Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01127-1
Mohammad Shahrabi Farahani, Hossein Yarmohammadi, Seyyed-Alireza Motevalizadeh, Maryam Amini
There is limited literature regarding meningitis associated with HHV-7. This article reports an immunocompetent adolescent girl who developed fever, headache, and meningism which CSF molecular analysis with PCR was positive only for HHV-7. Interestingly, persistent cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae were observed on brain magnetic resonance imaging. The patient received antibiotics, dexamethasone, and acyclovir and then she gained full recovery. HHV-7 is a rare and yet possible pathogen in patients with meningitis, and this is the first described case report from Iran.
{"title":"Meningitis associated with HHV-7 in an Iranian immunocompetent adolescent girl.","authors":"Mohammad Shahrabi Farahani, Hossein Yarmohammadi, Seyyed-Alireza Motevalizadeh, Maryam Amini","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01127-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-023-01127-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is limited literature regarding meningitis associated with HHV-7. This article reports an immunocompetent adolescent girl who developed fever, headache, and meningism which CSF molecular analysis with PCR was positive only for HHV-7. Interestingly, persistent cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae were observed on brain magnetic resonance imaging. The patient received antibiotics, dexamethasone, and acyclovir and then she gained full recovery. HHV-7 is a rare and yet possible pathogen in patients with meningitis, and this is the first described case report from Iran.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10010283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01136-0
Hyun Kyung Kim, Ji Yun Kang, Seo-Young Lee
We investigated the incidence and risk factors of seizures related to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in Korean patients infected with HIV. Of the 34 patients, 14 (41.2%) developed epileptic seizures during a median follow-up of 82 months. The median time from PML diagnosis to seizure onset was 44 months, ranging from 0 to 133 months. Patients with PML who developed seizures more commonly had cognitive impairment and multiple or diffuse lesions on brain MRI. These findings highlight the increased seizure risk among HIV-infected patients with PML at any stage of the disease, particularly in cases with extensive involvement.
{"title":"Epileptic seizures associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients in Korea.","authors":"Hyun Kyung Kim, Ji Yun Kang, Seo-Young Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01136-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-023-01136-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the incidence and risk factors of seizures related to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in Korean patients infected with HIV. Of the 34 patients, 14 (41.2%) developed epileptic seizures during a median follow-up of 82 months. The median time from PML diagnosis to seizure onset was 44 months, ranging from 0 to 133 months. Patients with PML who developed seizures more commonly had cognitive impairment and multiple or diffuse lesions on brain MRI. These findings highlight the increased seizure risk among HIV-infected patients with PML at any stage of the disease, particularly in cases with extensive involvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10385610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are receiving increasing attention with the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report the first case of SARS-CoV-2-induced encephalitis in Qingdao, China. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid from this 68-year-old female patient.
{"title":"A case report of encephalitis induced by SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by etiology: first case in Qingdao, China.","authors":"Qingqing Bi, Huayong Gu, Mengyuan Qu, Zhiwen Li, Xiaofeng Mu, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01141-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-023-01141-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are receiving increasing attention with the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report the first case of SARS-CoV-2-induced encephalitis in Qingdao, China. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid from this 68-year-old female patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10184629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10385166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01130-6
Sarah J Heany, Andrew J Levine, Maia Lesosky, Nicole Phillips, Jean-Paul Fouche, Landon Myer, Heather J Zar, Dan J Stein, Steve Horvath, Jacqueline Hoare
We have previously shown accelerated ageing in adolescents perinatally infected with HIV (PHIV +), based on discrepancies between epigenetic and chronological age. The current study examines follow-up longitudinal patterns of epigenetic ageing and the association of epigenetic ageing with cognition as well as whole brain structure changes in PHIV + and healthy controls enrolled in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort Study (CTAAC). The Illumina EPIC array was used to generate blood DNA methylation data from 60 PHIV + adolescents and 36 age-matched controls aged 9-12 years old at baseline and again at a 36-month follow-up. Epigenetic clock software estimated two measures of epigenetic age acceleration: extrinsic epigenetic accelerated ageing (EEAA) and age acceleration difference (AAD) at both time points. At follow-up, each participant completed neuropsychological testing, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging. At follow-up, PHIV infection remains associated with increased EEAA and AAD. Accelerated epigenetic ageing remained positively associated with viral load and negatively associated with CD4 ratio. EEAA was positively associated with whole brain grey matter volume and alterations in whole brain white matter integrity. AAD and EEAA were not associated with cognitive function within the PHIV + group. Measures of epigenetic ageing, as detected in DNA methylation patterns, remain increased in PHIV + adolescents across a 36-month period. Associations between epigenetic ageing measures, viral biomarkers, and alterations in brain micro- and macrostructure also persist at 36-month follow-up. Further study should determine if epigenetic age acceleration is associated with cognitive functional changes due to brain alterations in later life.
