Every agent in a society initially possesses a set of personal norms. Group norms emerge when agents interact with one another and exchange information in such a way that multiple agents begin to acquire the same personal norm. This emergence is the result of information transmission, social enforcement, and internalization. If a population contains a single group norm, as a result of every agent in the population acquiring the same personal norm, then it can be said that a consensus has been reached by the population. We model the formation of consensus in silico by adapting a recently developed model of norm emergence to a multi-agent simulation. A screening experiment is conducted to identify the significant parameters of our model and verify that our model is capable of producing a consensus. The experimental results show that our model can attain consensus as well as two additional states of information equilibrium. The results also indicate that both network structure and agent behavior play an important role in the formation of consensus. In addition, it is shown that the formation of consensus is sensitive to the simulation parameter settings, and certain values can prevent its formation entirely.
{"title":"Using the Process of Norm Emergence to Model Consensus Formation","authors":"C. Hollander, A. Wu","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.26","url":null,"abstract":"Every agent in a society initially possesses a set of personal norms. Group norms emerge when agents interact with one another and exchange information in such a way that multiple agents begin to acquire the same personal norm. This emergence is the result of information transmission, social enforcement, and internalization. If a population contains a single group norm, as a result of every agent in the population acquiring the same personal norm, then it can be said that a consensus has been reached by the population. We model the formation of consensus in silico by adapting a recently developed model of norm emergence to a multi-agent simulation. A screening experiment is conducted to identify the significant parameters of our model and verify that our model is capable of producing a consensus. The experimental results show that our model can attain consensus as well as two additional states of information equilibrium. The results also indicate that both network structure and agent behavior play an important role in the formation of consensus. In addition, it is shown that the formation of consensus is sensitive to the simulation parameter settings, and certain values can prevent its formation entirely.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124427308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As packet networks become extremely large, as their applications and end users become more diverse and extremely numerous, a design based on a single view of how a network should operate becomes harder to justify. Thus each part of the network should be aware of its environment, of its users, of its resources, of its performance, of the energy it is consuming and of the threats that it is facing, and should use this awareness as an operational means to adapt its behaviour accordingly. This tutorial paper sets the stage for these ideas, and shows a simple and practical way forward based one the Cognitive Packet Network routing algorithm and the notion of Self-Aware Networks.
{"title":"Self-Aware Networks","authors":"E. Gelenbe","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.40","url":null,"abstract":"As packet networks become extremely large, as their applications and end users become more diverse and extremely numerous, a design based on a single view of how a network should operate becomes harder to justify. Thus each part of the network should be aware of its environment, of its users, of its resources, of its performance, of the energy it is consuming and of the threats that it is facing, and should use this awareness as an operational means to adapt its behaviour accordingly. This tutorial paper sets the stage for these ideas, and shows a simple and practical way forward based one the Cognitive Packet Network routing algorithm and the notion of Self-Aware Networks.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127504699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holger Prothmann, H. Schmeck, Sven Tomforde, Johannes Lyda, J. Hähner, C. Müller-Schloer, J. Branke
Increasing mobility and the resulting rising traffic demands cause serious problems in urban regions world-wide. Approaches to alleviate the negative effects of traffic include an improved control of traffic lights and the introduction of dynamic route guidance (DRG) systems that take current conditions into account. Based on the self-organising Organic Traffic Control system, we introduce a novel DRG concept for urban road networks. It is inspired by the well-known Distance Vector Routing protocol from the Internet domain and increases the network's robustness with respect to congested or blocked roads. We demonstrate the efficiency of the developed approach in a simulation-based evaluation.
{"title":"Decentralised Route Guidance in Organic Traffic Control","authors":"Holger Prothmann, H. Schmeck, Sven Tomforde, Johannes Lyda, J. Hähner, C. Müller-Schloer, J. Branke","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.34","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing mobility and the resulting rising traffic demands cause serious problems in urban regions world-wide. Approaches to alleviate the negative effects of traffic include an improved control of traffic lights and the introduction of dynamic route guidance (DRG) systems that take current conditions into account. Based on the self-organising Organic Traffic Control system, we introduce a novel DRG concept for urban road networks. It is inspired by the well-known Distance Vector Routing protocol from the Internet domain and increases the network's robustness with respect to congested or blocked roads. We demonstrate the efficiency of the developed approach in a simulation-based evaluation.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123645047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Q. Vu, S. Hassas, Frederic Armetta, B. Gaudou, Richard Canal
This paper addresses the issue of maintaining information coherence and its robustness in a multi-agent system (MAS), that collectively gathers information from distributed sources and where some sources may be defective (deliberately or not). In this context, the collective information gathered by the system is a progressive (non linear) aggregation of information collected individually by each agent. Therefore, each agent has direct information (collected by itself) and indirect information (obtained through communication with other agents). System coherence is defined by compatibility of collectively collected information about the explored environment with actual information of the environment. System resilience is defined by the capacity to maintain information coherence, despite the existence and increase of faulty agents within the system. In this context, we propose a new trust-based mechanism to detect defective agents and a self-organizational approach to act as a guide in communication and limit the dissemination of deceitful information in the system, thus reducing its impact on the process of collective information gathering.
