Megan A. Holmes, Claire E. Terhune, Janine Chalk-Wilayto, Caitlin B. Yoakum, Parker Taylor, Rocio Ramirez, Megan P. Solís, Taylor A. Polvadore, Callum F. Ross, Andrea B. Taylor, Mariana Dutra Fogaca, Myra F. Laird
The ontogeny of feeding is characterized by shifting functional demands concurrent with changes in craniofacial anatomy; relationships between these factors will look different in primates with disparate feeding behaviors during development. This study examines the ontogeny of skull morphology and jaw leverage in tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin monkeys. Unlike Cebus, Sapajus have a mechanically challenging diet and behavioral observations of juvenile Sapajus suggest these foods are exploited early in development. Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surface models of an ontogenetic series of Sapajus and Cebus skulls (n = 53) and used to generate shape data and jaw-leverage estimates across the tooth row for three jaw-closing muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid) as well as a weighted combined estimate. Using geometric morphometric methods, we found that skull shape diverges early and shape is significantly different between Sapajus and Cebus throughout ontogeny. Additionally, jaw leverage varies with age and position on the tooth row and is greater in Sapajus compared to Cebus when calculated at the permanent dentition. We used two-block partial least squares analyses to identify covariance between skull shape and each of our jaw muscle leverage estimates. Sapajus, but not Cebus, has significant covariance between all leverage estimates at the anterior dentition. Our findings show that Sapajus and Cebus exhibit distinct craniofacial morphologies early in ontogeny and strong covariance between leverage estimates and craniofacial shape in Sapajus. These results are consistent with prior behavioral and comparative work suggesting these differences are a function of selection for exploiting mechanically challenging foods in Sapajus, and further emphasize that these differences appear quite early in ontogeny. This research builds on prior work that has highlighted the importance of understanding ontogeny for interpreting adult morphology.
{"title":"Ontogenetic changes in jaw leverage and skull shape in tufted and untufted capuchins","authors":"Megan A. Holmes, Claire E. Terhune, Janine Chalk-Wilayto, Caitlin B. Yoakum, Parker Taylor, Rocio Ramirez, Megan P. Solís, Taylor A. Polvadore, Callum F. Ross, Andrea B. Taylor, Mariana Dutra Fogaca, Myra F. Laird","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21705","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ontogeny of feeding is characterized by shifting functional demands concurrent with changes in craniofacial anatomy; relationships between these factors will look different in primates with disparate feeding behaviors during development. This study examines the ontogeny of skull morphology and jaw leverage in tufted (<i>Sapajus</i>) and untufted (<i>Cebus</i>) capuchin monkeys. Unlike <i>Cebus</i>, <i>Sapajus</i> have a mechanically challenging diet and behavioral observations of juvenile <i>Sapajus</i> suggest these foods are exploited early in development. Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surface models of an ontogenetic series of <i>Sapajus</i> and <i>Cebus</i> skulls (<i>n</i> = 53) and used to generate shape data and jaw-leverage estimates across the tooth row for three jaw-closing muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid) as well as a weighted combined estimate. Using geometric morphometric methods, we found that skull shape diverges early and shape is significantly different between <i>Sapajus</i> and <i>Cebus</i> throughout ontogeny. Additionally, jaw leverage varies with age and position on the tooth row and is greater in <i>Sapajus</i> compared to <i>Cebus</i> when calculated at the permanent dentition. We used two-block partial least squares analyses to identify covariance between skull shape and each of our jaw muscle leverage estimates. <i>Sapajus</i>, but not <i>Cebus</i>, has significant covariance between all leverage estimates at the anterior dentition. Our findings show that <i>Sapajus</i> and <i>Cebus</i> exhibit distinct craniofacial morphologies early in ontogeny and strong covariance between leverage estimates and craniofacial shape in <i>Sapajus</i>. These results are consistent with prior behavioral and comparative work suggesting these differences are a function of selection for exploiting mechanically challenging foods in <i>Sapajus</i>, and further emphasize that these differences appear quite early in ontogeny. This research builds on prior work that has highlighted the importance of understanding ontogeny for interpreting adult morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140826208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fancy breeds of Japanese indigenous chicken display extensive morphological diversity, particularly in tail feathers. Although marked differences in tail and bone traits have been reported between Tosa-jidori (wild type) and Minohikichabo (rich type) breeds, little is known about the pattern of genetic inheritance in cross experiments. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the strain and sex effects, and inheritance patterns, in the morphometric variation of pygostyle bones among Tosa-jidori, Minohikichabo, and their F1 hybrids. Five morphological traits, angle of the apex of the pygostyle, pygostyle length, margo cranialis length, tail feather number, and body weight, were evaluated at the adult stage. A significant strain difference was detected in all traits, whereas significant sex differences were observed in only three traits, but not in the angle of the apex of the pygostyle and tail feather number. In F1 hybrids, the angle of the apex of the pygostyle was significantly different to that of Tosa-jidori but not that of Minohikichabo, whereas the pygostyle length and tail number of F1 hybrids were significantly different from those of Minohikichabo but not those of Tosa-jidori. A significant heterosis effect was found in the margo cranialis length and body weight. All five traits showed nonadditive inheritance patterns but varied in each trait between partial dominance (angle of the apex of pygostyle), full dominance (pygostyle length and tail feather number), and over-dominance (margo cranialis length and body weight). Interestingly, different patterns of genetic inheritance in the F1 hybrid were observed at different locations, even within the same pygostyle bone. Using the Japanese indigenous chicken model, these results provide a substantial step toward understanding the genetic architecture of morphology in chickens.
