Pub Date : 2007-07-22DOI: 10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288487
Regina Frei, Luis Ribeiro, José Barata, Daniel Semere
Besides coping with the highly dynamic product and production system life cycles with ever-changing requirements, modern assembly systems also need to be user-friendly. Their modularity at fine granularity-level combined with local intelligence and a distributed control approach allows the systems to evolve together with the requirements -but their complexity would soon not be manageable from outside any more if user-friendliness was not considered a major criterion. Systems must be made to serve their users. Thanks to Self-* capabilities, systems can gain an increasingly high degree of autonomy. Diagnosis plays a particularly important role in this process.
{"title":"Evolvable Assembly Systems: Towards User Friendly Manufacturing","authors":"Regina Frei, Luis Ribeiro, José Barata, Daniel Semere","doi":"10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288487","url":null,"abstract":"Besides coping with the highly dynamic product and production system life cycles with ever-changing requirements, modern assembly systems also need to be user-friendly. Their modularity at fine granularity-level combined with local intelligence and a distributed control approach allows the systems to evolve together with the requirements -but their complexity would soon not be manageable from outside any more if user-friendliness was not considered a major criterion. Systems must be made to serve their users. Thanks to Self-* capabilities, systems can gain an increasingly high degree of autonomy. Diagnosis plays a particularly important role in this process.","PeriodicalId":166385,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing","volume":"70 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128126762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-22DOI: 10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288466
O. Klemd
The paper describes in detail the modular desktop factory concept for the series assembly of small products. With the experiences of 5 installed applications the benefits of the desktop factory concept are described. for the transfer of the parts from station to station, a cost comparison shows the most economic solution.
{"title":"Desktop Factory ߝ New approaches for lean micro assembly","authors":"O. Klemd","doi":"10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288466","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes in detail the modular desktop factory concept for the series assembly of small products. With the experiences of 5 installed applications the benefits of the desktop factory concept are described. for the transfer of the parts from station to station, a cost comparison shows the most economic solution.","PeriodicalId":166385,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132746834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-22DOI: 10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288473
K. Morimoto, M. Inui
Large molds with very deep shape are well used in producing bumpers and inner panels of automobiles. In order to realize the precise and stable machining of such deep molds, 3-axis milling with inclined cutters are often applied. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for determining the optimal cutting direction in such inclined machining. We introduce a concept of accessibility cone as a measure for evaluating the stability and safety in the inclined machining, and we define the optimal cutting direction as the direction whose corresponding accessibility cone has the maximum peak angle. An accessibility cone for a specific cutting direction can be derived by rendering a silhouette picture of the offset shape of the mold. This computation can be accelerated by using a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is now equipped in most PCs. Proposed algorithm is implemented and an experimental process planning assistance program using this technology is demonstrated.
{"title":"A GPU based Algorithm for Determining the Optimal Cutting Direction in Deep Mold Machining","authors":"K. Morimoto, M. Inui","doi":"10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288473","url":null,"abstract":"Large molds with very deep shape are well used in producing bumpers and inner panels of automobiles. In order to realize the precise and stable machining of such deep molds, 3-axis milling with inclined cutters are often applied. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for determining the optimal cutting direction in such inclined machining. We introduce a concept of accessibility cone as a measure for evaluating the stability and safety in the inclined machining, and we define the optimal cutting direction as the direction whose corresponding accessibility cone has the maximum peak angle. An accessibility cone for a specific cutting direction can be derived by rendering a silhouette picture of the offset shape of the mold. This computation can be accelerated by using a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is now equipped in most PCs. Proposed algorithm is implemented and an experimental process planning assistance program using this technology is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":166385,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132282331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-22DOI: 10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288446
A. Shaik, G. Bright, W.L. Xu
Many computer controlled multi-axis machines operate under 'open loop' control. The exact position in space of the end effector cannot always be sensed directly. The controlling software makes a calculated estimate of where the tool head should be by monitoring sensors on axes that track linear translation and rotations of shafts/gears. For some applications this may be appropriate; however positional errors occur, and may accumulate. There exists a need for a sensor system that provides direct feedback of the end effector's spatial coordinates for machining and assembly applications.
{"title":"Sensor System for Multi Axis Automated Assembly and Manufacturing Machines","authors":"A. Shaik, G. Bright, W.L. Xu","doi":"10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288446","url":null,"abstract":"Many computer controlled multi-axis machines operate under 'open loop' control. The exact position in space of the end effector cannot always be sensed directly. The controlling software makes a calculated estimate of where the tool head should be by monitoring sensors on axes that track linear translation and rotations of shafts/gears. For some applications this may be appropriate; however positional errors occur, and may accumulate. There exists a need for a sensor system that provides direct feedback of the end effector's spatial coordinates for machining and assembly applications.","PeriodicalId":166385,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127018527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288444
G. Traxler, C. Wogerer
This paper will describe the distributed industrial inline application "broken roll detection", which is placed in a really harsh industrial environment, with all aspects from the sensing base to algorithm, implementation and technology. In a seamless steel tube production the pipe shells produced in the punch bench are running through many roller stands (3-roll system) to get the final dimension. If one of the rolls is broken, structural voids near the surface are the consequence. So finding the structure voids on the tube means to find broken rolls. Since pipe shells are hot (approximately 900degC) after passing the rolls, temperature distribution on its surface is different when voids happen. This gives a good base for detecting such voids by watching the surface temperature by sensing the radiation at wavelengths from 0,7 to 1.1 mum, which means that standard line scan cameras (3 times 2048 pixels, 10 kHz line rate) can be used. Images of up to 600 MB are the result for each imaged pipe shell. Evaluation of image data is done stepwise (in a pipeline) and on a separate channel for each camera with the objective to reduce data at each step. Images are detruncated, position-normalized, filtered, segmented and converted into object-descriptions that are sent to another PC for evaluating periodic occurrences. Once found such a periodic occurrence, the system signalizes it to the production line to stop the machine and repair the broken roll.