{"title":"Combining Trust and Self-Organization for Robust Maintaining of Information Coherence in Disturbed MAS","authors":"Q. Vu, S. Hassas, Frederic Armetta, B. Gaudou, Richard Canal","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.29","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the issue of maintaining information coherence and its robustness in a multi-agent system (MAS), that collectively gathers information from distributed sources and where some sources may be defective (deliberately or not). In this context, the collective information gathered by the system is a progressive (non linear) aggregation of information collected individually by each agent. Therefore, each agent has direct information (collected by itself) and indirect information (obtained through communication with other agents). System coherence is defined by compatibility of collectively collected information about the explored environment with actual information of the environment. System resilience is defined by the capacity to maintain information coherence, despite the existence and increase of faulty agents within the system. In this context, we propose a new trust-based mechanism to detect defective agents and a self-organizational approach to act as a guide in communication and limit the dissemination of deceitful information in the system, thus reducing its impact on the process of collective information gathering.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123177493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For problems that cannot be modeled and solved efficiently using a centralized approach, distributed algorithms are a necessity. Self-organizing systems are systems constructed from a network of autonomous communicating agents whereby from simple individual behaviors emerges a global system behavior that is complex, efficient, adaptable, and robust. For the right behavior to emerge, the components must have the correct incentives when they select among their next action. In this paper, we explore the problem of self organization in the context of a mobile sensor network tracking an event. We select two different paradigms, a newtonian force-based approach and a potential energy approach. We test the resulting algorithms in a simulation environment.
{"title":"Incentive-Based Self-Organization for 2 Dimensional Event Tracking","authors":"J. Meyer, F. Mili, S. Ghanekar","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.16","url":null,"abstract":"For problems that cannot be modeled and solved efficiently using a centralized approach, distributed algorithms are a necessity. Self-organizing systems are systems constructed from a network of autonomous communicating agents whereby from simple individual behaviors emerges a global system behavior that is complex, efficient, adaptable, and robust. For the right behavior to emerge, the components must have the correct incentives when they select among their next action. In this paper, we explore the problem of self organization in the context of a mobile sensor network tracking an event. We select two different paradigms, a newtonian force-based approach and a potential energy approach. We test the resulting algorithms in a simulation environment.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116611595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valuable research, clinical and teaching outcomes can develop from investigating the dentition as a complex system exhibiting self-adaptive and self-organizing (SASO) principles. As a basis for these investigations substantial amounts of hard data have been obtained and collated concerning the molecular, cellular and macroscopic levels of the development of the dentition in different species. The use of customized 2D image analysis and 3D laser scanning has provided accurate measurement data of the mature dentition. The aims of this paper are first to examine this information against the recognized general characteristics of complex systems to evaluate whether future computational studies are indicated and second how the novel modeling of dental morphology as a complex SASO system offers principles, processes and structures applicable to networks, services and engineering systems.
{"title":"The Dentition: A Complex System Demonstrating Self-* Principles","authors":"A. Brook, M. O'Donnell","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.41","url":null,"abstract":"Valuable research, clinical and teaching outcomes can develop from investigating the dentition as a complex system exhibiting self-adaptive and self-organizing (SASO) principles. As a basis for these investigations substantial amounts of hard data have been obtained and collated concerning the molecular, cellular and macroscopic levels of the development of the dentition in different species. The use of customized 2D image analysis and 3D laser scanning has provided accurate measurement data of the mature dentition. The aims of this paper are first to examine this information against the recognized general characteristics of complex systems to evaluate whether future computational studies are indicated and second how the novel modeling of dental morphology as a complex SASO system offers principles, processes and structures applicable to networks, services and engineering systems.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125090800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We are interested in engineering for open, embedded and resource-constrained systems, which have applications in ad hoc, sensor and opportunistic networks. In such systems, there is decentralised control, competition for resources and an expectation of both intentional and unintentional errors. The 'optimal' distribution of resources is then less important than the 'robustness' or 'survivability' of the distribution mechanism, based on collective decision-making and tolerance of unintentional errors. We therefore seek to model resource allocation in the network as a common pool resource management problem, and apply a formal characterisation of Ostrom's socio-economic principles for building enduring institutions. This paper presents a complete axiomatisation in the Event Calculus of six of Ostrom's eight principles, describes a preliminary testbed for experimenting with the axiomatisation, and considers the work from a methodological perspective of sociologically-inspired computing for self-organising systems.
