A method is presented for calculating the probability that an old or lost track is from the same target as a newly formed track and for using that probability to decide if any old track went to a new track or is no longer being tracked. Different a priori models for maneuvers are examined to determine their importance in the decision process. Simulation results are presented.<>
{"title":"Fusion of broken tracks in a multitarget environment","authors":"J. A. Roecker, C. McGillem","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47622","url":null,"abstract":"A method is presented for calculating the probability that an old or lost track is from the same target as a newly formed track and for using that probability to decide if any old track went to a new track or is no longer being tracked. Different a priori models for maneuvers are examined to determine their importance in the decision process. Simulation results are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132311730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors propose a generalized censored mean level detector (GCMLD) that determines the number of interfering targets and censors their corresponding samples. The GCMLD does not require any prior knowledge about the number of interfering targets and achieves robust performance. The authors also derive exact expressions for the probability of censoring the interfering targets and the overall probability of detection of the proposed detector. The GCMLD and a recently proposed CFAR (constant false-alarm rate) detector (B. Barboy, et al., 1986) are compared. The GCMLD is shown to be more robust in the presence of both weak and strong interfering targets. It also maintains its robustness even when the number of range cells is small, unlike the other CFAR detector.<>
{"title":"A robust radar CFAR detector for multiple target situations","authors":"S. D. Himonas, M. Barkat","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47621","url":null,"abstract":"The authors propose a generalized censored mean level detector (GCMLD) that determines the number of interfering targets and censors their corresponding samples. The GCMLD does not require any prior knowledge about the number of interfering targets and achieves robust performance. The authors also derive exact expressions for the probability of censoring the interfering targets and the overall probability of detection of the proposed detector. The GCMLD and a recently proposed CFAR (constant false-alarm rate) detector (B. Barboy, et al., 1986) are compared. The GCMLD is shown to be more robust in the presence of both weak and strong interfering targets. It also maintains its robustness even when the number of range cells is small, unlike the other CFAR detector.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121605666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After examining current terrain following radars (TFRs) as well as factors forcing change in TFR systems, the author describes the projected characteristics of future TFRs. He predicts that future TFRs will be multipurpose and short-range systems, transmit low-power pulses and a complex waveform, have an electronically scanned antenna and an irregular scan pattern, operate intermittently, and process large amounts of data. Each of these features is examined.<>
{"title":"Future terrain following radars","authors":"C.W. Chapoton","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47609","url":null,"abstract":"After examining current terrain following radars (TFRs) as well as factors forcing change in TFR systems, the author describes the projected characteristics of future TFRs. He predicts that future TFRs will be multipurpose and short-range systems, transmit low-power pulses and a complex waveform, have an electronically scanned antenna and an irregular scan pattern, operate intermittently, and process large amounts of data. Each of these features is examined.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120841825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author analyzes the effect of interchannel mismatch on adaptive array interference cancellation for an arbitrary number of channels and arbitrary bandwidth waveforms for a partially adaptive array used in a multiple sidelobe canceller (MSLC). A general equation giving the residue power as a function of the interchannel mismatch, the radar bandwidth, and the array parameters is derived. To aid in clarifying the dependence of cancellation on interchannel errors, a Taylor series expansion is obtained. It shows that the ratio of adapted power to the unadapted main power is greater than 1- mu (where mu is the average interchannel mismatch correlation coefficient) for all interferer locations and power levels and any number of auxiliary antennas. The special, simple-geometry case of narrowband orthogonal direction vectors is evaluated. For this case, the ratio of adapted to unadapted power is approximately equal to (1- mu )(1+K/N) for K interferers and N auxiliary antennas.<>
{"title":"Effect of interchannel mismatches upon adaptive array cancellation","authors":"R. Nitzberg","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47627","url":null,"abstract":"The author analyzes the effect of interchannel mismatch on adaptive array interference cancellation for an arbitrary number of channels and arbitrary bandwidth waveforms for a partially adaptive array used in a multiple sidelobe canceller (MSLC). A general equation giving the residue power as a function of the interchannel mismatch, the radar bandwidth, and the array parameters is derived. To aid in clarifying the dependence of cancellation on interchannel errors, a Taylor series expansion is obtained. It shows that the ratio of adapted power to the unadapted main power is greater than 1- mu (where mu is the average interchannel mismatch correlation coefficient) for all interferer locations and power levels and any number of auxiliary antennas. The special, simple-geometry case of narrowband orthogonal direction vectors is evaluated. For this case, the ratio of adapted to unadapted power is approximately equal to (1- mu )(1+K/N) for K interferers and N auxiliary antennas.