This study investigates the impact of Proposition 47 on driving under influence (DUI) related to drugs within Los Angeles. Results of interrupted time series analysis as well as event study and difference-in-difference analyses indicate a short-term increase in DUI related to drugs to be an unintended consequence of this proposition. In the longer term, there appears to be a declining trend in DUI related to drugs, however, it does not go back to levels that existed prior to the enactment of the proposition. The absence of such trends for DUI related to alcohol corroborate the results.
{"title":"Unintended Consequence of Proposition 47 on DUI - Evidence from Los Angeles","authors":"D. Hazra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3930272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3930272","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of Proposition 47 on driving under influence (DUI) related to drugs within Los Angeles. Results of interrupted time series analysis as well as event study and difference-in-difference analyses indicate a short-term increase in DUI related to drugs to be an unintended consequence of this proposition. In the longer term, there appears to be a declining trend in DUI related to drugs, however, it does not go back to levels that existed prior to the enactment of the proposition. The absence of such trends for DUI related to alcohol corroborate the results.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125212127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Decomposition Framework for Growth Accounting","authors":"Xiaodong Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3837845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3837845","url":null,"abstract":"New decomposition framework for growth.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"48 20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124784194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. P. Francisco, J. P. Flaminiano, Joshua Uel Abad, J. G. Santamaria
Do burdensome regulatory environments inhibit firm growth? In this paper, we analyzed the effects of regulatory compliance in terms of time and money costs on the probability that a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) can grow. We also tested whether the relationship between regulatory compliance and firm growth is affected by firm age. Using a sample of 590 SMEs in Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, and Metro Davao in the Philippines, we found that while additional time spent on regulatory compliance decreased the probability of growth among SMEs in general, additional monetary costs in proportion to total business costs spent on regulatory compliance decreased the probability of growth among younger firms with less than five years of operations. Additionally, SMEs that were more familiar with new developments in the regulatory environment and were able to take advantage of recent technological improvements in regulatory procedures were more likely to have grown than those that were not able to take advantage of such. Our findings suggest that the government must continue to work towards easing the burden of regulation on firms, especially younger, smaller businesses whose potential as engines of economic growth and job creation is undermined by time and money costs of compliance.
{"title":"Do Regulatory Compliance Costs Hinder Growth among Small and Medium Enterprises in the Philippines?","authors":"J. P. Francisco, J. P. Flaminiano, Joshua Uel Abad, J. G. Santamaria","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3607837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607837","url":null,"abstract":"Do burdensome regulatory environments inhibit firm growth? In this paper, we analyzed the effects of regulatory compliance in terms of time and money costs on the probability that a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) can grow. We also tested whether the relationship between regulatory compliance and firm growth is affected by firm age. Using a sample of 590 SMEs in Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, and Metro Davao in the Philippines, we found that while additional time spent on regulatory compliance decreased the probability of growth among SMEs in general, additional monetary costs in proportion to total business costs spent on regulatory compliance decreased the probability of growth among younger firms with less than five years of operations. Additionally, SMEs that were more familiar with new developments in the regulatory environment and were able to take advantage of recent technological improvements in regulatory procedures were more likely to have grown than those that were not able to take advantage of such. Our findings suggest that the government must continue to work towards easing the burden of regulation on firms, especially younger, smaller businesses whose potential as engines of economic growth and job creation is undermined by time and money costs of compliance.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126749543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using linked individual data on concealed handgun permits (CHP), reported crimes and arrests, I examine the dynamics of gun-ownership, victimization and neighborhood crime. I estimate the impact of guns on crime through a shift-share instrument based on spikes in gun sales after high-profile events that impact beliefs about future gun rights and existing variation in a neighborhood's share of likely future gun-owners (republicans). Results show a 5.9% increase in neighborhood crime for each additional CHP issued with gun-related crimes suggesting a role for guns stolen and moved to the illegal gun market, and increased use of guns for violent crimes.