日本土鸡的花色品种显示出广泛的形态多样性,尤其是尾羽。虽然有报道称土佐地道(野生型)和箕面七宝(富饶型)鸡的尾部和骨骼特征存在明显差异,但人们对杂交实验中的遗传模式知之甚少。因此,本研究旨在调查土佐地纹、箕面七宝和它们的 F1 杂交种之间腓骨形态变化的品系和性别效应以及遗传模式。在成体阶段,对侏儒骨顶角、侏儒骨长度、侏儒骨长度、尾羽数量和体重这五个形态特征进行了评估。在所有性状中都发现了明显的品系差异,而仅在三个性状中观察到了明显的性别差异,但在尾柱先端角度和尾羽数中没有观察到明显的性别差异。在 F1 代杂交种中,尾柱先端角度与土佐地鸟有显著差异,但与箕面七宝没有显著差异;F1 代杂交种的尾柱长度和尾羽数与箕面七宝有显著差异,但与土佐地鸟没有显著差异。在胴体长度和体重方面发现了明显的异交效应。所有五个性状都表现出非加性遗传模式,但每个性状都在部分显性(pygostyle 顶角)、完全显性(pygostyle 长度和尾羽数量)和超显性(margo cranialis 长度和体重)之间存在差异。有趣的是,在 F1 代杂交种的不同位置,甚至在同一侏儒骨中,都观察到了不同的遗传模式。利用日本土鸡模型,这些结果为了解鸡的形态遗传结构迈出了实质性的一步。
{"title":"Morphological variation of tail bone among two chicken breeds and their F1 progeny","authors":"Prudence Nyirimana, Daisuke Kondoh, Jumpei Tomiyasu, Momoka Watanabe, Yume Okada, Yuma Nishida, Tatsuhiko Goto","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21704","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fancy breeds of Japanese indigenous chicken display extensive morphological diversity, particularly in tail feathers. Although marked differences in tail and bone traits have been reported between Tosa-jidori (wild type) and Minohikichabo (rich type) breeds, little is known about the pattern of genetic inheritance in cross experiments. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the strain and sex effects, and inheritance patterns, in the morphometric variation of pygostyle bones among Tosa-jidori, Minohikichabo, and their F<sub>1</sub> hybrids. Five morphological traits, angle of the apex of the pygostyle, pygostyle length, margo cranialis length, tail feather number, and body weight, were evaluated at the adult stage. A significant strain difference was detected in all traits, whereas significant sex differences were observed in only three traits, but not in the angle of the apex of the pygostyle and tail feather number. In F<sub>1</sub> hybrids, the angle of the apex of the pygostyle was significantly different to that of Tosa-jidori but not that of Minohikichabo, whereas the pygostyle length and tail number of F<sub>1</sub> hybrids were significantly different from those of Minohikichabo but not those of Tosa-jidori. A significant heterosis effect was found in the margo cranialis length and body weight. All five traits showed nonadditive inheritance patterns but varied in each trait between partial dominance (angle of the apex of pygostyle), full dominance (pygostyle length and tail feather number), and over-dominance (margo cranialis length and body weight). Interestingly, different patterns of genetic inheritance in the F<sub>1</sub> hybrid were observed at different locations, even within the same pygostyle bone. Using the Japanese indigenous chicken model, these results provide a substantial step toward understanding the genetic architecture of morphology in chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140826169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artiodactyls exhibit a striking diversity of the cervical vertebral column in terms of length and overall mobility. Using finite element analysis, this study explores the morphology at the cervico-thoracic boundary and its performance under loads in artiodactyls with different habitual neck postures and body sizes. The first thoracic vertebra of 36 species was loaded with (i) a compressive load on the vertebral body to model the weight of the head and neck exerted onto the trunk; and (ii) a tensile load at the spinous process to model the pull via the nuchal ligament. Additional focus was laid on the peculiar shape of the first thoracic vertebra in giraffes. We hypothesized that a habitually upright neck posture should be reflected in the greater ability to withstand compressive loads compared to tensile loads, whereas for species with a habitually suspended posture it should be the opposite. In comparison to species with a suspended posture, species with an upright posture exhibited lower stress (except Giraffidae). For compressive loads in larger species, stress surprisingly increased. Tensile loads in larger species resulted in decreased stress only in species with an intermediate or suspensory neck posture. High stress under tensile loads was mainly reflecting the relative length of the spinous process, while high stress under compressive loads was common in more “bell”-shaped vertebral bodies. The data supports a stability-mobility trade-off at the cervico-thoracic transition in giraffes. Performance under load at the cervico-thoracic boundary is indicative of habitual neck posture and is influenced by body size.
