Ctenocephalides felis is an ectoparasitic flea species commonly found on dogs and cats. The current study verified the in vitro virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana produced under different color LED light (red, blue, purple, green, yellow, and white) to adults of C. felis. The fungal isolates were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA). Bioassay treatments used aerial conidia in test tubes. Adult fleas were obtained from a house cat in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The experiments were composed of one control and eleven treatment groups. All of the treatments with B. bassiana conidia caused adult mortality after an exposure of 12 h. Among the conditions used in this study, B. bassiana cultured under red LED and fluorescent light were the most effective in causing mortality (100 %) in adult fleas after 36 h. The experimental results indicate that these aerial conidia of B. bassiana have promising potential for use in control of C. felis adult stages.
{"title":"Virulence of Aerial Conidia of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> Produced under LED Light to <i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> (Cat Flea).","authors":"Sarayut Pittarate, Malee Thungrabeab, Supamit Mekchay, Patcharin Krutmuang","doi":"10.1155/2018/1806830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1806830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> is an ectoparasitic flea species commonly found on dogs and cats. The current study verified the <i>in vitro</i> virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> produced under different color LED light (red, blue, purple, green, yellow, and white) to adults of <i>C. felis</i>. The fungal isolates were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA). Bioassay treatments used aerial conidia in test tubes. Adult fleas were obtained from a house cat in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The experiments were composed of one control and eleven treatment groups. All of the treatments with <i>B. bassiana</i> conidia caused adult mortality after an exposure of 12 h. Among the conditions used in this study, <i>B. bassiana</i> cultured under red LED and fluorescent light were the most effective in causing mortality (100 %) in adult fleas after 36 h. The experimental results indicate that these aerial conidia of <i>B. bassiana</i> have promising potential for use in control of <i>C. felis</i> adult stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1806830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/6845985
Amandeep Kaur, Satnam Singh
This study was conducted with an objective to find the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and metallobetalactamase (MBL) in P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii isolates obtained from various clinical samples. It was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, over a period of two years from July 2014 to June 2016. Clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, high vaginal swabs, respiratory samples, and various body fluids were processed and P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii isolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc potentiation test was performed to check ESBL and MBL production in these bacteria. Maximum ESBL positive isolates of P. aeruginosa were observed among pus samples and maximum MBL positive isolates were detected in tracheal aspirates. A. baumannii showed maximum positivity for ESBL and MBL production in endotracheal secretions. This study gives an alarming sign towards high prevalence of cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance due to production of extended spectrum betalactamases and metallobetalactamases, respectively. Early detection, stringent antibiotic policies, and compliance towards infection control practices are the best defenses against these organisms.
{"title":"Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase (ESBL) and Metallobetalactamase (MBL) Producing <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Isolated from Various Clinical Samples.","authors":"Amandeep Kaur, Satnam Singh","doi":"10.1155/2018/6845985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6845985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted with an objective to find the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and metallobetalactamase (MBL) in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates obtained from various clinical samples. It was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, over a period of two years from July 2014 to June 2016. Clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, high vaginal swabs, respiratory samples, and various body fluids were processed and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc potentiation test was performed to check ESBL and MBL production in these bacteria. Maximum ESBL positive isolates of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were observed among pus samples and maximum MBL positive isolates were detected in tracheal aspirates. <i>A. baumannii</i> showed maximum positivity for ESBL and MBL production in endotracheal secretions. This study gives an alarming sign towards high prevalence of cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance due to production of extended spectrum betalactamases and metallobetalactamases, respectively. Early detection, stringent antibiotic policies, and compliance towards infection control practices are the best defenses against these organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6845985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36704114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo, Adedayo Omotayo Faneye, Johnson Adekunle Adeniji