{"title":"Persistent accelerated epigenetic ageing in a longitudinal cohort of vertically infected HIV-positive adolescents.","authors":"Sarah J Heany, Andrew J Levine, Maia Lesosky, Nicole Phillips, Jean-Paul Fouche, Landon Myer, Heather J Zar, Dan J Stein, Steve Horvath, Jacqueline Hoare","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01130-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-023-01130-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have previously shown accelerated ageing in adolescents perinatally infected with HIV (PHIV +), based on discrepancies between epigenetic and chronological age. The current study examines follow-up longitudinal patterns of epigenetic ageing and the association of epigenetic ageing with cognition as well as whole brain structure changes in PHIV + and healthy controls enrolled in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort Study (CTAAC). The Illumina EPIC array was used to generate blood DNA methylation data from 60 PHIV + adolescents and 36 age-matched controls aged 9-12 years old at baseline and again at a 36-month follow-up. Epigenetic clock software estimated two measures of epigenetic age acceleration: extrinsic epigenetic accelerated ageing (EEAA) and age acceleration difference (AAD) at both time points. At follow-up, each participant completed neuropsychological testing, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging. At follow-up, PHIV infection remains associated with increased EEAA and AAD. Accelerated epigenetic ageing remained positively associated with viral load and negatively associated with CD4 ratio. EEAA was positively associated with whole brain grey matter volume and alterations in whole brain white matter integrity. AAD and EEAA were not associated with cognitive function within the PHIV + group. Measures of epigenetic ageing, as detected in DNA methylation patterns, remain increased in PHIV + adolescents across a 36-month period. Associations between epigenetic ageing measures, viral biomarkers, and alterations in brain micro- and macrostructure also persist at 36-month follow-up. Further study should determine if epigenetic age acceleration is associated with cognitive functional changes due to brain alterations in later life.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10404174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10363226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01Epub Date: 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01100-4
Kareem Al-Khalil, Sheri L Towe, Taylor P Ikner, Christina S Meade
Persons with HIV (PWH) who use illicit drugs are at elevated risk for neurocognitive impairment (NCI). This study investigated the effects of HIV disease and HIV viremia on NCI among adults who use cocaine. PWH who were not virologically suppressed showed greater global deficits compared to participants with HIV viral suppression and HIV-negative participants, but no differences emerged between the latter two groups. These findings highlight the adverse effects of poorly controlled HIV disease on NCI, beyond the independent effects of cocaine on cognition, and underscore the importance of strengthening the HIV care continuum for persons who use cocaine.
{"title":"HIV viremia contributes to neurocognitive impairments in persons who use cocaine.","authors":"Kareem Al-Khalil, Sheri L Towe, Taylor P Ikner, Christina S Meade","doi":"10.1007/s13365-022-01100-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-022-01100-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persons with HIV (PWH) who use illicit drugs are at elevated risk for neurocognitive impairment (NCI). This study investigated the effects of HIV disease and HIV viremia on NCI among adults who use cocaine. PWH who were not virologically suppressed showed greater global deficits compared to participants with HIV viral suppression and HIV-negative participants, but no differences emerged between the latter two groups. These findings highlight the adverse effects of poorly controlled HIV disease on NCI, beyond the independent effects of cocaine on cognition, and underscore the importance of strengthening the HIV care continuum for persons who use cocaine.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11060036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10362646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01143-1
Juan Gonzalez, Neil Patel, Raymond L Ownby
A substantial number of individuals who experience COVID-19 infection experience prolonged physical and mental symptoms after resolution of their initial infection, and among them, many individuals experience cognitive difficulties including memory lapses and executive function difficulties, often referred to as "brain fog." The possible impact of COVID-19 infection on cognition in persons with HIV-related cognitive disorders is unknown. In this report, we describe post-COVID-19 cognitive and driving function in a 62-year-old man with HIV infection since the early 1990s.