{"title":"Comparative finite element analysis of the first thoracic vertebra in artiodactyls","authors":"Sandra Schüler, Alana C. Sharp, John A. Nyakatura","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21695","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artiodactyls exhibit a striking diversity of the cervical vertebral column in terms of length and overall mobility. Using finite element analysis, this study explores the morphology at the cervico-thoracic boundary and its performance under loads in artiodactyls with different habitual neck postures and body sizes. The first thoracic vertebra of 36 species was loaded with (i) a compressive load on the vertebral body to model the weight of the head and neck exerted onto the trunk; and (ii) a tensile load at the spinous process to model the pull via the nuchal ligament. Additional focus was laid on the peculiar shape of the first thoracic vertebra in giraffes. We hypothesized that a habitually upright neck posture should be reflected in the greater ability to withstand compressive loads compared to tensile loads, whereas for species with a habitually suspended posture it should be the opposite. In comparison to species with a suspended posture, species with an upright posture exhibited lower stress (except Giraffidae). For compressive loads in larger species, stress surprisingly increased. Tensile loads in larger species resulted in decreased stress only in species with an intermediate or suspensory neck posture. High stress under tensile loads was mainly reflecting the relative length of the spinous process, while high stress under compressive loads was common in more “bell”-shaped vertebral bodies. The data supports a stability-mobility trade-off at the cervico-thoracic transition in giraffes. Performance under load at the cervico-thoracic boundary is indicative of habitual neck posture and is influenced by body size.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140818953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolina L. Paiva, Christy A. Hipsley, Johannes Müller, Hussam Zaher, Henrique C. Costa
The skull anatomy of amphisbaenians directly influences their capacity to burrow and is crucial for the study of their systematics, which ultimately contributes to our comprehension of their evolution and ecology. In this study, we employed three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography to provide a detailed description and comprehensive comparison of the skull anatomy of two amphisbaenian species with similar external morphology, Amphisbaena arda and Amphisbaena vermicularis. Our findings revealed some differences between the species, especially in the sagittal crest of the parietal bone, the ascendant process, and the transverse occipital crest of the occipital complex. We also found intraspecific variation within A. vermicularis, with some specimens displaying morphology that differed from their conspecifics but not from A. arda. The observed intraspecific variation within A. vermicularis cannot be attributed to soil features because all specimens came from the same locality. Specimen size and soil type may play a role in the observed differences between A. arda and A. vermicularis, as the single A. arda specimen is the largest of our sample and soil type and texture differ between the collection sites of the two species.