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115289122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The key features of the multirole survivable radar (MRSR) are discussed. The importance of survivability on the battlefield against antiradiation missiles (ARMs) and other targeting systems is addressed. The benefits of a single vehicle encompassing both the radar and C/sup 2/I node are examined. The system achieves: superior performance against a low-radar-cross-section target; survivability by using mobility, armor, and crew protection in the NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) environment; multirole adaptability to different mission requirements; growth potential for the future integration of multisensors and command and control; and invulnerability to the ARM. The MRSR is designed to meet the US Army requirement for a sensor tough enough to survive on the modern battlefield.<>
{"title":"Multirole survivable radar-balancing threats and technology","authors":"G.G. Hays, K. L. Pearson","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47608","url":null,"abstract":"The key features of the multirole survivable radar (MRSR) are discussed. The importance of survivability on the battlefield against antiradiation missiles (ARMs) and other targeting systems is addressed. The benefits of a single vehicle encompassing both the radar and C/sup 2/I node are examined. The system achieves: superior performance against a low-radar-cross-section target; survivability by using mobility, armor, and crew protection in the NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) environment; multirole adaptability to different mission requirements; growth potential for the future integration of multisensors and command and control; and invulnerability to the ARM. The MRSR is designed to meet the US Army requirement for a sensor tough enough to survive on the modern battlefield.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127834225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interferometer effects that result from combining SLB (sidelobe blanker) and SLC (sidelobe canceller) auxiliary antennas threaten the compatibility of the two functions within a single radar system. An investigation of techniques to reduce or eliminate these effects is presented. Descriptions are presented of the simulation models (which consisted of planar arrays and cylindrical arrays), analytical approach, and results of the study. The results from early tests of two techniques-namely aperture switching and jammer assignment or beam switching of steerable auxiliaries on a pulse-to-pulse basis during the duration of a pulse burst-unmistakably indicate that the interference effects can be reduced.<>
{"title":"Reducing the interference between sidelobe cancellers and sidelobe blankers in electronic scanning array radars","authors":"J. Chin, P. M. Liebman, J. E. Fleming","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47631","url":null,"abstract":"The interferometer effects that result from combining SLB (sidelobe blanker) and SLC (sidelobe canceller) auxiliary antennas threaten the compatibility of the two functions within a single radar system. An investigation of techniques to reduce or eliminate these effects is presented. Descriptions are presented of the simulation models (which consisted of planar arrays and cylindrical arrays), analytical approach, and results of the study. The results from early tests of two techniques-namely aperture switching and jammer assignment or beam switching of steerable auxiliaries on a pulse-to-pulse basis during the duration of a pulse burst-unmistakably indicate that the interference effects can be reduced.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116147037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors analyze both conventional and long-term integration performance in sea clutter using the spatial variation clutter model, taking into account applicable effects of partial overlapping due to integration along multiple paths. It is demonstrated that conventional integration performance is greatly diminished in spatially varying clutter because of lack of ability to perform spatial smoothing. It is also demonstrated that long-term integration across resolvable areas provides for spatial smoothing, significantly enhancing detection performance. Finally, it is shown that for a shipboard radar against sea-skimming missiles, long-term integration provides around 10-dB increase in detection sensitivity over conventional cumulative detection, allowing detection of -30 dBsm sea-skimmers with 90% probability at 10 km range in sea state 4.<>
{"title":"Long term noncoherent integration across resolvable sea clutter areas","authors":"H. Urkowitz, M. R. Allen","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47617","url":null,"abstract":"The authors analyze both conventional and long-term integration performance in sea clutter using the spatial variation clutter model, taking into account applicable effects of partial overlapping due to integration along multiple paths. It is demonstrated that conventional integration performance is greatly diminished in spatially varying clutter because of lack of ability to perform spatial smoothing. It is also demonstrated that long-term integration across resolvable areas provides for spatial smoothing, significantly enhancing detection performance. Finally, it is shown that for a shipboard radar against sea-skimming missiles, long-term integration provides around 10-dB increase in detection sensitivity over conventional cumulative detection, allowing detection of -30 dBsm sea-skimmers with 90% probability at 10 km range in sea state 4.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130903743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the 1988 Iran/Iraq conflict, long-range radars located on ships were used for surveillance of the Persian Gulf. During periods of ducting, their surveillance of the horizon indicated large increases in sea clutter, which occurred far past the normal line-of-sight horizon and at an amplitude level that exceeded the predicted propagation conditions. An explanation based on ray theory is provided for the excess sea clutter. It is shown that an increase in the amount of radar signal scattered by the ocean waves is due to the existence of an evaporation duct and that the propagation range of the sea clutter is increased due to the presence of a surface-based duct. This explanation and certain aspects of the measured data are used to predict the expected sea clutter in a ducting environment and to confirm the theory.<>