{"title":"Cognitive function and impact on driving after SARS-COV-2 infection in a man with long-standing HIV infection: a case report.","authors":"Juan Gonzalez, Neil Patel, Raymond L Ownby","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01143-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-023-01143-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A substantial number of individuals who experience COVID-19 infection experience prolonged physical and mental symptoms after resolution of their initial infection, and among them, many individuals experience cognitive difficulties including memory lapses and executive function difficulties, often referred to as \"brain fog.\" The possible impact of COVID-19 infection on cognition in persons with HIV-related cognitive disorders is unknown. In this report, we describe post-COVID-19 cognitive and driving function in a 62-year-old man with HIV infection since the early 1990s.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10169180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10363221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01Epub Date: 2023-05-16DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01126-2
Caitlin Tice, Huaqing Zhao, Dianne Langford
Neurocognitive impairments are more frequent in people with HIV (PWH) compared to their uninfected counterparts. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a spectrum disorder and up to 50% of PWH are reported to suffer from HAND. Altered waste clearance from the brain, chronic neuroinflammation and impaired metabolic processes may contribute to abnormal aging in PWH and are more common among those who suffer from HAND. Thus, it is important to identify earlier predictors for development of HAND. A key contributor to cognitive impairment in HIV and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is formation and accumulation of aberrant proteins including hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). Previous data from AD and traumatic brain injury studies report that impaired waste clearance from the brain contributes in part to cognitive impairments. Evidence suggests that the aquaporin 4 (aqp4) gene may have an important role in waste clearance from the brain as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in aqp4 have been reported to associate with changes in cognitive decline in AD patients. Given some similarities between HAND and AD, we assessed potential associations of several aqp4 SNPS with cognitive impairment in PWH. Our data show that homozygous carriers of the minor allele in SNPs rs3875089 and rs3763040 had significantly lower neuropsychological test Z-scores in multiple domains compared to the other genotypes. Interestingly, this decrease in Z-scores was only observed in PWH and not in HIV-control participants. Conversely, homozygosity of the minor allele of rs335929 associated with better executive function in PWH. Based on these data, tracking large cohorts of PWH to determine if the presence of these SNPs associate with cognitive changes during disease progression is of interest. Furthermore, screening PWH for SNPs that may be associated with cognitive impairment risk after diagnosis could be considered in alignment with traditional treatment plans to potentially work on skills in areas shown to have cognitive decline with these SNPs present.
艾滋病病毒感染者(PWH)与未感染者相比,神经认知障碍更为常见。艾滋病病毒相关神经认知障碍(HAND)是一种谱系障碍,据报道,多达 50% 的艾滋病病毒感染者患有 HAND。大脑废物清除功能的改变、慢性神经炎症和新陈代谢过程的受损可能会导致艾滋病病毒感染者的异常衰老,而且在 HAND 患者中更为常见。因此,尽早发现 HAND 发病的预测因素非常重要。导致艾滋病病毒和阿尔茨海默病(AD)认知障碍的一个关键因素是包括高磷酸化 Tau(pTau)在内的异常蛋白的形成和积累。先前的 AD 和脑外伤研究数据表明,脑内废物清除能力受损是造成认知障碍的部分原因。有证据表明,aqp4 基因中的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与注意力缺失症患者认知能力下降的变化有关,因此aqp4 基因在清除大脑废物方面可能起着重要作用。鉴于手足口病和注意力缺失症之间的一些相似之处,我们评估了几种 aqp4 SNPS 与手足口病认知障碍的潜在关联。我们的数据显示,与其他基因型相比,SNPs rs3875089 和 rs3763040 的小等位基因的同卵携带者在多个领域的神经心理测试 Z 分数明显较低。有趣的是,这种 Z 分数的降低仅在 PWH 患者中观察到,而在 HIV 对照参与者中没有观察到。相反,rs335929 的小等位基因的同型性与 PWH 患者较好的执行功能有关。基于这些数据,我们有兴趣对大规模的 PWH 群体进行追踪,以确定这些 SNP 的存在是否与疾病进展过程中的认知变化有关。此外,还可以考虑在传统治疗计划的基础上,对确诊后可能与认知障碍风险相关的 SNPs 进行筛查,以潜在地提高存在这些 SNPs 时认知能力下降领域的技能。
{"title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in aquaporin-4 associate with cognitive impairment status in people with HIV.","authors":"Caitlin Tice, Huaqing Zhao, Dianne Langford","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01126-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-023-01126-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurocognitive impairments are more frequent in people with HIV (PWH) compared to their uninfected counterparts. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a spectrum disorder and up to 50% of PWH are reported to suffer from HAND. Altered waste clearance from the brain, chronic neuroinflammation and impaired metabolic processes may contribute to abnormal aging in PWH and are more common among those who suffer from HAND. Thus, it is important to identify earlier predictors for development of HAND. A key contributor to cognitive impairment in HIV and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is formation and accumulation of aberrant proteins including hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). Previous data from AD and traumatic brain injury studies report that impaired waste clearance from the brain contributes in part to cognitive impairments. Evidence suggests that the aquaporin 4 (aqp4) gene may have an important role in waste clearance from the brain as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in aqp4 have been reported to associate with changes in cognitive decline in AD