两栖类的头骨解剖结构直接影响它们的穴居能力,对研究它们的系统学至关重要,最终有助于我们理解它们的进化和生态学。在这项研究中,我们采用三维 X 射线计算机断层扫描技术,对两种外部形态相似的两栖类动物(Amphisbaena arda 和 Amphisbaena vermicularis)的头骨解剖进行了详细描述和全面比较。我们的发现揭示了这两个物种之间的一些差异,尤其是顶骨的矢状嵴、上升突和枕骨复合体的枕横嵴。我们还发现蚯蚓的种内变异,一些标本的形态与同种不同,但与阿尔达蚯蚓没有差异。由于所有标本都来自同一地点,因此在 A. vermicularis 中观察到的种内差异不能归因于土壤特性。标本的大小和土壤类型可能是造成 A. arda 和 A. vermicularis 之间差异的原因之一,因为单个 A. arda 标本是我们样本中最大的,而且这两个物种的采集地点的土壤类型和质地也不相同。
{"title":"Comparative skull osteology of Amphisbaena arda and Amphisbaena vermicularis (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae)","authors":"Carolina L. Paiva, Christy A. Hipsley, Johannes Müller, Hussam Zaher, Henrique C. Costa","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21702","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The skull anatomy of amphisbaenians directly influences their capacity to burrow and is crucial for the study of their systematics, which ultimately contributes to our comprehension of their evolution and ecology. In this study, we employed three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography to provide a detailed description and comprehensive comparison of the skull anatomy of two amphisbaenian species with similar external morphology, <i>Amphisbaena arda</i> and <i>Amphisbaena vermicularis</i>. Our findings revealed some differences between the species, especially in the sagittal crest of the parietal bone, the ascendant process, and the transverse occipital crest of the occipital complex. We also found intraspecific variation within <i>A. vermicularis</i>, with some specimens displaying morphology that differed from their conspecifics but not from <i>A. arda</i>. The observed intraspecific variation within <i>A. vermicularis</i> cannot be attributed to soil features because all specimens came from the same locality. Specimen size and soil type may play a role in the observed differences between <i>A. arda</i> and <i>A. vermicularis</i>, as the single <i>A. arda</i> specimen is the largest of our sample and soil type and texture differ between the collection sites of the two species.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140818925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peyton Thomas, Emily E. Peele, Kara E. Yopak, James A. Sulikowski, Stephen T. Kinsey
The glycosylation of macromolecules can vary both among tissue structural components and by adverse conditions, potentially providing an alternative marker of stress in organisms. Lectins are proteins that bind carbohydrate moieties and lectin histochemistry is a common method to visualize microstructures in biological specimens and diagnose pathophysiological states in human tissues known to alter glycan profiles. However, this technique is not commonly used to assess broad-spectrum changes in cellular glycosylation in response to environmental stressors. In addition, the binding of various lectins has not been studied in elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays). We surveyed the binding tissue structure specificity of 14 plant-derived lectins, using both immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, in the pectoral fins of neonate little skates (Leucoraja erinacea). Skates were reared under present-day or elevated (+5°C above ambient) temperature regimes and evaluated for lectin binding as an indicator of changing cellular glycosylation and tissue structure. Lectin labeling was highly tissue and microstructure specific. Dot blots revealed no significant changes in lectin binding between temperature regimes. In addition, lectins only detected in the elevated temperature treatment were Canavalia ensiformis lectin (Concanavalin A) in spindle cells of muscle and Ricinus communis agglutinin in muscle capillaries. These results provide a reference for lectin labeling in elasmobranch tissue that may aid future investigations.