Rotavirus induced acute gastroenteritis AGE has been a major disease burden in Nigeria, since it was first reported in 1985. Prevalence rates have increased with severe public health consequences particularly among children. The vaccine Rotarix® has been introduced and is commercially available in Nigeria. However routine rotavirus vaccination is yet to be introduced into the National Immunization Program. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in Nigeria has shown the presence of various genotypes, with genotype G12P[8] being the most recent introduction. There are however gaps in molecular data on rotavirus in Nigeria. We therefore reviewed molecular data on rotavirus isolated in Nigeria and also analyzed VP4 and VP7 genes of Nigerian rotavirus strains in Genbank. We have shown that there is a distinct trend in rotavirus molecular epidemiology in Nigeria, with new genotype introductions occurring after the year 2010. We also observed from our analysis the emergence of genotype G12 Lineage III as a dominant genotype. This information elucidates rotavirus molecular epidemiology in Nigeria and gives insight to the expanding landscape of rotavirus genotypes. We recommend the institution of molecular surveillance country wide, before considering the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination into the National Immunization Program in Nigeria, in other to monitor evolution of divergent or recombinant strains.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Nigeria: Molecular Diversity and Current Insights.","authors":"Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo, Adedayo Omotayo Faneye, Johnson Adekunle Adeniji","doi":"10.1155/2018/6513682","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/6513682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotavirus induced acute gastroenteritis AGE has been a major disease burden in Nigeria, since it was first reported in 1985. Prevalence rates have increased with severe public health consequences particularly among children. The vaccine Rotarix® has been introduced and is commercially available in Nigeria. However routine rotavirus vaccination is yet to be introduced into the National Immunization Program. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in Nigeria has shown the presence of various genotypes, with genotype G12P[8] being the most recent introduction. There are however gaps in molecular data on rotavirus in Nigeria. We therefore reviewed molecular data on rotavirus isolated in Nigeria and also analyzed VP4 and VP7 genes of Nigerian rotavirus strains in Genbank. We have shown that there is a distinct trend in rotavirus molecular epidemiology in Nigeria, with new genotype introductions occurring after the year 2010. We also observed from our analysis the emergence of genotype G12 Lineage III as a dominant genotype. This information elucidates rotavirus molecular epidemiology in Nigeria and gives insight to the expanding landscape of rotavirus genotypes. We recommend the institution of molecular surveillance country wide, before considering the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination into the National Immunization Program in Nigeria, in other to monitor evolution of divergent or recombinant strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6513682","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36609657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/9541987
Neil N Patel, Alan D Workman, Noam A Cohen
Evidence is emerging that shows taste receptors serve functions outside of taste sensation of the tongue. Taste receptors have been found in tissue across the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, brain, and airway. These extraoral taste receptors appear to be important in modulating the innate immune response through detection of pathogens. This review discusses taste receptor signaling, focusing on the G-protein-coupled receptors that detect bitter and sweet compounds in the upper airway epithelium. Emphasis is given to recent studies which link the physiology of sinonasal taste receptors to clinical manifestation of upper airway disease.
{"title":"Role of Taste Receptors as Sentinels of Innate Immunity in the Upper Airway.","authors":"Neil N Patel, Alan D Workman, Noam A Cohen","doi":"10.1155/2018/9541987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9541987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence is emerging that shows taste receptors serve functions outside of taste sensation of the tongue. Taste receptors have been found in tissue across the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, brain, and airway. These extraoral taste receptors appear to be important in modulating the innate immune response through detection of pathogens. This review discusses taste receptor signaling, focusing on the G-protein-coupled receptors that detect bitter and sweet compounds in the upper airway epithelium. Emphasis is given to recent studies which link the physiology of sinonasal taste receptors to clinical manifestation of upper airway disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9541987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36609616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-20eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/1092632
Laura A Onyango, Mousa M Alreshidi
Staphylococci are highly successful at colonizing a variety of dynamic environments, both nonpathogenic and those of clinical importance, and comprise the list of pathogens of global public health significance. Their remarkable survival and persistence can be attributed to a host of strategies, one of which is metabolic versatility-their ability to rapidly alter their metabolism in the presence of transient or long-term bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions and facilitate cellular homeostasis. These attributes contribute to their widespread dissemination and challenging eradication particularly from clinical settings. The study of microbial behaviour at the metabolite level provides insight into mechanisms of survival and persistence under defined environmental and clinical conditions. This paper reviews the range of metabolic modulations that facilitate staphylococcal acclimatization and persistence in varying terrestrial and host conditions, and their public health ramifications in these settings.