{"title":"Inline Control system for hot steel pipes basing on thermographic methods","authors":"G. Traxler, C. Wogerer","doi":"10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288444","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will describe the distributed industrial inline application \"broken roll detection\", which is placed in a really harsh industrial environment, with all aspects from the sensing base to algorithm, implementation and technology. In a seamless steel tube production the pipe shells produced in the punch bench are running through many roller stands (3-roll system) to get the final dimension. If one of the rolls is broken, structural voids near the surface are the consequence. So finding the structure voids on the tube means to find broken rolls. Since pipe shells are hot (approximately 900degC) after passing the rolls, temperature distribution on its surface is different when voids happen. This gives a good base for detecting such voids by watching the surface temperature by sensing the radiation at wavelengths from 0,7 to 1.1 mum, which means that standard line scan cameras (3 times 2048 pixels, 10 kHz line rate) can be used. Images of up to 600 MB are the result for each imaged pipe shell. Evaluation of image data is done stepwise (in a pipeline) and on a separate channel for each camera with the objective to reduce data at each step. Images are detruncated, position-normalized, filtered, segmented and converted into object-descriptions that are sent to another PC for evaluating periodic occurrences. Once found such a periodic occurrence, the system signalizes it to the production line to stop the machine and repair the broken roll.","PeriodicalId":166385,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128424904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288461
C. Wogerer, G. Nittmann, T. Panner
Handling flexible and/or small parts is one of the greatest challenges in automation. In this context and within the scope of automating the assembly process for cylinder locks, PROFACTOR RS was assigned the task of filling a tube feeder with the springs required for the locks to function, individually and in the correct orientation, for assembly purposes. Due to the geometry of the springs and the large manufacturing tolerances, it was not possible to find a reliable method of isolating the springs, which are delivered in bulk, inspecting them and storing them in the tube feeders despite extensive efforts by the customer. The following article describes the development and implementation of a machine for isolating these specific springs.
{"title":"Isolation of small coil spring","authors":"C. Wogerer, G. Nittmann, T. Panner","doi":"10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288461","url":null,"abstract":"Handling flexible and/or small parts is one of the greatest challenges in automation. In this context and within the scope of automating the assembly process for cylinder locks, PROFACTOR RS was assigned the task of filling a tube feeder with the springs required for the locks to function, individually and in the correct orientation, for assembly purposes. Due to the geometry of the springs and the large manufacturing tolerances, it was not possible to find a reliable method of isolating the springs, which are delivered in bulk, inspecting them and storing them in the tube feeders despite extensive efforts by the customer. The following article describes the development and implementation of a machine for isolating these specific springs.","PeriodicalId":166385,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123857514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288443
W. Mann, G. Peschl, C. Wogerer
The following project describes the precise assembly of 60 different fine mechanical parts in an extremely close tolerance situation. The whole assembly consists of 80 different parts which all must be handled. This and the fact that the plant must be able to produce lot size 1 is an absolute new challenge for the mechanical and control technical development. The projected plant will be one of the most flexible assembly process Europe-wide In the PROFACTOR Research and Solutions GmbH business field Mechatronic Automation Systems a unique, high innovative fully automated plant will be developed. This fully automatic assembly machine represents a giant leap in the assembly of cylinder locks. The handling of small, sensitive parts requires grippers and sensors which are able to pre-center them in a very sensitive and exact manner. At Pick&Place and at joining of such small parts there plays the smallest deviation an important role and so there must be found a new, unique and flexible solution to deal with such problems. The following sides mainly describe the development of flexible gripper systems and the sensors for the assembly process.
{"title":"Development of flexible gripper for precision assembly of cylinder locks","authors":"W. Mann, G. Peschl, C. Wogerer","doi":"10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAM.2007.4288443","url":null,"abstract":"The following project describes the precise assembly of 60 different fine mechanical parts in an extremely close tolerance situation. The whole assembly consists of 80 different parts which all must be handled. This and the fact that the plant must be able to produce lot size 1 is an absolute new challenge for the mechanical and control technical development. The projected plant will be one of the most flexible assembly process Europe-wide In the PROFACTOR Research and Solutions GmbH business field Mechatronic Automation Systems a unique, high innovative fully automated plant will be developed. This fully automatic assembly machine represents a giant leap in the assembly of cylinder locks. The handling of small, sensitive parts requires grippers and sensors which are able to pre-center them in a very sensitive and exact manner. At Pick&Place and at joining of such small parts there plays the smallest deviation an important role and so there must be found a new, unique and flexible solution to deal with such problems. The following sides mainly describe the development of flexible gripper systems and the sensors for the assembly process.","PeriodicalId":166385,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116574158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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