{"title":"Smoking Gun? Linking Gun Ownership to Neighborhood Crime","authors":"Stephen B. Billings","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3588439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588439","url":null,"abstract":"Using linked individual data on concealed handgun permits (CHP), reported crimes and arrests, I examine the dynamics of gun-ownership, victimization and neighborhood crime. I estimate the impact of guns on crime through a shift-share instrument based on spikes in gun sales after high-profile events that impact beliefs about future gun rights and existing variation in a neighborhood's share of likely future gun-owners (republicans). Results show a 5.9% increase in neighborhood crime for each additional CHP issued with gun-related crimes suggesting a role for guns stolen and moved to the illegal gun market, and increased use of guns for violent crimes.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123804371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Canavire-Bacarreza, J. Martínez-Vázquez, Bauyrzhan Yedgenov
This paper revisits the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth by addressing the endogeneity issue stemming from reverse causality and unobserved factors that has plagued the extensive previous literature on this subject. In our approach, we use the Geographic Fragmentation Index (GFI) and country size as instrumental variables, which we argue are strong and consistent instruments for fiscal decentralization. Empirically, we find that indeed both instruments are strong and valid in the first stage of estimation and that on average, a 10-percent increase in subnational expenditure or revenue shares—the conventional measures of decentralization—will increase GDP per capita growth by approximately 0.4 percentage points; however, the results differ for developed versus developing countries.
{"title":"Identifying and Disentangling the Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth","authors":"G. Canavire-Bacarreza, J. Martínez-Vázquez, Bauyrzhan Yedgenov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3475628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3475628","url":null,"abstract":"This paper revisits the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth by addressing the endogeneity issue stemming from reverse causality and unobserved factors that has plagued the extensive previous literature on this subject. In our approach, we use the Geographic Fragmentation Index (GFI) and country size as instrumental variables, which we argue are strong and consistent instruments for fiscal decentralization. Empirically, we find that indeed both instruments are strong and valid in the first stage of estimation and that on average, a 10-percent increase in subnational expenditure or revenue shares—the conventional measures of decentralization—will increase GDP per capita growth by approximately 0.4 percentage points; however, the results differ for developed versus developing countries.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122807329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We use retail scanner data on purchases of high calorie food to study the link between recreational marijuana laws (RMLs) and consumption of high calorie food. To do this we exploit differences in the timing of introduction of marijuana laws among states and find that they are complements. Specifically, in counties located in RML states monthly sales of high calorie food increased by 3.1 percent for ice cream, 4.1 for cookies, and 5.3 percent for chips.
{"title":"Recreational Marijuana Laws and Junk Food Consumption: Evidence Using Border Analysis and Retail Sales Data","authors":"Michele Baggio, Alberto Chong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3328613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3328613","url":null,"abstract":"We use retail scanner data on purchases of high calorie food to study the link between recreational marijuana laws (RMLs) and consumption of high calorie food. To do this we exploit differences in the timing of introduction of marijuana laws among states and find that they are complements. Specifically, in counties located in RML states monthly sales of high calorie food increased by 3.1 percent for ice cream, 4.1 for cookies, and 5.3 percent for chips.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114120404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China has been carrying out significant fiscal reforms on intergovernmental fiscal relations for over three decades. However, these reforms have largely concentrated on the revenue side of the budget, and generally have not been coordinated with an explicit strategy for the reform of functional expenditure assignments. Currently, there is large consensus that the weaknesses with the current assignment of expenditure responsibilities have become one of the most serious ob-structions---if not the most serious---to the further improvement of China fiscal system. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the actual practice with expenditure assignment among different levels of government in China over the past decades. We highlight the most im-portant issues surrounding the current system qualitatively and quantitatively, and provide a road map and practical recommendations for its future reform.
{"title":"Frozen in Time: The Much Needed Reform of Expenditures Assignments in China","authors":"J. Martínez-Vázquez, Yongzheng Liu, Baoyun Qiao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2734319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2734319","url":null,"abstract":"China has been carrying out significant fiscal reforms on intergovernmental fiscal relations for over three decades. However, these reforms have largely concentrated on the revenue side of the budget, and generally have not been coordinated with an explicit strategy for the reform of functional expenditure assignments. Currently, there is large consensus that the weaknesses with the current assignment of expenditure responsibilities have become one of the most serious ob-structions---if not the most serious---to the further improvement of China fiscal system. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the actual practice with expenditure assignment among different levels of government in China over the past decades. We highlight the most im-portant issues surrounding the current system qualitatively and quantitatively, and provide a road map and practical recommendations for its future reform.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"2006 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128684564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economists and sociologists have proposed arguments for why there can exist wage penalties for work involving helping and caring for others, penalties borne disproportionately by women. Evidence on wage penalties is neither abundant nor compelling. We examine wage differentials associated with caring jobs using multiple years of Current Population Survey (CPS) earnings files matched to O*NET job descriptors that provide continuous measures of 'assisting and caring' and 'concern' for others across all occupations. This approach differs from prior studies that assume occupations either do or do not require a high level of caring. Cross-section and longitudinal analyses are used to examine wage differences associated with the level of caring, conditioned on worker, location, and job attributes. Wage level estimates suggest substantive caring penalties, particularly among men. Longitudinal estimates based on wage changes among job switchers indicate smaller wage penalties, our preferred estimate being a 2 percent wage penalty resulting from a one standard deviation increase in our caring index. We find little difference in caring wage gaps across the earnings distribution. Measuring mean levels of caring across the U.S. labor market over nearly thirty years, we find a steady upward trend, but overall changes are small and there is no evidence of convergence between women and men.