{"title":"The Axiomatisation of Socio-Economic Principles for Self-Organising Systems","authors":"J. Pitt, J. Schaumeier, A. Artikis","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.25","url":null,"abstract":"We are interested in engineering for open, embedded and resource-constrained systems, which have applications in ad hoc, sensor and opportunistic networks. In such systems, there is decentralised control, competition for resources and an expectation of both intentional and unintentional errors. The 'optimal' distribution of resources is then less important than the 'robustness' or 'survivability' of the distribution mechanism, based on collective decision-making and tolerance of unintentional errors. We therefore seek to model resource allocation in the network as a common pool resource management problem, and apply a formal characterisation of Ostrom's socio-economic principles for building enduring institutions. This paper presents a complete axiomatisation in the Event Calculus of six of Ostrom's eight principles, describes a preliminary testbed for experimenting with the axiomatisation, and considers the work from a methodological perspective of sociologically-inspired computing for self-organising systems.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125500376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A number of studies have explored the dynamics of opinion change among interacting knowledge workers, using different modeling techniques. We are particularly interested in the transition from cognitive convergence (a positive group phenomenon) to collapse (which can lead to overlooking critical information). This paper extends previous agent-based studies of this subject in two directions. First, we allow agents to belong to distinct social groups and explore the effect of varying degrees of within-group affinity. Second, we provide exogenous drivers of agent opinion in the form of a dynamic set of documents that they may query. We exhibit a metastable configuration of this system with three distinct phases, and develop an operational metric for distinguishing convergence from collapse in the final phase. Then we use this metric to explore the system's dynamics, over the space defined by social affinity and precision of queries against documents, and under a range of different functions for the influence that an interaction partner has on an agent.
{"title":"Socially-Constrained Exogenously-Driven Opinion Dynamics: Explorations with a Multi-agent Model","authors":"H. V. Parunak, Elizabeth Downs, Andrew Yinger","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.27","url":null,"abstract":"A number of studies have explored the dynamics of opinion change among interacting knowledge workers, using different modeling techniques. We are particularly interested in the transition from cognitive convergence (a positive group phenomenon) to collapse (which can lead to overlooking critical information). This paper extends previous agent-based studies of this subject in two directions. First, we allow agents to belong to distinct social groups and explore the effect of varying degrees of within-group affinity. Second, we provide exogenous drivers of agent opinion in the form of a dynamic set of documents that they may query. We exhibit a metastable configuration of this system with three distinct phases, and develop an operational metric for distinguishing convergence from collapse in the final phase. Then we use this metric to explore the system's dynamics, over the space defined by social affinity and precision of queries against documents, and under a range of different functions for the influence that an interaction partner has on an agent.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"378 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128220355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franck Gechter, Jean-Michel Contet, P. Gruer, A. Koukam
Since a couple of years, multi-agent systems have been used for a wide range of applications such as problem solving, modelling and simulation, Reactive agent based systems are characterized by their capability to solve complex problems, while maintaining functional and conceptual simplicity of each element. These approaches exhibit effectiveness whatever the considering fields (life simulation, robots and cooperation). One of the main problems of such method is the difficulty to characterize/measure emergent phenomena. Based on preceding work, this paper presents a reactive agent based vehicle platoon algorithm with an integrated obstacle avoidance ability. The vehicle decision process is then considered as a multi-agent system, the agents of which build collectively the decision taking into account both platoon and obstacle avoidance constraints. The decision is built through measurement of agency collective state and dynamics.
{"title":"A Reactive Agent Based Vehicle Platoon Algorithm with Integrated Obstacle Avoidance Ability","authors":"Franck Gechter, Jean-Michel Contet, P. Gruer, A. Koukam","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.24","url":null,"abstract":"Since a couple of years, multi-agent systems have been used for a wide range of applications such as problem solving, modelling and simulation, Reactive agent based systems are characterized by their capability to solve complex problems, while maintaining functional and conceptual simplicity of each element. These approaches exhibit effectiveness whatever the considering fields (life simulation, robots and cooperation). One of the main problems of such method is the difficulty to characterize/measure emergent phenomena. Based on preceding work, this paper presents a reactive agent based vehicle platoon algorithm with an integrated obstacle avoidance ability. The vehicle decision process is then considered as a multi-agent system, the agents of which build collectively the decision taking into account both platoon and obstacle avoidance constraints. The decision is built through measurement of agency collective state and dynamics.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122317277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Themistoklis Bourdenas, K. Tei, S. Honiden, M. Sloman
Pervasive applications incorporate physical components that are exposed to everyday use and a large number of conditions and external factors that can lead to faults and failures. It is also possible that application requirements change during deployment and the network needs to adapt to a new context. Consequently, pervasive systems must be capable to autonomically adapt to changing conditions without involving users becoming a transparent asset in the environment. In this paper, we present an autonomic mechanism for initial task assignment in sensor networks, an NP-hard problem. We also study on-line adaptation of the original deployment which considers real-time metrics for maximising utility and lifetime of applications and smooth service degradation in the face of component failures.
{"title":"Autonomic Role and Mission Allocation Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Themistoklis Bourdenas, K. Tei, S. Honiden, M. Sloman","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2011.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.17","url":null,"abstract":"Pervasive applications incorporate physical components that are exposed to everyday use and a large number of conditions and external factors that can lead to faults and failures. It is also possible that application requirements change during deployment and the network needs to adapt to a new context. Consequently, pervasive systems must be capable to autonomically adapt to changing conditions without involving users becoming a transparent asset in the environment. In this paper, we present an autonomic mechanism for initial task assignment in sensor networks, an NP-hard problem. We also study on-line adaptation of the original deployment which considers real-time metrics for maximising utility and lifetime of applications and smooth service degradation in the face of component failures.","PeriodicalId":165565,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123587054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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