{"title":"Lectin binding to pectoral fin of neonate little skates reared under ambient and projected-end-of-century temperature regimes","authors":"Peyton Thomas, Emily E. Peele, Kara E. Yopak, James A. Sulikowski, Stephen T. Kinsey","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21698","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The glycosylation of macromolecules can vary both among tissue structural components and by adverse conditions, potentially providing an alternative marker of stress in organisms. Lectins are proteins that bind carbohydrate moieties and lectin histochemistry is a common method to visualize microstructures in biological specimens and diagnose pathophysiological states in human tissues known to alter glycan profiles. However, this technique is not commonly used to assess broad-spectrum changes in cellular glycosylation in response to environmental stressors. In addition, the binding of various lectins has not been studied in elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays). We surveyed the binding tissue structure specificity of 14 plant-derived lectins, using both immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, in the pectoral fins of neonate little skates (<i>Leucoraja erinacea</i>). Skates were reared under present-day or elevated (+5°C above ambient) temperature regimes and evaluated for lectin binding as an indicator of changing cellular glycosylation and tissue structure. Lectin labeling was highly tissue and microstructure specific. Dot blots revealed no significant changes in lectin binding between temperature regimes. In addition, lectins only detected in the elevated temperature treatment were <i>Canavalia ensiformis</i> lectin (Concanavalin A) in spindle cells of muscle and <i>Ricinus communis</i> agglutinin in muscle capillaries. These results provide a reference for lectin labeling in elasmobranch tissue that may aid future investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140651191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In infants and children with feeding and swallowing issues, modifying solid foods to form a liquid or puree is used to ensure adequate growth and nutrition. However, the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of prolonged use of this intervention during critical periods of postnatal oral skill development have not been systematically examined, although substantial anecdotal evidence suggests that it negatively impacts downstream feeding motor and coordination skills, possibly due to immature sensorimotor development. Using an established animal model for infant and juvenile feeding physiology, we leverage X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology to compare feeding behavior and kinematics between 12-week-old pigs reared on solid chow (control) and an age- and sex-matched cohort raised on the same chow softened to a liquid. When feeding on two novel foods, almond and apple, maintenance on a soft diet decreases gape cycle duration, resulting in a higher chewing frequency. When feeding on almonds, pigs in this group spent less time ingesting foods compared to controls, and chewing cycles were characterized by less jaw rotation about a dorsoventral axis (yaw) necessary for food reduction. There was also a reduced tendency to alternate chewing side with every chew during almond chewing, a behavioral pattern typical of pigs. These more pronounced impacts on behavior and kinematics during feeding on almonds, a tougher and stiffer food than apples, suggest that food properties mediate the behavioral and physiological impacts of early texture modification and that the ability to adapt to different food properties may be underdeveloped. In contrast, the limited effects of food texture modification on apple chewing indicate that such intervention/treatment does not alter feeding behavior of less challenging foods. Observed differences cannot be attributed to morphology because texture modification over the treatment period had limited impact on craniodental growth. Short-term impacts of soft-texture modification during postweaning development on feeding dynamics should be considered as potential negative outcomes of this treatment strategy.
对于有喂养和吞咽问题的婴儿和儿童,将固体食物变为液体或泥浆可确保其获得充足的生长和营养。然而,在出生后口腔技能发育的关键时期,长期使用这种干预措施对行为和神经生理学的影响尚未得到系统研究,尽管大量轶事证据表明,这种干预措施会对下游喂养运动和协调技能产生负面影响,这可能是由于感知运动发育不成熟造成的。我们利用已建立的婴幼儿喂养生理学动物模型,通过 X 射线重建运动形态,比较了使用固体饲料(对照组)饲养的 12 周龄猪与使用软化成液体的相同饲料饲养的年龄和性别匹配的猪的喂养行为和运动学。当喂食杏仁和苹果这两种新食物时,软质饲料会减少咀嚼周期的持续时间,从而提高咀嚼频率。与对照组相比,当喂食杏仁时,该组猪摄取食物的时间更短,咀嚼周期的特点是减少了减少食物所需的下颌围绕背腹轴(偏航)的转动。在咀嚼杏仁时,猪的典型行为模式--每次咀嚼时交替咀嚼一侧的倾向也有所减少。杏仁是一种比苹果更坚硬的食物,在采食杏仁时对行为和运动学的影响更为明显,这表明食物的特性介导了早期质地改变对行为和生理的影响,而且适应不同食物特性的能力可能尚未发育成熟。相反,食物质地改变对苹果咀嚼的影响有限,这表明这种干预/处理不会改变挑战性较低的食物的喂养行为。观察到的差异不能归因于形态学,因为在治疗期间改变食物质地对颅齿生长的影响有限。在断奶后的发育过程中,软质质地的改变对喂养动态的短期影响应被视为这种处理策略的潜在负面结果。
{"title":"Prolonged use of a soft diet during early growth and development alters feeding behavior and chewing kinematics in a young animal model","authors":"Stéphane J. Montuelle, Susan H. Williams","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21696","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In infants and children with feeding and swallowing issues, modifying solid foods to form a liquid or puree is used to ensure adequate growth and nutrition. However, the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of prolonged use of this intervention during critical periods of postnatal oral skill development have not been systematically examined, although substantial anecdotal evidence suggests that it negatively impacts downstream feeding motor and coordination skills, possibly due to immature sensorimotor development. Using an established animal model for infant and juvenile feeding physiology, we leverage X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology to compare feeding behavior and kinematics between 12-week-old pigs reared on solid chow (control) and an