{"title":"Adaptive Metabolism in Staphylococci: Survival and Persistence in Environmental and Clinical Settings.","authors":"Laura A Onyango, Mousa M Alreshidi","doi":"10.1155/2018/1092632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1092632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Staphylococci are highly successful at colonizing a variety of dynamic environments, both nonpathogenic and those of clinical importance, and comprise the list of pathogens of global public health significance. Their remarkable survival and persistence can be attributed to a host of strategies, one of which is metabolic versatility-their ability to rapidly alter their metabolism in the presence of transient or long-term bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions and facilitate cellular homeostasis. These attributes contribute to their widespread dissemination and challenging eradication particularly from clinical settings. The study of microbial behaviour at the metabolite level provides insight into mechanisms of survival and persistence under defined environmental and clinical conditions. This paper reviews the range of metabolic modulations that facilitate staphylococcal acclimatization and persistence in varying terrestrial and host conditions, and their public health ramifications in these settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1092632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36589941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/4518541
Amit Karmakar, Debarati Jana, Kunal Dutta, Parimal Dua, Chandradipa Ghosh
Panton-Valentine leukocidin (luk-pv) is a cytotoxin that causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the pv1, mecA, and nuc genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from anterior nares and superficial infection sites of skin in a slum population of West Bengal, India. Expression level of pv1 gene was also analysed. Twenty-two S. aureus strains were isolated, and phenotype and genotype specific examinations for S. aureus isolates were carried out. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 22 isolates were found to be positive as S. aureus. The antibiotic responsiveness of all these isolates and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MRSA isolates were determined using the broth dilution method with vancomycin. Antibiogram analysis of isolated S. aureus strains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed antibiotic resistance ranging from 27 to 91%. The results of MIC for vancomycin showed 95% of strains to be VSSA and 5% to be VISA. 68% isolates were resistant to methicillin. All the isolates were subjected to detection of pv1, mecA, and nuc genes, and 9%, 68%, and 27% were found to harbour pvl, mecA, and nuc genes, respectively. All the MRSA strains produced high to moderate levels of biofilm. pvl gene expression was carried out in vitro by Real-Time PCR. The low ∆Ct value (0.493) was indicative of high expression of pvl in one S. aureus strain. Thus, detection of pvl gene in community acquired S. aureus indicates the emergence of pathogenic S. aureus in community setup in the studied region. The existing exploration is extremely imperative and informative for the high level multi-drug resistant S. aureus infections inclusive of MRSA.
{"title":"Prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene among Community Acquired <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: A Real-Time PCR Study.","authors":"Amit Karmakar, Debarati Jana, Kunal Dutta, Parimal Dua, Chandradipa Ghosh","doi":"10.1155/2018/4518541","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/4518541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Panton-Valentine leukocidin (<i>luk-pv</i>) is a cytotoxin that causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the <i>pv1</i>, <i>mecA</i>, and <i>nuc</i> genes in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates obtained from anterior nares and superficial infection sites of skin in a slum population of West Bengal, India. Expression level of <i>pv1</i> gene was also analysed. Twenty-two <i>S. aureus</i> strains were isolated, and phenotype and genotype specific examinations for <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were carried out. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 22 isolates were found to be positive as <i>S. aureus</i>. The antibiotic responsiveness of all these isolates and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MRSA isolates were determined using the broth dilution method with vancomycin. Antibiogram analysis of isolated <i>S. aureus</i> strains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed antibiotic resistance ranging from 27 to 91%. The results of MIC for vancomycin showed 95% of strains to be VSSA and 5% to be VISA. 68% isolates were resistant to methicillin. All the isolates were subjected to detection of <i>pv1, mec</i>A, and <i>nuc</i> genes, and 9%, 68%, and 27% were found to harbour <i>pvl, mec</i>A, and <i>nuc</i> genes, respectively. All the MRSA strains produced high to moderate levels of biofilm. <i>pvl</i> gene expression was carried out <i>in vitro</i> by Real-Time PCR. The low ∆Ct value (0.493) was indicative of high expression of <i>pvl</i> in one <i>S. aureus</i> strain. Thus, detection of <i>pvl</i> gene in community acquired <i>S. aureus</i> indicates the emergence of pathogenic <i>S. aureus</i> in community setup in the studied region. The existing exploration is extremely imperative and informative for the high level multi-drug resistant <i>S. aureus</i> infections inclusive of MRSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6139182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36518785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/1068758
Nafi'u Lawal, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Siti Suri Arshad, Abdul Rahman Omar, Aini Ideris
Two Malaysian very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) strains UPM0081 (also known as B00/81) and UPM190 (also known as UPM04/190) isolated from local IBD outbreaks in 2000 and 2004, respectively, were separately passaged for 12 consecutive times in 11-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. The CEE passage 8 (EP8) isolates were passaged once in BGM-70 cell line yielding UPM0081EP8BGMP1 and UPM190EP8BGMP1, while the EP12 isolates were passaged 15 times in BGM-70 cell line yielding UPM0081EP12BGMP15 and UPM190EP12BGMP15 using T25 tissue culture flask. These isolates were all propagated once in bioreactor using cytodex 1 as microcarrier at 3 g per liter (3 g/L) yielding UPM0081EP8BGMP1BP1, UPM190EP8BGMP1BP1, UPM0081EP12BGMP15BP1, and UPM190EP12BGMP15BP1 isolates. The viruses were harvested at 3 days after inoculation, following the appearance of cytopathic effects (CPE) characterized by detachment from the microcarrier using standard protocol and filtered using 0.2 μm syringe filter. The filtrates were positive for IBDV by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the isolates were of the vvIBDV strains and were not different from the flask propagated parental viruses.
