Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods最新文献

GLP test facility management refers to the proper management and organization of a facility that conducts studies according to GLP regulations. Compliance with GLP regulations is necessary for data generated in such facilities to be accepted by regulatory authorities.

According to GLP Principles, Test facility management (TFM) is responsible for a wide range of tasks and responsibilities to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the facility. The framework in which the TFM operates within the Test Facility is certainly much more complex than in the early days of the GLP, and moreover it is unlikely that anything will change from a scientific and technological point of view in the years to come. Several aspects have changed from a scientific and technological point of view, and we know that innovation is very rapid. From the above considerations emerges the need for a major change in the performance of the TFM's role.

Background

Omadacycline is the first aminomethyl-tetracycline variety to successfully enter clinical applications. To support regular therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in clinical practice, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed that would allow omadacycline quantification in human serum.

Methods

Proteins were precipitated from serum samples using methanol. Tigecycline was used as the internal standard. Mobile phase A was formic acid in water (0.1% v/v) and mobile phase B was methanol. UPLC-MS/MS was performed for analyte separation using a gradient elution program at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and a total run time of 5 min. The chromatography column was a ZORBAX PRHD SB-Aq (3 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm, Agilent, USA). The multiple reaction monitoring transitions at m/z = 557.4/470.3 and 586.5/513.3 were selected for omadacycline and tigecycline in the positive mode, respectively.

Results

The validated curve ranges were 0.5–25.0 μg/mL. This method exhibited acceptable selectivity, matrix effects, and recovery. The inter- and intra-run accuracies ranged from 93.5% to 114.8%, and the inter- and intra-run precisions were between 1.29% and 5.55%.

Conclusions

The LC-MS/MS method provided a simple, specific, and rapid quantification of omadacycline in the serum of patients with pulmonary infection.

Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic used for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, particularly in critically patients, nevertheless its therapeutic window is narrow, and requires monitoring. A determination method suitable for clinical detection is conducive to ensure its efficacy and safety of patients with severe infection. We developed and validated a concise and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of colistin A and B in human plasma. We used a Kinetex C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) with acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid) as the protein precipitant and water (containing 0.2% formic acid and 5 mmol/L ammonium formate) - acetonitrile (containing 0.2% formic acid) as the gradient elution. The calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 0.06–4.00 μg/mL (colistin A) and 0.1–7.0 μg/mL (colistin B). The precision, accuracy, matrix effect, extraction recovery, and stability were all validated. This method was applied to the therapeutic drug monitoring for 50 critically ill patients. The trough, peak, and average steady-state concentrations of these patients were 0.8 ± 0.4, 1.4 ± 0.5, and 1.0 ± 0.4 μg/mL, respectively. And the concentrations of colistin in human plasma were closely related to the patient's renal function.

An adverse effect of drug candidates, seizure is a serious issue in drug development. Improving evaluation systems for seizure liability is crucial for selecting good candidates. Firstly, in vitro electrophysiological measurement by a multielectrode array system in rat hippocampal brain slices was employed to confirm an increase in electrically evoked population spike (PS) area, the occurrence of multiple population spikes (MPSs), and thereby the seizure liability of five positive control chemicals: picrotoxin, 4-aminopyridine, pentylenetetrazole, penicillin G, and chlorpromazine. Aspirin, a negative control, did not affect PS area or generate MPSs. Furthermore, baclofen, an anticonvulsant drug, decreased PS area and inhibited the increase in PS area or occurrence of MPSs induced by picrotoxin. A comparative study of seizure liability among carbapenem antibiotics revealed that tienam > carbenin > omegacin and finibax. Despite leading to a strong decrease in PS area, physostigmine, cisplatin, and paroxetine still produced MPSs. Therefore, the increase in PS area or the occurrence of the MPS are considered significant evaluation parameters for seizure liability.

In contrast, the in vitro electrophysiological measurement could not detect the seizure liability of diphenhydramine or fluvoxamine. A follow-up study of in vivo mouse behavioral change induced by intracerebroventricular administration of these drugs clearly detected convulsions. The in vitro electrophysiological study using hippocampal brain slices combined with in vivo behavior observation study of drug candidates administered by intracerebroventricular injection can implement to assess the seizure liability of even small amounts, especially in the early stages of drug development.

Background and purpose

A recent paradigm shift in proarrhythmic risk assessment suggests that the integration of clinical, non-clinical, and computational evidence can be used to reach a comprehensive understanding of the proarrhythmic potential of drug candidates. While current computational methodologies focus on predicting the incidence of proarrhythmic events after drug administration, the objective of this study is to predict concentration-response relationships of QTc as a clinical endpoint.

Experimental approach

Full heart computational models reproducing human cardiac populations were created to predict the concentration-response relationship of changes in the QT interval as recommended for clinical trials. The concentration-response relationship of the QT-interval prolongation obtained from the computational cardiac population was compared against the relationship from clinical trial data for a set of well-characterized compounds: moxifloxacin, dofetilide, verapamil, and ondansetron.