age- and sex-matched cohort raised on the same chow softened to a liquid. When feeding on two novel foods, almond and apple, maintenance on a soft diet decreases gape cycle duration, resulting in a higher chewing frequency. When feeding on almonds, pigs in this group spent less time ingesting foods compared to controls, and chewing cycles were characterized by less jaw rotation about a dorsoventral axis (yaw) necessary for food reduction. There was also a reduced tendency to alternate chewing side with every chew during almond chewing, a behavioral pattern typical of pigs. These more pronounced impacts on behavior and kinematics during feeding on almonds, a tougher and stiffer food than apples, suggest that food properties mediate the behavioral and physiological impacts of early texture modification and that the ability to adapt to different food properties may be underdeveloped. In contrast, the limited effects of food texture modification on apple chewing indicate that such intervention/treatment does not alter feeding behavior of less challenging foods. Observed differences cannot be attributed to morphology because texture modification over the treatment period had limited impact on craniodental growth. Short-term impacts of soft-texture modification during postweaning development on feeding dynamics should be considered as potential negative outcomes of this treatment strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140619701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Rodrigo Rivera-López, Aarón Torres-Martínez, Arlette Amalia Hernández-Franyutti, Mari Carmen Uribe, Kevin Gribbins
We used histological and morphometric methods to study the testis and associated glands, including the epididymis, ductus deferens, and renal sexual segment (RSS), of specimens of Basiliscus vittatus sampled from Tabasco, Mexico (17.5926° N, 92.5816° W). Samples were collected throughout 1 year, which included the dry (February to May) and rainy (June to January) seasons. Spermatogenesis in B. vittatus is active throughout the year, but a significant increase in the testicular volume, diameters of seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium, spermiogenesis, and released spermatozoa occur in the dry season. During the rainy season, all aforementioned parameters decreased except the secretory activity of the epididymis and the RSS, which increased concomitant with an increase of the spermatozoa population within the ductus deferens. These data strongly suggest that B. vittatus reproduce year-round, but males exhibit a peak in spermatogenic activity during the dry season and a peak in insemination and/or copulation at the beginning of the rainy season. We highlight the importance of analyzing not only the testis but also accessory ducts and glands when determining the reproductive cycles of reptiles. The reproductive cycle of B. vittatus is discussed in relation to the environmental conditions of Southern Mexico and is compared to that of other squamates.
{"title":"The male reproductive cycle of the brown basilisk Basiliscus vittatus (Squamata: Corytophanidae) from Tabasco, Southern Mexico","authors":"José Rodrigo Rivera-López, Aarón Torres-Martínez, Arlette Amalia Hernández-Franyutti, Mari Carmen Uribe, Kevin Gribbins","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21694","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We used histological and morphometric methods to study the testis and associated glands, including the epididymis, ductus deferens, and renal sexual segment (RSS), of specimens of <i>Basiliscus vittatus</i> sampled from Tabasco, Mexico (17.5926° N, 92.5816° W). Samples were collected throughout 1 year, which included the dry (February to May) and rainy (June to January) seasons. Spermatogenesis in <i>B. vittatus</i> is active throughout the year, but a significant increase in the testicular volume, diameters of seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium, spermiogenesis, and released spermatozoa occur in the dry season. During the rainy season, all aforementioned parameters decreased except the secretory activity of the epididymis and the RSS, which increased concomitant with an increase of the spermatozoa population within the ductus deferens. These data strongly suggest that <i>B. vittatus</i> reproduce year-round, but males exhibit a peak in spermatogenic activity during the dry season and a peak in insemination and/or copulation at the beginning of the rainy season. We highlight the importance of analyzing not only the testis but also accessory ducts and glands when determining the reproductive cycles of reptiles. The reproductive cycle of <i>B. vittatus</i> is discussed in relation to the environmental conditions of Southern Mexico and is compared to that of other squamates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140552793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eduardo C. Gomyde, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros, Pedro Gnaspini
In insect taxa with homogeneous external morphology, genital structures often emerge as essential traits for interspecific differentiation. In the tribe Ptomaphagini (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae), precise identification often depends on analyzing the male genital morphology, even at the genus level. Here, we present a new character for diagnosing the genera Paulipalpina Gnaspini & Peck, 1996 and Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996. This feature, which we dub ‘paralobe’, is a projection arising from the internal surface of the right lobe of the aedeagal apex. Based on its absence in other beetles, including other Ptomaphagini, we recognize it as a putative synapomorphy for those genera. The recognition of this previously overlooked structure adds important information for understanding the sequence of changes that occurred in the male genitalia among the genera of Ptomaphagini.