{"title":"Propagation and Molecular Characterization of Bioreactor Adapted Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolates of Malaysia.","authors":"Nafi'u Lawal, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Siti Suri Arshad, Abdul Rahman Omar, Aini Ideris","doi":"10.1155/2018/1068758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1068758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two Malaysian very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) strains UPM0081 (also known as B00/81) and UPM190 (also known as UPM04/190) isolated from local IBD outbreaks in 2000 and 2004, respectively, were separately passaged for 12 consecutive times in 11-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. The CEE passage 8 (EP8) isolates were passaged once in BGM-70 cell line yielding UPM0081EP8BGMP1 and UPM190EP8BGMP1, while the EP12 isolates were passaged 15 times in BGM-70 cell line yielding UPM0081EP12BGMP15 and UPM190EP12BGMP15 using T25 tissue culture flask. These isolates were all propagated once in bioreactor using cytodex 1 as microcarrier at 3 g per liter (3 g/L) yielding UPM0081EP8BGMP1BP1, UPM190EP8BGMP1BP1, UPM0081EP12BGMP15BP1, and UPM190EP12BGMP15BP1 isolates. The viruses were harvested at 3 days after inoculation, following the appearance of cytopathic effects (CPE) characterized by detachment from the microcarrier using standard protocol and filtered using 0.2 <i>μ</i>m syringe filter. The filtrates were positive for IBDV by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the isolates were of the vvIBDV strains and were not different from the flask propagated parental viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1068758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36518784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-02eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/9094803
Benjamin Kwame Senya, Nketiah Bernard Anim, Bright Segu Kobena Domson, Patrick Adu
Background: Charcoal production is a significant economic activity in Ghana. However, there is scarcity of data on the risk of acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among charcoal producers in Ghana, even though persistent smoke exposure is a known predisposition factor.
Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 40 charcoal producers: 6 males and 34 females. Two sets of early morning sputum samples were collected from each participant and examined for the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using fluorescent microscopy. Structured questionnaires were used to retrieve demographic data from each participant. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented as frequencies and proportions. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test. Significant difference was identified as p < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval.
Results: Overall, 2/40 (5%) of the participants demonstrated AFB in their sputum. All participants with AFB positive sputum were females and had 6-10 years of experience in charcoal production. Whereas coughing was the most self-reported symptom by the charcoal producers, none complained of blood in sputum. Also, only 9/40 (22.5%) had knowledge about the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infection risk associated with charcoal production. Moreover, 62.5% (25/40) of participants had no formal education.
Conclusion: Education on personal protection equipment must be a public health priority in these charcoal producers in Ghana as sawdust and smoke exposure may predispose charcoal producers to acquisition of tuberculosis.
