In order to evaluate A/D (analog/digital) converter effects on airborne radar performance, a polynomial A/D converter model based on measured harmonic levels of a 14-bit A/D converter has been developed. The model has been validated by comparing the measured spurious-free dynamic range of the A/D converter at different amplitude levels and frequencies with the simulated data from the model. The comparison shows that the model captures the roll-off in spurious-free dynamic range due to increasing input frequency and causes small ripples across frequency and input power levels. The model has been included in an airborne radar simulation to evaluate the effect of internal noise and nonlinearities of the A/D converter on the radar performance. It is concluded from 50 Monte Carlo simulation runs for two cases-ideal A/D converter and A/D converter with nonlinearities-that the number of false alarms and subclutter visibility are not significantly degraded by nonlinearities for this 14-bit A/D converter for the case of mainbeam land clutter at broadside.<>
{"title":"Analog-to-digital converter effects on airborne radar performance","authors":"B. Babu, C. Sorrentino","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47615","url":null,"abstract":"In order to evaluate A/D (analog/digital) converter effects on airborne radar performance, a polynomial A/D converter model based on measured harmonic levels of a 14-bit A/D converter has been developed. The model has been validated by comparing the measured spurious-free dynamic range of the A/D converter at different amplitude levels and frequencies with the simulated data from the model. The comparison shows that the model captures the roll-off in spurious-free dynamic range due to increasing input frequency and causes small ripples across frequency and input power levels. The model has been included in an airborne radar simulation to evaluate the effect of internal noise and nonlinearities of the A/D converter on the radar performance. It is concluded from 50 Monte Carlo simulation runs for two cases-ideal A/D converter and A/D converter with nonlinearities-that the number of false alarms and subclutter visibility are not significantly degraded by nonlinearities for this 14-bit A/D converter for the case of mainbeam land clutter at broadside.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132430266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors developed an inexpensive FM radar for polarimetric scattering measurements., The system was designed for collecting polarimetric data at 5.3 and 10 GHz over incidence angles from 0 degrees to 60 degrees . The unique features of the system include fine range resolution, phase stabilization, and linearization of the RF oscillator and digital signal processing capability. The system is used for collecting polarimetric scattering data from artificial sea ice at the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, New Hampshire. The authors discuss the design, construction, and performance of the polarimetric radar and present results from the CRREL experiments.<>
{"title":"An inexpensive polarimetric FM radar and polarimetric signatures of artificial sea ice","authors":"S. Gogineni, J. Bredow, R.K. Moore","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47639","url":null,"abstract":"The authors developed an inexpensive FM radar for polarimetric scattering measurements., The system was designed for collecting polarimetric data at 5.3 and 10 GHz over incidence angles from 0 degrees to 60 degrees . The unique features of the system include fine range resolution, phase stabilization, and linearization of the RF oscillator and digital signal processing capability. The system is used for collecting polarimetric scattering data from artificial sea ice at the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, New Hampshire. The authors discuss the design, construction, and performance of the polarimetric radar and present results from the CRREL experiments.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129722098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method is developed for estimating track quality for a multiple-target tracking radar, such as an electronically scanned array radar or track-while-scan system. It is assumed that tracking error residuals and error variance estimates are available, as is the case when minimum-variance track filters are used. A normalized distance function is selected as the direct measure of a target's instantaneous track quality. It is smoothed using a recursive fading memory filter to provide an estimate of track quality. A statistical hypothesis test is then applied to the track quality estimates to determine when target tracks have achieved a specified quality for the given application. This procedure can be implemented for each target in track, and it uses only data already required by the return-to-track association algorithms used by many multiple-target tracking radars. In addition, the technique is applicable to both active and passive radar operation, and it can easily be extended to incorporate alternate or additional quality criteria.<>
{"title":"Track quality estimation for multiple-target tracking radars","authors":"T. W. Jeffrey","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47619","url":null,"abstract":"A method is developed for estimating track quality for a multiple-target tracking radar, such as an electronically scanned array radar or track-while-scan system. It is assumed that tracking error residuals and error variance estimates are available, as is the case when minimum-variance track filters are used. A normalized distance function is selected as the direct measure of a target's instantaneous track quality. It is smoothed using a recursive fading memory filter to provide an estimate of track quality. A statistical hypothesis test is then applied to the track quality estimates to determine when target tracks have achieved a specified quality for the given application. This procedure can be implemented for each target in track, and it uses only data already required by the return-to-track association algorithms used by many multiple-target tracking radars. In addition, the technique is applicable to both active and passive radar operation, and it can easily be extended to incorporate alternate or additional quality criteria.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115840983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author discusses some possible solutions to ASEA (active electronically scanned array) diagnostics in the operational environment using built-in testing (BIT), which can play a key role in reducing life-cycle cost if accurately implemented. He notes that it is highly desirable to detect and correct in the operational environment all degradation that impairs mission performance. This degradation must be detected with low false alarm rate and the appropriate action initiated consistent with low life-cycle cost. Mutual coupling is considered as a BIT signal injection method and is shown to have potential. However, the limits of the diagnostic capability using this method clearly depend on its stability and on the level of multipath for a specific application. BIT using mutual coupling may need to be supplemented on the ground by an externally mounted passive antenna that interfaces with onboard avionics.<>