patients. Given some similarities between HAND and AD, we assessed potential associations of several aqp4 SNPS with cognitive impairment in PWH. Our data show that homozygous carriers of the minor allele in SNPs rs3875089 and rs3763040 had significantly lower neuropsychological test Z-scores in multiple domains compared to the other genotypes. Interestingly, this decrease in Z-scores was only observed in PWH and not in HIV-control participants. Conversely, homozygosity of the minor allele of rs335929 associated with better executive function in PWH. Based on these data, tracking large cohorts of PWH to determine if the presence of these SNPs associate with cognitive changes during disease progression is of interest. Furthermore, screening PWH for SNPs that may be associated with cognitive impairment risk after diagnosis could be considered in alignment with traditional treatment plans to potentially work on skills in areas shown to have cognitive decline with these SNPs present.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10010271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of brain opportunistic pathologies and survival in patients living with HIV from a Romanian tertiary center. A 15-year prospective observational study of brain opportunistic infections diagnosed in HIV-infected patients was performed at Victor Babes Hospital, Bucharest, between January 2006 and December 2021. Characteristics and survival were compared related to modes of HIV acquisition and type of opportunistic infection. A total of 320 patients were diagnosed with 342 brain opportunistic infections (incidence 9.79 per 1000 person-years), 60.2% males with median age at diagnosis of 31 years (IQR 25, 40). Median CD4 cell count and VL were 36/μL (IQR 14, 96) and 5.1 log10 copies/mL (IQR 4, 5.7) respectively. The routes of HIV acquisition were heterosexual (52.6%), parenteral route in early childhood (31.6%), injecting drug use (12.9%), men having sex with men (1.8%), and vertical (1.2%). The most common brain infections were progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (31.3%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (26.9%), tuberculous meningitis (19.3%), and cryptococcal meningitis (16.7%). Patients infected by parenteral mode in early childhood were younger at diagnosis of both opportunistic infection and HIV (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), developed more frequently PML (p < 0.001), and had the lowest early (p = 0.002) and late (p = 0.019) mortality rates. Risk factors for shorter survival were age > 30 years (p = 0.001), injecting drug use (p = 0.003), CD4 + < 100/μL (p = 0.007), and VL > 5 log10 copies/mL at diagnosis (p < 0.001). The incidence and mortality rate of brain opportunistic infections were high and did not decrease significantly during the study period, due to late presentation or non-adherence to ART.
{"title":"Brain opportunistic infections and tumors in people living with HIV - still a challenge in efficient antiretroviral therapy era.","authors":"Cristiana Oprea, Irina Ianache, Sorina Vasile, Cristiana Costescu, Gratiela Tardei, Maria Nica, Anya Umlauf, Cristian Achim","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01135-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-023-01135-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of brain opportunistic pathologies and survival in patients living with HIV from a Romanian tertiary center. A 15-year prospective observational study of brain opportunistic infections diagnosed in HIV-infected patients was performed at Victor Babes Hospital, Bucharest, between January 2006 and December 2021. Characteristics and survival were compared related to modes of HIV acquisition and type of opportunistic infection. A total of 320 patients were diagnosed with 342 brain opportunistic infections (incidence 9.79 per 1000 person-years), 60.2% males with median age at diagnosis of 31 years (IQR 25, 40). Median CD4 cell count and VL were 36/μL (IQR 14, 96) and 5.1 log<sub>10</sub> copies/mL (IQR 4, 5.7) respectively. The routes of HIV acquisition were heterosexual (52.6%), parenteral route in early childhood (31.6%), injecting drug use (12.9%), men having sex with men (1.8%), and vertical (1.2%). The most common brain infections were progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (31.3%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (26.9%), tuberculous meningitis (19.3%), and cryptococcal meningitis (16.7%). Patients infected by parenteral mode in early childhood were younger at diagnosis of both opportunistic infection and HIV (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), developed more frequently PML (p < 0.001), and had the lowest early (p = 0.002) and late (p = 0.019) mortality rates. Risk factors for shorter survival were age > 30 years (p = 0.001), injecting drug use (p = 0.003), CD4 + < 100/μL (p = 0.007), and VL > 5 log<sub>10</sub> copies/mL at diagnosis (p < 0.001). The incidence and mortality rate of brain opportunistic infections were high and did not decrease significantly during the study period, due to late presentation or non-adherence to ART.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10204662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10000902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01Epub Date: 2023-05-23DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01137-z
Sergio M de Almeida, Miriam Perlingeiro Beltrame, Bin Tang, Indianara Rotta, Ian Abramson, Florin Vaida, Rachel Schrier, Ronald J Ellis