{"title":"Effects of ducting on radar operation in the Persian Gulf","authors":"W. Devereux, J. Van Egmond","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47637","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1988 Iran/Iraq conflict, long-range radars located on ships were used for surveillance of the Persian Gulf. During periods of ducting, their surveillance of the horizon indicated large increases in sea clutter, which occurred far past the normal line-of-sight horizon and at an amplitude level that exceeded the predicted propagation conditions. An explanation based on ray theory is provided for the excess sea clutter. It is shown that an increase in the amount of radar signal scattered by the ocean waves is due to the existence of an evaporation duct and that the propagation range of the sea clutter is increased due to the presence of a surface-based duct. This explanation and certain aspects of the measured data are used to predict the expected sea clutter in a ducting environment and to confirm the theory.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132623248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An adaptive attitude extrapolator is described for the precise control of an airborne radar antenna. The extrapolator is an optimum design that provides extrapolation output with minimal mean-square angular prediction error. The effects of INS (inertial navigation system) attitude measurement noise, aircraft maneuver, and environmental gust condition are automatically taken into account. Because the extrapolation filter coefficients are computed on the basis of a real-time estimate of the aircraft attitude motion autocorrelation lags, it is capable of adapting to the varying operating conditions. Analysis and simulation results show a significantly lower antenna pointing error with the use of the adaptive extrapolator than with the conventional deterministic attitude extrapolator. The adaptive extrapolator is applicable to airborne phase-array radar systems making monopulse angular measurements for which the precise pointing of the radar antenna is crucial.<>
{"title":"Adaptive optimum attitude extrapolation for precise antenna pointing control","authors":"H. Lee","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47610","url":null,"abstract":"An adaptive attitude extrapolator is described for the precise control of an airborne radar antenna. The extrapolator is an optimum design that provides extrapolation output with minimal mean-square angular prediction error. The effects of INS (inertial navigation system) attitude measurement noise, aircraft maneuver, and environmental gust condition are automatically taken into account. Because the extrapolation filter coefficients are computed on the basis of a real-time estimate of the aircraft attitude motion autocorrelation lags, it is capable of adapting to the varying operating conditions. Analysis and simulation results show a significantly lower antenna pointing error with the use of the adaptive extrapolator than with the conventional deterministic attitude extrapolator. The adaptive extrapolator is applicable to airborne phase-array radar systems making monopulse angular measurements for which the precise pointing of the radar antenna is crucial.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132832269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radar-signal variability was investigated as a function of the size of the resolution cell from 25 m*25 m to 6400 m*6400 m, using L-band data from the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B). Scenes treated were from Illinois farmland, Amazon rain forest, and Japanese mountains. Fading ranges (5% to 95%), means, and medians were determined for each SIR-B scene and for composites of each area and of the entire set. It is shown that L-band radar signals from the ground vary over a 9-10-dB range at 25-m resolution, but that the variation is reduced to about 2 dB for 6.4-km footprints. For the homogeneous Amazon rain forest the variation is somewhat less than average, and for a combination of mountains, farmland, and cities in Japan it is slightly more than average. This information should be useful to radar designers in determining required system dynamic range and the range of clutter that must be discriminated against.<>
{"title":"L-band radar fading statistics vs. resolution","authors":"R.K. Moore, M. Hemmat","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47636","url":null,"abstract":"Radar-signal variability was investigated as a function of the size of the resolution cell from 25 m*25 m to 6400 m*6400 m, using L-band data from the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B). Scenes treated were from Illinois farmland, Amazon rain forest, and Japanese mountains. Fading ranges (5% to 95%), means, and medians were determined for each SIR-B scene and for composites of each area and of the entire set. It is shown that L-band radar signals from the ground vary over a 9-10-dB range at 25-m resolution, but that the variation is reduced to about 2 dB for 6.4-km footprints. For the homogeneous Amazon rain forest the variation is somewhat less than average, and for a combination of mountains, farmland, and cities in Japan it is slightly more than average. This information should be useful to radar designers in determining required system dynamic range and the range of clutter that must be discriminated against.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127065265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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