{"title":"AESA diagnostics in operational environments (antenna array)","authors":"W.P. Hull","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47625","url":null,"abstract":"The author discusses some possible solutions to ASEA (active electronically scanned array) diagnostics in the operational environment using built-in testing (BIT), which can play a key role in reducing life-cycle cost if accurately implemented. He notes that it is highly desirable to detect and correct in the operational environment all degradation that impairs mission performance. This degradation must be detected with low false alarm rate and the appropriate action initiated consistent with low life-cycle cost. Mutual coupling is considered as a BIT signal injection method and is shown to have potential. However, the limits of the diagnostic capability using this method clearly depend on its stability and on the level of multipath for a specific application. BIT using mutual coupling may need to be supplemented on the ground by an externally mounted passive antenna that interfaces with onboard avionics.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121159567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors delineate some considerations in achieving RSL (range sidelobe) suppression in wideband phased arrays. Attention is given to wideband radar characteristics suppression of spurious signals, and sources of wideband RSLs. It is suggested that the parallelism associated with the transmitter and antenna paths should mitigate associated uncorrelated time-varying error modulation. The exciter can be a major RSL contributor unless spurious signal suppression with the SSBM (single sideband modulator) is emphasized in design and calibration procedures.<>
{"title":"Range sidelobe suppression in wideband phased array radars","authors":"M. Belcher, K. M. Moss","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47633","url":null,"abstract":"The authors delineate some considerations in achieving RSL (range sidelobe) suppression in wideband phased arrays. Attention is given to wideband radar characteristics suppression of spurious signals, and sources of wideband RSLs. It is suggested that the parallelism associated with the transmitter and antenna paths should mitigate associated uncorrelated time-varying error modulation. The exciter can be a major RSL contributor unless spurious signal suppression with the SSBM (single sideband modulator) is emphasized in design and calibration procedures.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127222320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors address the problem of providing an aperture that is consistent in its operational bandwidth and grating lobe requirements and is configurable as a phased array of transmit/receive (T/R) modules. The design and performance of wideband phased-array apertures and an active line array suited for multifunction system applications are discussed. It is shown that radar performance in multifunction systems with dual-polarized apertures can yield an active VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) that is, on the average, below 2.0:1.0 over a +or-60 degree scan in X-band. The mean active VSWR over the 6.0- to 18.0-GHz band scanning beyond 60 degrees (60 to 70 degrees) is below 3.3:1.0. It has been demonstrated that full polarization diversity can be accomplished and that the T/R circuit can be packaged in densities consistent with 18-GHz performance. It appears that 5 to 7 MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) chip X-band modules can be realized having 4- to 5-W output, 3-dB noise figure, and 30-dB gain for under $500.<>
{"title":"Wideband apertures for active planar multifunction phased arrays","authors":"M. Povinelli, C. Grove","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47628","url":null,"abstract":"The authors address the problem of providing an aperture that is consistent in its operational bandwidth and grating lobe requirements and is configurable as a phased array of transmit/receive (T/R) modules. The design and performance of wideband phased-array apertures and an active line array suited for multifunction system applications are discussed. It is shown that radar performance in multifunction systems with dual-polarized apertures can yield an active VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) that is, on the average, below 2.0:1.0 over a +or-60 degree scan in X-band. The mean active VSWR over the 6.0- to 18.0-GHz band scanning beyond 60 degrees (60 to 70 degrees) is below 3.3:1.0. It has been demonstrated that full polarization diversity can be accomplished and that the T/R circuit can be packaged in densities consistent with 18-GHz performance. It appears that 5 to 7 MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) chip X-band modules can be realized having 4- to 5-W output, 3-dB noise figure, and 30-dB gain for under $500.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132527261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phase-shift correction during a wideband linear FM pulse is shown to be a feasible technique for compensating for array fill time and beam scanning. Analytical results have been obtained for a linear array 64-wavelengths long, approximately 6.4 ft at X-band, assuming half-wavelength element spacing. Sensitivity analyses for the antenna spatial degradation and the compressed pulse degradation as a function of phase-shift quantization are presented. Data are also presented showing the signal spectrum resulting from the frequency offset generated by periodic phase-shifter increments. Calculated patterns and range response functions show that 5-bit phase shifters are sufficient for nominal degradation.<>