Key results

Computationally derived concentration–response relationships of QT interval changes for three of the four drugs had slopes within the confidence interval of clinical trials (dofetilide, moxifloxacin and verapamil) when compared to placebo-corrected concentration-ΔQT and concentration-ΔQT regressions. Moxifloxacin showed a higher intercept, outside the confidence interval of the clinical data, demonstrating that in this example, the standard linear regression does not appropriately capture the concentration-response results at very low concentrations. The concentrations corresponding to a mean QTc prolongation of 10 ms were consistently lower in the computational model than in clinical data. The critical concentration varied within an approximate ratio of 0.5 (moxifloxacin and ondansetron) and 1 times (dofetilide, verapamil) the critical concentration observed in human clinical trials. Notably, no other in silico methodology can approximate the human critical concentration values for a QT interval prolongation of 10 ms.

Conclusion and implications

Computational concentration-response modelling of a virtual population of high-resolution, 3-dimensional cardiac models can provide comparable information to clinical data and could be used to complement pre-clinical and clinical safety packages. It provides access to an unlimited exposure range to support trial design and can improve the understanding of pre-clinical-clinical translation.

The strategic and targeted use of an anesthetized canine cardiovascular model early in drug discovery enables a comprehensive cardiovascular and electrophysiological assessment of potential safety liabilities and guides compound selection prior to initiation of chronic toxicological studies. An ideal model would enable exposure-response relationships to guide safety margin calculations, have a low threshold to initiate, and have quick delivery of decision quality data. We have aimed to profile compounds with diverse mechanism of actions (MoAs) of “non-QT” cardiovascular drug effects and evaluate the ability of nonclinical in vivo cardiovascular models to detect clinically reported effects. The hemodynamic effects of 11 drugs (atropine, itraconazole, atenolol, ivabradine, milrinone, enalaprilat, fasudil, amlodipine, prazosin, amiloride, and hydrochlorothiazide) were profiled in an anesthetized dog cardiovascular model. Derived parameters included: heart rate, an index of left ventricular contractility, mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and cardiac output. Species specific plasma protein data was generated (human, dog) and utilized to calculate free drug concentrations. Using the anesthetized dog cardiovascular model, 10 of the 11 drugs displayed the predicted changes in CV parameters based on their primary MoAs and corresponding clinically described effects. Interestingly but not unexpected, 1 of 11 failed to display their predicted CV pattern which is likely due to a delay in pharmacodynamic effect that is beyond the duration of the experimental model (hydrochlorothiazide). The analysis from the current study supports the strategic use of the anesthetized dog model early in the drug discovery process for a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation with good translation to human.

Visual field loss due to glaucoma is a severe and concerning problem, leading to limited visual range and poor quality vision. The progression of this loss begins with a para-central arcuate scotoma which eventually advances to a ring scotoma and constricted visual fields in later stages. Currently, no animal model is available for screening this pattern of vision loss. However, we have successfully developed two mazes to evaluate visual field loss - the visual field-testing maze (VFTZ) for peripheral vision loss and the vision maze (VM) for central vision loss. Our studies involved inducing glaucoma in Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and testing them in VFTZ and VM. We used Latanoprost and dorzolamide eye drops as standard drug candidates during the study. We evaluated the animals for intraocular pressure, retinal vasculature imaging, and anxiety using tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, and light and dark model techniques. Furthermore, we quantified the antioxidant parameters of the retina using UV spectroscopy. Our findings showed that animals with peripheral visual field loss in VFTZ took significantly more time to reach the goal and spent more time within the maze compared to normal or drug-treated animals (P < 0.001). Additionally, animals with compromised central visual field in VM spent more time in a particular arm and changed arms less frequently (P < 0.001) compared to normal or drug-treated animals. Moreover, we observed that glaucomatous rats exhibited elevated anxiety levels and impaired performance in the mazes, emphasizing the impact of vision loss on anxiety. Finally, the antioxidant and ATPase alterations in the retinal layers verified the glaucomatous changes in the experimental animals. Based on our remarkable findings, we strongly recommend the use of VFTZ and VM to evaluate visual field loss in animals.

Etomidate (ETO) is a highly-efficient drug that can induce anesthesia with increasing doses, thus subject to strict regulation. However, an accurate and efficient method for ETO intake detection is currently lacking. Therefore, this study developed a straightforward sample preparation method using LC-MS/MS to analyze ETO and its primary metabolite, etomidate acid (ETA), in urine, liver, and kidney samples. Snap frozen pig liver and kidney samples were ground into a fine powder. Then, all the biological samples, including human urine, pig liver and kidney tissues, were deproteinized using acetonitrile and filtered for analysis. The separation was achieved in 9.01 min with gradient elution. The calibration curves ranged from 0.5 to 50 ng/mL for ETO in urine and 0.5 to 50 ng/g in liver and kidney, while the curves ranged from 1 to 100 ng/mL for ETA in urine and 1 to 100 ng/g in liver and kidney. The correlation coefficients (R²) were greater than 0.9957. The Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for ETO were 0.2 and 0.5 ng/mL in urine samples and 0.2 and 0.5 ng/g in liver and kidney samples, respectively. For ETA, the LOD and LOQ were 0.5 and 1 ng/mL in urine samples and 0.5 and 1 ng/g in liver and kidney samples. This method was assessed by validation parameters, including selectivity, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity and stability. It was successfully applied to a practical case, revealing ETO and ETA concentrations in urine of 1.01 and 5.58 μg/mL, in liver samples of 12.30 and 1.13 μg/g, and in kidney samples of 6.95 and 4.23 μg/g. This suggests that the method is suitable for routine forensic detection of illicit ETO abuse.