R. Cooper, Micaiah C. McNabb, Christa M. Saelinger, M. Danley
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and can elicit direct cellular responses in addition to inflammatory immune responses in an infected organism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LPS on synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of a model amphibian preparation. The cutaneous pectoris muscle of Lithobates pipiens was dissected and maintained in a physiological saline to acutely expose the preparation to LPS from Serratia marcescens. The evoked excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) completely diminished after 10 min (n = 6, p<0.05 paired t-test). These EJPs were able to be partially recovered after removal of LPS. The frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous miniature excitatory junction potentials (mEJPs) did not change with LPS exposure (n = 6, p>0.05 paired t-test). These findings suggest that LPS acts in frogs by inhibiting the activity of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic motor neurons and not by blocking the acetylcholine receptors on the skeletal muscle fibers. These findings imply the acute action of LPS in mammals is presynaptic at the NMJs and can suppress synaptic transmission independent of initiating a systemic immune response.
{"title":"Effects of Bacterial Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on Synaptic Transmission at Neuromuscular Junction in an Amphibian","authors":"R. Cooper, Micaiah C. McNabb, Christa M. Saelinger, M. Danley","doi":"10.3923/ijzr.2019.38.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2019.38.42","url":null,"abstract":"Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and can elicit direct cellular responses in addition to inflammatory immune responses in an infected organism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LPS on synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of a model amphibian preparation. The cutaneous pectoris muscle of Lithobates pipiens was dissected and maintained in a physiological saline to acutely expose the preparation to LPS from Serratia marcescens. The evoked excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) completely diminished after 10 min (n = 6, p<0.05 paired t-test). These EJPs were able to be partially recovered after removal of LPS. The frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous miniature excitatory junction potentials (mEJPs) did not change with LPS exposure (n = 6, p>0.05 paired t-test). These findings suggest that LPS acts in frogs by inhibiting the activity of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic motor neurons and not by blocking the acetylcholine receptors on the skeletal muscle fibers. These findings imply the acute action of LPS in mammals is presynaptic at the NMJs and can suppress synaptic transmission independent of initiating a systemic immune response.","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124292243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metazoan Parasite Infracommunities of Rhizoprionodon acutus from Nellore Coast off Bay of Bengal Andhra Pradesh, India","authors":"A. Vankara, Srinivasa Kalyan Chadamala","doi":"10.3923/ijzr.2019.43.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2019.43.53","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129912976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Short-term Consumption of Aspartame on Some Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Female Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"Vinoy Kumar Shrivastav, Ab Qayoom Naik","doi":"10.3923/IJZR.2019.21.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/IJZR.2019.21.27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123513053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toxicity of Some Pesticides and Plant Extracts on Tetranychus urticae and its Predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis","authors":"Manal Abdel Raouf Ab Abdel Razi, H. Heikal","doi":"10.3923/IJZR.2019.28.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/IJZR.2019.28.37","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130101533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Black Seed Effect on Aedes aegyptii","authors":"Fahma Wijayanti, Mohd Naim, Ibnu Sina","doi":"10.3923/IJZR.2019.13.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/IJZR.2019.13.20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124185999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protection of Protein in Cattle Feed Supplement from Rumen Microbial Degradation with Addition of Gambier Leaf Residue","authors":"L. Warly, Ramaiyulis, M. Zain, R. Ningrat","doi":"10.3923/IJZR.2019.6.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/IJZR.2019.6.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126659799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetic Variation of Limnonectes blythii (Anura: Dicroglossidae) Using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) Analysis in West Sumatra","authors":"D. Tjong, W. Hendri, Dahelmi, D. Roesma","doi":"10.3923/ijzr.2019.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2019.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114474300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review emphasizes how ectothermic animals respond physiologically to environmental temperature changes and cold stress. Generally ectothermic animals cannot generate heat to maintain their body temperature but they can still survive in various temperature zones. Various organisms have been analyzed anatomically and physiologically in the attempt to understand the underlying mechanisms of this temperature adaptation. A few of the changes in the metabolic and molecular function of proteins are discussed. The potential of how hormonal modulation of cardiac and nervous systems which influences responses during exposure cold exposure is also addressed. The focus of this review is on the effect of cold exposure on synaptic transmission and cardiac function in crustaceans and insects.
{"title":"Cold Exposure Effects on Cardiac Function and Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction in Invertebrates","authors":"Y. Zhu, R. Cooper","doi":"10.3923/IJZR.2018.49.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/IJZR.2018.49.60","url":null,"abstract":"This review emphasizes how ectothermic animals respond physiologically to environmental temperature changes and cold stress. Generally ectothermic animals cannot generate heat to maintain their body temperature but they can still survive in various temperature zones. Various organisms have been analyzed anatomically and physiologically in the attempt to understand the underlying mechanisms of this temperature adaptation. A few of the changes in the metabolic and molecular function of proteins are discussed. The potential of how hormonal modulation of cardiac and nervous systems which influences responses during exposure cold exposure is also addressed. The focus of this review is on the effect of cold exposure on synaptic transmission and cardiac function in crustaceans and insects.","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130942738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cockroaches as Potential Mechanical Vectors for Mites Infestation The First Report in Kuantan","authors":"A. M. Yusof","doi":"10.3923/ijzr.2018.71.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2018.71.76","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116883270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of Effectiveness of the Imidacloprid and Azadirachtin on the Black Watermelon Bug","authors":"D. Aljedani","doi":"10.3923/IJZR.2018.61.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/IJZR.2018.61.70","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":166162,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123400695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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