{"title":"The paralobe: A new diagnostic and synapomorphic character for the genera Paulipalpina Gnaspini & Peck, 1996 and Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996 (Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini)","authors":"Eduardo C. Gomyde, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros, Pedro Gnaspini","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21693","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In insect taxa with homogeneous external morphology, genital structures often emerge as essential traits for interspecific differentiation. In the tribe Ptomaphagini (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae), precise identification often depends on analyzing the male genital morphology, even at the genus level. Here, we present a new character for diagnosing the genera <i>Paulipalpina</i> Gnaspini & Peck, 1996 and <i>Parapaulipalpina</i> Gnaspini, 1996. This feature, which we dub ‘paralobe’, is a projection arising from the internal surface of the right lobe of the aedeagal apex. Based on its absence in other beetles, including other Ptomaphagini, we recognize it as a putative synapomorphy for those genera. The recognition of this previously overlooked structure adds important information for understanding the sequence of changes that occurred in the male genitalia among the genera of Ptomaphagini.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140544557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Squamate placentas support physiological exchange between mothers and embryos. Uterine and embryonic epithelial cells provide sites for transporting mechanisms and extraembryonic membranes provide the scaffolding for embryonic epithelial cells and vascular systems. Diversity in placental structure involves variation in extraembryonic membrane development as well as epithelial cell specializations. Variation in placental ontogeny is known to occur and, although lineage specific patterns have been described, phylogenetic distribution of specific patterns is poorly understood. Xantusia vigilis is a viviparous lizard in a monophyletic clade, Xantusiidae, of predominantly viviparous species. Xantusiidae is one of two viviparous lineages within the clade Scincoidea that provides an important outgroup comparison for Scincidae, which includes the largest number of independent origins of viviparity among Squamata. Previous reports contain brief descriptions of placental structure of X vigilis but the developmental pattern is unknown including relevant details for comparison with skinks. We studied placental ontogeny in X. vigilis to address two hypotheses: (1) the pattern of development of placental architecture is similar to species of Scincidae and, (2) placental epithelial cell specializations are similar to species of Scincidae. The terminal placental stage of X. vigilis is similar to skinks in that it includes a chorioallantoic placenta and an omphaloplacenta. The chorioallantoic placenta is richly vascularized with thin, squamous epithelial cells separating the two vascular systems. This morphology differs from the elaborate epithelial cell specializations as occur in some skink species, but is similar to many species. Epithelial cells of the omphaloplacenta are enlarged, as they are in scincids, yet development of the omphaloplacenta includes a vascular pattern known to occur only in gerrhonotine lizards. Histochemical staining properties of the epithelium of the omphalopleure of the omphaloplacenta indicate the potential for protein transport, a function not previously reported for lizards.
{"title":"Placental ontogeny in the Yucca Night Lizard, Xantusia vigilis","authors":"James R. Stewart, William Presch","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21692","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Squamate placentas support physiological exchange between mothers and embryos. Uterine and embryonic epithelial cells provide sites for transporting mechanisms and extraembryonic membranes provide the scaffolding for embryonic epithelial cells and vascular systems. Diversity in placental structure involves variation in extraembryonic membrane development as well as epithelial cell specializations. Variation in placental ontogeny is known to occur and, although lineage specific patterns have been described, phylogenetic distribution of specific patterns is poorly understood. <i>Xantusia vigilis</i> is a viviparous lizard in a monophyletic clade, Xantusiidae, of predominantly viviparous species. Xantusiidae is one of two viviparous lineages within the clade Scincoidea that provides an important outgroup comparison for Scincidae, which includes the largest number of independent origins of viviparity among Squamata. Previous reports contain brief descriptions of placental structure of <i>X vigilis</i> but the developmental pattern is unknown including relevant details for comparison with skinks. We studied placental ontogeny in <i>X. vigilis</i> to address two