{"title":"Wideband phase steered array using phase shift compensation","authors":"J. M. Habbe, K. Van Sickel","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47629","url":null,"abstract":"Phase-shift correction during a wideband linear FM pulse is shown to be a feasible technique for compensating for array fill time and beam scanning. Analytical results have been obtained for a linear array 64-wavelengths long, approximately 6.4 ft at X-band, assuming half-wavelength element spacing. Sensitivity analyses for the antenna spatial degradation and the compressed pulse degradation as a function of phase-shift quantization are presented. Data are also presented showing the signal spectrum resulting from the frequency offset generated by periodic phase-shifter increments. Calculated patterns and range response functions show that 5-bit phase shifters are sufficient for nominal degradation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128513530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors describe the techniques used in an advanced multimode radar to achieve robust tracking in a package that weighs only 189 lb, occupies only 2.0 ft/sup 3/ and consumes only 2000 W of power. A combination of advanced hardware and postdetection processing on a judicious choice of selected data is used to provide robust tracking. Recent advances in technology have allowed a very high degree of digital signal processing to be performed on the received signal. Two MIL-STD-1750 computers are used for the postdetection processing, the heart of which is an adaptive, nine-state Kalman filter used to estimate target position, velocity, and acceleration. Additional postdetection processing is used to support the Kalman filter in extracting target information from the data and providing immunity to various sources of inference.<>
{"title":"Techniques for robust tracking in airborne radars","authors":"L. Nelson, T. Carlson","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47620","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the techniques used in an advanced multimode radar to achieve robust tracking in a package that weighs only 189 lb, occupies only 2.0 ft/sup 3/ and consumes only 2000 W of power. A combination of advanced hardware and postdetection processing on a judicious choice of selected data is used to provide robust tracking. Recent advances in technology have allowed a very high degree of digital signal processing to be performed on the received signal. Two MIL-STD-1750 computers are used for the postdetection processing, the heart of which is an adaptive, nine-state Kalman filter used to estimate target position, velocity, and acceleration. Additional postdetection processing is used to support the Kalman filter in extracting target information from the data and providing immunity to various sources of inference.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126817235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author describes the design of the modernized solid-state transmitter for the US Naval Space Surveillance System (NAVSPASUR) station transmitters at Jordan Lake, AL, Gila River, AZ, and Lake Kickapoo, TX. The modernized NAVSPASUR, operating at 217 MHz, is the highest average power solid-state transmitter ever produced. With the antenna gain of the system, it produces an effective radiated average power in excess of 98 dBw. Solid-state modernization of the NAVSPASUR transmitter has produced significant cost and performance improvements, which are expected to extend the operating life of the system into the next century.<>
作者描述了美国海军空间监视系统(NAVSPASUR)站发射机的现代化固态发射机的设计，该发射机位于约旦湖，AL, Gila River, AZ和Lake Kickapoo, TX。现代化的NAVSPASUR，工作频率为217 MHz，是有史以来生产的最高平均功率的固态发射机。以系统的天线增益计算，产生的有效辐射平均功率超过98 dBw。NAVSPASUR发射机的固态现代化已经产生了显著的成本和性能改进，有望将系统的使用寿命延长到下个世纪
{"title":"Naval Space Surveillance System (NAVSPASUR) solid state transmitter modernization","authors":"A. Francoeur","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47632","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes the design of the modernized solid-state transmitter for the US Naval Space Surveillance System (NAVSPASUR) station transmitters at Jordan Lake, AL, Gila River, AZ, and Lake Kickapoo, TX. The modernized NAVSPASUR, operating at 217 MHz, is the highest average power solid-state transmitter ever produced. With the antenna gain of the system, it produces an effective radiated average power in excess of 98 dBw. Solid-state modernization of the NAVSPASUR transmitter has produced significant cost and performance improvements, which are expected to extend the operating life of the system into the next century.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115363672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A phased-array focusing technique is described that results in far-field antenna patterns being formed at distances as close as one array diameter. This will allow experimental verification of adaptive-array far-field performance in an anechoic chamber of reasonable size. This phased-array focusing technique accounts for parallax effects by matching the null locations of the actual far-field pattern with null locations created in the antenna pattern at close range. In this manner, the gain, beamwidth, and sidelobe behavior of the antenna pattern observed in the near field can be matched exactly to the corresponding far-field pattern. The required array excitation function is determined by inversion of the array pattern matrix. The near-field focusing technique was experimentally verified using a 32-element, linear, L-band phased array. The focused antenna patterns were measured directly by a probe on a linear scanner running parallel to and an array diameter away from the ground plane. Very good agreement with theoretical predictions was achieved.<>
{"title":"Synthesis of phased array far-field patterns by focusing in the near-field","authors":"H. Aumann, F.G. Willwerth","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1989.47624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1989.47624","url":null,"abstract":"A phased-array focusing technique is described that results in far-field antenna patterns being formed at distances as close as one array diameter. This will allow experimental verification of adaptive-array far-field performance in an anechoic chamber of reasonable size. This phased-array focusing technique accounts for parallax effects by matching the null locations of the actual far-field pattern with null locations created in the antenna pattern at close range. In this manner, the gain, beamwidth, and sidelobe behavior of the antenna pattern observed in the near field can be matched exactly to the corresponding far-field pattern. The required array excitation function is determined by inversion of the array pattern matrix. The near-field focusing technique was experimentally verified using a 32-element, linear, L-band phased array. The focused antenna patterns were measured directly by a probe on a linear scanner running parallel to and an array diameter away from the ground plane. Very good agreement with theoretical predictions was achieved.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":167059,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE National Radar Conference","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133464669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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