CD14++CD16+ monocytes are susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and cross the blood-brain barrier. HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) shows reduced Tat protein chemoattractant activity compared to HIV-1B, which might influence monocyte trafficking into the CNS. We hypothesized that the proportion of monocytes in CSF in HIV-1C is lower than HIV-1B group. We sought to assess differences in monocyte proportions in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood (PB) between people with HIV (PWH) and without HIV (PWoH), and by HIV-1B and -C subtypes. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry, monocytes were analyzed within CD45 + and CD64 + gated regions and classified in classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and non-classical (CD14lowCD16+). Among PWH, the median [IQR] CD4 nadir was 219 [32-531] cell/mm3; plasma HIV RNA (log10) was 1.60 [1.60-3.21], and 68% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participants with HIV-1C and -B were comparable in terms of age, duration of infection, CD4 nadir, plasma HIV RNA, and ART. The proportion of CSF CD14++CD16+ monocytes was higher in participants with HIV-1C than those with HIV-1B [2.00(0.00-2.80) vs. 0.00(0.00-0.60) respectively, p = 0.03 after BH correction p = 0.10]. Despite viral suppression, the proportion of total monocytes in PB increased in PWH, due to the increase in CD14++CD16+ and CD14lowCD16+ monocytes. The HIV-1C Tat substitution (C30S31) did not interfere with the migration of CD14++CD16+ monocytes to the CNS. This is the first study to evaluate these monocytes in the CSF and PB and compare their proportions according to HIV subtype.
{"title":"Cerebrospinal fluid CD14<sup>++</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> monocytes in HIV-1 subtype C compared with subtype B.","authors":"Sergio M de Almeida, Miriam Perlingeiro Beltrame, Bin Tang, Indianara Rotta, Ian Abramson, Florin Vaida, Rachel Schrier, Ronald J Ellis","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01137-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-023-01137-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CD14<sup>++</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> monocytes are susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and cross the blood-brain barrier. HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) shows reduced Tat protein chemoattractant activity compared to HIV-1B, which might influence monocyte trafficking into the CNS. We hypothesized that the proportion of monocytes in CSF in HIV-1C is lower than HIV-1B group. We sought to assess differences in monocyte proportions in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood (PB) between people with HIV (PWH) and without HIV (PWoH), and by HIV-1B and -C subtypes. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry, monocytes were analyzed within CD45 + and CD64 + gated regions and classified in classical (CD14<sup>++</sup>CD16<sup>-</sup>), intermediate (CD14<sup>++</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup>), and non-classical (CD14<sup>low</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup>). Among PWH, the median [IQR] CD4 nadir was 219 [32-531] cell/mm<sup>3</sup>; plasma HIV RNA (log<sub>10</sub>) was 1.60 [1.60-3.21], and 68% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participants with HIV-1C and -B were comparable in terms of age, duration of infection, CD4 nadir, plasma HIV RNA, and ART. The proportion of CSF CD14<sup>++</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> monocytes was higher in participants with HIV-1C than those with HIV-1B [2.00(0.00-2.80) vs. 0.00(0.00-0.60) respectively, p = 0.03 after BH correction p = 0.10]. Despite viral suppression, the proportion of total monocytes in PB increased in PWH, due to the increase in CD14<sup>++</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> and CD14<sup>low</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> monocytes. The HIV-1C Tat substitution (C30S31) did not interfere with the migration of CD14<sup>++</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> monocytes to the CNS. This is the first study to evaluate these monocytes in the CSF and PB and compare their proportions according to HIV subtype.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10769008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10000904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01Epub Date: 2023-05-29DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01138-y
Arti Vashist, Andrea D Raymond, Prem Chapagain, Atul Vashist, Adriana Yndart Arias, Nagesh Kolishetti, Madhavan Nair
Here in the present article, the state of art for nanotechnology-enabled nanogel theranostics and the upcoming concepts in nanogel-based therapeutics are summarized. The benefits, innovation, and prospects of nanogel technology are also briefly presented.
{"title":"Multi-functional auto-fluorescent nanogels for theranostics.","authors":"Arti Vashist, Andrea D Raymond, Prem Chapagain, Atul Vashist, Adriana Yndart Arias, Nagesh Kolishetti, Madhavan Nair","doi":"10.1007/s13365-023-01138-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-023-01138-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here in the present article, the state of art for nanotechnology-enabled nanogel theranostics and the upcoming concepts in nanogel-based therapeutics are summarized. The benefits, innovation, and prospects of nanogel technology are also briefly presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10404193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10007643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}