背景:木炭生产是加纳一项重要的经济活动。然而,关于加纳木炭生产者感染结核分枝杆菌风险的数据缺乏,尽管持续的烟雾暴露是已知的易感因素。方法:本横断面研究共招募40名木炭生产者,其中男性6名,女性34名。从每个参与者收集两组清晨痰样本,并使用荧光显微镜检查抗酸杆菌(AFB)的存在。使用结构化问卷从每个参与者那里获取人口统计数据。数据使用SPSS version 21进行分析,并以频率和比例表示。分类变量比较采用卡方检验。在95%置信区间p < 0.05为显著性差异。结果:总体而言,2/40(5%)的参与者在痰中表现出AFB。所有AFB阳性痰的参与者均为女性,具有6-10年的木炭生产经验。虽然咳嗽是木炭生产商自我报告的最多的症状,但没有人抱怨痰中有血。此外,只有9/40(22.5%)的人了解与木炭生产相关的结核分枝杆菌感染风险。此外,62.5%(25/40)的参与者没有受过正规教育。结论:关于个人防护装备的教育必须成为加纳这些木炭生产商的公共卫生优先事项,因为木屑和烟雾暴露可能使木炭生产商易患结核病。
{"title":"Prevalence of Asymptomatic <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Infection in Charcoal Producers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kaase, Ghana.","authors":"Benjamin Kwame Senya, Nketiah Bernard Anim, Bright Segu Kobena Domson, Patrick Adu","doi":"10.1155/2018/9094803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9094803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Charcoal production is a significant economic activity in Ghana. However, there is scarcity of data on the risk of acquiring <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection among charcoal producers in Ghana, even though persistent smoke exposure is a known predisposition factor.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study recruited 40 charcoal producers: 6 males and 34 females. Two sets of early morning sputum samples were collected from each participant and examined for the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using fluorescent microscopy. Structured questionnaires were used to retrieve demographic data from each participant. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented as frequencies and proportions. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test. Significant difference was identified as <i>p</i> < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 2/40 (5%) of the participants demonstrated AFB in their sputum. All participants with AFB positive sputum were females and had 6-10 years of experience in charcoal production. Whereas coughing was the most self-reported symptom by the charcoal producers, none complained of blood in sputum. Also, only 9/40 (22.5%) had knowledge about the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-infection risk associated with charcoal production. Moreover, 62.5% (25/40) of participants had no formal education.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Education on personal protection equipment must be a public health priority in these charcoal producers in Ghana as sawdust and smoke exposure may predispose charcoal producers to acquisition of tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9094803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36434330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/9207576
Jamilu Abubakar Bala, Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan, Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah, Tay Kimmy, Yusuf Abba, Ramlan Bin Mohamed, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Abd Wahid Haron, Mustapha Mohamed Noordin, Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus, Idris Umar Hambali, Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
Orf is a clinical manifestation of parapoxvirus infection often fatal in goats and sheep especially when they are under stress or influenced by unfavorable environment. This study investigated the pathogenicity of two Orf virus isolates (ORFV UPM1/14 and UPM2/14) and host response in mouse model by using different inoculation sites with/without prior exposure to dexamethasone. Treatments with dexamethasone served as an immunosuppressant that may mimic stress situation in affected animals. Groups of five mice were given intradermal injection of 0.2 mL of tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) of UPM1/14 (Group 1) and UPM2/14 (Group 2) at the dorsum (Group 1A; Group 2A), ear pinna (Group 1B; Group 2B), and labial commissure (Group 1C; Group 2C). An inoculum 0.2 mL of UPM1/14 was administered to animals treated with dexamethasone (n=5; 5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) and nondexamethasone (n=5) groups at the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissure. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the mean lesion scores among the groups of different inoculation sites or between dexamethasone-treated and nontreated groups. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean stratum thickness of affected skin following inoculation with UPM2/14 isolate at the ear pinna and labial commissure. Histopathology examination revealed keratosis, acanthosis, and ballooning degeneration in the skin of affected mice. Orf virus DNA was detected in the skin samples by targeting F1L and B2L virus-specific genes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Intradermal inoculation with UPM1/14 or UPM2/14 isolate produced a mild skin lesion in mice, and there was no significant difference in orf disease manifestation despite variation of inoculation sites. Similarly, short-term dexamethasone administration gave no adverse effects on pathogenicity of orf virus isolates.
