of summary information about their content, represented as a list of automatically extracted keywords. This work presents an empirical study that was conducted to determine the meaningfulness for Web developers of clusters automatically produced from the analysis of the Web page content. Natural language processing (NLP) plays a central role in content analysis and keyword extraction. Thus, a second objective of the study was to assess the contribution of some shallow NLP techniques to the clustering task.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"311 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134647460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311070
L. Tahvildari, K. Kontogiannis
Software evolution is an integral part of the software life cycle. Furthermore in the recent years the issue of keeping legacy systems operational in new platforms has become critical and one of the top priorities in IT departments worldwide. The research community and the industry have responded to these challenges by investigating and proposing techniques for analyzing, transforming, integrating, and porting software systems to new platforms, languages, and operating environments. However, measuring and ensuring that compliance of the migrant system with specific target requirements have not been formally and thoroughly addressed. We believe that issues such as the identification, measurement, and evaluation of specific re-engineering and transformation strategies and their impact on the quality of the migrant system pose major challenges in the software re-engineering community. Other related problems include the verification, validation, and testing of migrant systems, and the design of techniques for keeping various models (architecture, design, source code) during evolution, synchronized. In this working session, we plan to assess the state of the art in these areas, discuss on-going work, and identify further research issues.
{"title":"Requirements driven software evolution","authors":"L. Tahvildari, K. Kontogiannis","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311070","url":null,"abstract":"Software evolution is an integral part of the software life cycle. Furthermore in the recent years the issue of keeping legacy systems operational in new platforms has become critical and one of the top priorities in IT departments worldwide. The research community and the industry have responded to these challenges by investigating and proposing techniques for analyzing, transforming, integrating, and porting software systems to new platforms, languages, and operating environments. However, measuring and ensuring that compliance of the migrant system with specific target requirements have not been formally and thoroughly addressed. We believe that issues such as the identification, measurement, and evaluation of specific re-engineering and transformation strategies and their impact on the quality of the migrant system pose major challenges in the software re-engineering community. Other related problems include the verification, validation, and testing of migrant systems, and the design of techniques for keeping various models (architecture, design, source code) during evolution, synchronized. In this working session, we plan to assess the state of the art in these areas, discuss on-going work, and identify further research issues.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133377407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311042
D. Batory
The communities of generative programming (GP) and program comprehension (PC) look at similar problems: GP derives a program from a specification, PC derives a specification from a program. A basic difference between the two is GP's use of specific knowledge representations and mental models that are essential for program synthesis. In this paper, the author presents a historical review of the grand challenges, results, and outlook for GP as they pertain to PC.
{"title":"Program comprehension in generative programming: a history of grand challenges","authors":"D. Batory","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311042","url":null,"abstract":"The communities of generative programming (GP) and program comprehension (PC) look at similar problems: GP derives a program from a specification, PC derives a specification from a program. A basic difference between the two is GP's use of specific knowledge representations and mental models that are essential for program synthesis. In this paper, the author presents a historical review of the grand challenges, results, and outlook for GP as they pertain to PC.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114569167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-24DOI: 10.1109/WPC.2004.1311060
A. Hassan, R. Holt
Maintenance of evolving software systems has become the most frequently performed activity by software developers. A good understanding of the software system is needed to reduce the cost and length of this activity. Various approaches and tools have been proposed to assist in this process such as code browsers, slicing techniques, etc. These techniques neglect to use a central and vital piece of data available - the historical modification records stored in source control systems. These records offer a rich and detailed account of the evolution of the software system to its current state. In this paper, we present an approach which recovers valuable information from source control systems and attaches this information to the static dependency graph of a software system. We call this recovered information - source sticky notes. We show how to use these notes along with the software reflexion framework to assist in understanding the architecture of large software systems. To demonstrate the viability of our approach, we apply it to understand the architecture of NetBSD - a large open source operating system.
{"title":"Using development history sticky notes to understand software architecture","authors":"A. Hassan, R. Holt","doi":"10.1109/WPC.2004.1311060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WPC.2004.1311060","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance of evolving software systems has become the most frequently performed activity by software developers. A good understanding of the software system is needed to reduce the cost and length of this activity. Various approaches and tools have been proposed to assist in this process such as code browsers, slicing techniques, etc. These techniques neglect to use a central and vital piece of data available - the historical modification records stored in source control systems. These records offer a rich and detailed account of the evolution of the software system to its current state. In this paper, we present an approach which recovers valuable information from source control systems and attaches this information to the static dependency graph of a software system. We call this recovered information - source sticky notes. We show how to use these notes along with the software reflexion framework to assist in understanding the architecture of large software systems. To demonstrate the viability of our approach, we apply it to understand the architecture of NetBSD - a large open source operating system.","PeriodicalId":164866,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 2004.","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129262560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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