{"title":"Who Cares - And Does It Matter? Measuring Wage Penalties for Caring Work","authors":"B. Hirsch, Julia Manzella","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2550448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2550448","url":null,"abstract":"Economists and sociologists have proposed arguments for why there can exist wage penalties for work involving helping and caring for others, penalties borne disproportionately by women. Evidence on wage penalties is neither abundant nor compelling. We examine wage differentials associated with caring jobs using multiple years of Current Population Survey (CPS) earnings files matched to O*NET job descriptors that provide continuous measures of 'assisting and caring' and 'concern' for others across all occupations. This approach differs from prior studies that assume occupations either do or do not require a high level of caring. Cross-section and longitudinal analyses are used to examine wage differences associated with the level of caring, conditioned on worker, location, and job attributes. Wage level estimates suggest substantive caring penalties, particularly among men. Longitudinal estimates based on wage changes among job switchers indicate smaller wage penalties, our preferred estimate being a 2 percent wage penalty resulting from a one standard deviation increase in our caring index. We find little difference in caring wage gaps across the earnings distribution. Measuring mean levels of caring across the U.S. labor market over nearly thirty years, we find a steady upward trend, but overall changes are small and there is no evidence of convergence between women and men.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"509 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115893384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I make a connection between a Kantian equilibrium for a game as introduced in Roemer (2010) and a conjectural variation equilibrium as discussed in the literature on oligopolistic competition. I show that, for the class of games studied by Roemer (2010), any Kantian equilibrium is an appropriate conjectural variation equilibrium.
{"title":"On Kantian Equilibrium and Conjectural Variation Equilibrium","authors":"Yongsheng Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2348269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2348269","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I make a connection between a Kantian equilibrium for a game as introduced in Roemer (2010) and a conjectural variation equilibrium as discussed in the literature on oligopolistic competition. I show that, for the class of games studied by Roemer (2010), any Kantian equilibrium is an appropriate conjectural variation equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122395088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we revisit the theory of property tax incidence in light of the conditions in developing and transition countries by modifying the property tax incidence model to account for at least some of the specific conditions of these countries that are thought to affect property tax incidence. We develop and use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and test the impact of various assumptions regarding those specific issues that reflect the reality of property taxes in transition and developing countries. Our results indicate that the burden of property taxes imposed on capital and land is borne by the capitalists (owners of land and capital.) The property tax burden is progressive with the middle income and wealthy consumers bearing a heavier burden compared to the poor consumers. Further, the incidence patterns are largely unaffected by the different assumptions regarding the intranational and international mobility of capital. These findings are robust to alternative distributions of consumer incomes or factor endowments and factor intensities.
{"title":"Incidence and Economic Impacts of Property Taxes in Developing and Transitional Countries","authors":"E. Sennoga, D. Sjoquist, S. Wallace","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1028327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1028327","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we revisit the theory of property tax incidence in light of the conditions in developing and transition countries by modifying the property tax incidence model to account for at least some of the specific conditions of these countries that are thought to affect property tax incidence. We develop and use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and test the impact of various assumptions regarding those specific issues that reflect the reality of property taxes in transition and developing countries. Our results indicate that the burden of property taxes imposed on capital and land is borne by the capitalists (owners of land and capital.) The property tax burden is progressive with the middle income and wealthy consumers bearing a heavier burden compared to the poor consumers. Further, the incidence patterns are largely unaffected by the different assumptions regarding the intranational and international mobility of capital. These findings are robust to alternative distributions of consumer incomes or factor endowments and factor intensities.","PeriodicalId":166719,"journal":{"name":"Andrew Young: Department of Economics (Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122671269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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