hypotheses: (1) the pattern of development of placental architecture is similar to species of Scincidae and, (2) placental epithelial cell specializations are similar to species of Scincidae. The terminal placental stage of <i>X. vigilis</i> is similar to skinks in that it includes a chorioallantoic placenta and an omphaloplacenta. The chorioallantoic placenta is richly vascularized with thin, squamous epithelial cells separating the two vascular systems. This morphology differs from the elaborate epithelial cell specializations as occur in some skink species, but is similar to many species. Epithelial cells of the omphaloplacenta are enlarged, as they are in scincids, yet development of the omphaloplacenta includes a vascular pattern known to occur only in gerrhonotine lizards. Histochemical staining properties of the epithelium of the omphalopleure of the omphaloplacenta indicate the potential for protein transport, a function not previously reported for lizards.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Eugenia Pereyra, Paula Bona, Pablo Siroski, Anusuya Chinsamy
The osteohistology of vertebrates provides a reliable source to deduce biological information, particularly regarding growth and development. Although osteohistological studies in Neosuchia (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) are relatively numerous, the number of species studied within the group is still small. Extant crocodilians are known to exhibit intraspecific variability linked to environmental conditions, habitat, feeding, and other intrapopulation factors. Here, we analyzed the osteohistology of the living South American Caiman latirostris throughout posthatching ontogeny. The histology of several appendicular bones of 13 different-sized captive and wild individuals were examined. Although some thin sections revealed the classic lamellar, parallel-fibered, or woven bone matrices, others showed a variation and a mix between the organization of the bone tissue. These histological differences are likely related to variability in the growth dynamics of caimans. In some bones of the juveniles studied, remnants of embryonic bone were observed. Osteohistological variation related to prevailing environmental conditions is documented. Furthermore, our results show ontogenetic variation in the type of bone tissues deposited throughout the development of C. latirostris. This study offers a broad framework for life history interpretations for C. latirostris and provides insight into the evolutionary history and ontogenetic growth of extinct crocodylian lineages.
脊椎动物的骨组织学为推断生物信息,特别是有关生长和发育的信息提供了可靠的来源。尽管对新蜥形目(鳄形目,中目)的骨组织学研究相对较多,但对该类群内物种的研究数量仍然很少。众所周知,现存鳄鱼的种内变异与环境条件、栖息地、摄食和其他种群内因素有关。在这里,我们分析了活体南美洲凯门鳄(Caiman latirostris)在孵化后的整个生长过程中的骨组织学。我们对 13 个不同大小的人工饲养个体和野生个体的几块附骨进行了组织学研究。尽管一些薄片显示出典型的片状、平行纤维状或编织状骨基质,但其他薄片显示出骨组织结构的变化和混合。这些组织学差异很可能与凯门鳄的生长动态变化有关。在研究的一些幼体骨骼中,可以观察到胚胎骨的残余。骨组织学上的差异与当时的环境条件有关。此外,我们的研究结果表明,在长尾巨嘴鸟的整个发育过程中,沉积的骨组织类型存在着个体发育上的差异。这项研究为解释 C. latirostris 的生活史提供了一个广泛的框架,并为了解已灭绝的鳄类的进化史和本体生长提供了深入的见解。
{"title":"Ontogenetic and interelemental study of appendicular bones of Caiman latirostris Daudin, 1802 sheds light on osteohistological variability in crocodylians","authors":"María Eugenia Pereyra, Paula Bona, Pablo Siroski, Anusuya Chinsamy","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21687","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The osteohistology of vertebrates provides a reliable source to deduce biological information, particularly regarding growth and development. Although osteohistological studies in Neosuchia (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) are relatively numerous, the number of species studied within the group is still small. Extant crocodilians are known to exhibit intraspecific variability linked to environmental conditions, habitat, feeding, and other intrapopulation factors. Here, we analyzed the osteohistology of the living South American <i>Caiman latirostris</i> throughout posthatching ontogeny. The histology of several appendicular bones of 13 different-sized captive and wild individuals were examined. Although some thin sections revealed the classic lamellar, parallel-fibered, or woven bone matrices, others showed a variation and a mix between the organization of the bone tissue. These histological differences are likely related to variability in the growth dynamics of caimans. In some bones of the juveniles studied, remnants of embryonic bone were observed. Osteohistological variation related to prevailing environmental conditions is documented. Furthermore, our results show ontogenetic variation in the type of bone tissues deposited throughout the development of <i>C. latirostris</i>. This study offers a broad framework for life history interpretations for <i>C. latirostris</i> and provides insight into the evolutionary history and ontogenetic growth of extinct crocodylian lineages.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140333082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}