羊口疮是一种副痘病毒感染的临床表现,在山羊和绵羊处于应激状态或受不利环境影响时往往是致命的。本研究通过不同接种部位观察两株ORFV (ORFV UPM1/14和UPM2/14)在小鼠模型中的致病性和宿主对地塞米松的反应。地塞米松作为一种免疫抑制剂治疗,可以模拟受影响动物的应激情况。每组5只小鼠,分别在背侧皮下注射组织培养感染剂量50 (TCID50)的UPM1/14(1组)和UPM2/14(2组)0.2 mL (1A组);2A组),耳耳廓(1B组;2B组)和唇连合(1C组;组2 c)。给地塞米松治疗动物接种0.2 mL UPM1/14 (n=5;5 mg/kg/天腹腔注射)和非地塞米松(n=5)组在背侧、耳廓和唇部连接处。不同接种部位组之间、地塞米松治疗组与未治疗组之间的平均病变评分差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)。两组间差异有统计学意义(p
{"title":"Dermatopathology of Orf Virus (Malaysian Isolates) in Mice Experimentally Inoculated at Different Sites with and without Dexamethasone Administration.","authors":"Jamilu Abubakar Bala, Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan, Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah, Tay Kimmy, Yusuf Abba, Ramlan Bin Mohamed, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Abd Wahid Haron, Mustapha Mohamed Noordin, Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus, Idris Umar Hambali, Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila","doi":"10.1155/2018/9207576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9207576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orf is a clinical manifestation of parapoxvirus infection often fatal in goats and sheep especially when they are under stress or influenced by unfavorable environment. This study investigated the pathogenicity of two Orf virus isolates (ORFV UPM1/14 and UPM2/14) and host response in mouse model by using different inoculation sites with/without prior exposure to dexamethasone. Treatments with dexamethasone served as an immunosuppressant that may mimic stress situation in affected animals. Groups of five mice were given intradermal injection of 0.2 mL of tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID<sub>50</sub>) of UPM1/14 (Group 1) and UPM2/14 (Group 2) at the dorsum (Group 1A; Group 2A), ear pinna (Group 1B; Group 2B), and labial commissure (Group 1C; Group 2C). An inoculum 0.2 mL of UPM1/14 was administered to animals treated with dexamethasone (n=5; 5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) and nondexamethasone (n=5) groups at the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissure. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the mean lesion scores among the groups of different inoculation sites or between dexamethasone-treated and nontreated groups. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean stratum thickness of affected skin following inoculation with UPM2/14 isolate at the ear pinna and labial commissure. Histopathology examination revealed keratosis, acanthosis, and ballooning degeneration in the skin of affected mice. Orf virus DNA was detected in the skin samples by targeting F1L and B2L virus-specific genes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Intradermal inoculation with UPM1/14 or UPM2/14 isolate produced a mild skin lesion in mice, and there was no significant difference in orf disease manifestation despite variation of inoculation sites. Similarly, short-term dexamethasone administration gave no adverse effects on pathogenicity of orf virus isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9207576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36434331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26eCollection Date: 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2018/1462671
Carol E Muenks, Patrick G Hogan, Carey-Ann D Burnham, Stephanie A Fritz
Given the lack of standardization of methodologies for microbial recovery from built environments, we sought to compare the yield of Staphylococcus aureus with a broth enrichment method when incubated in agitated versus static conditions. Five unique strains of S. aureus at five different concentrations were cultured to compare direct plating, agitated broth enrichment, and static broth enrichment culture methods. All samples were incubated at 35° in ambient air. The lowest concentration recovered across three replicates and five strains did not differ between culture methods (Fisher's exact test, p=0.50); notably, recovery of S. aureus was equivalent between static and agitated broth incubation. When broth enrichment was used (both static and agitated), the burden of S. aureus growth was higher (by semiquantitative assessment of 4-quadrant streaking) compared to the direct plating culture method. Optimizing strategies for microbial recovery is essential, particularly in areas of lower biomass, given the paucity of research concerning microbial communities of built environments. The results of this study, in conjunction with other experiments investigating microbiomes of built environments, can help inform protocols for standardizing culturing methods within built environments.
{"title":"Comparing the Yield of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Recovery with Static versus Agitated Broth Incubation.","authors":"Carol E Muenks, Patrick G Hogan, Carey-Ann D Burnham, Stephanie A Fritz","doi":"10.1155/2018/1462671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1462671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the lack of standardization of methodologies for microbial recovery from built environments, we sought to compare the yield of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with a broth enrichment method when incubated in agitated versus static conditions. Five unique strains of <i>S. aureus</i> at five different concentrations were cultured to compare direct plating, agitated broth enrichment, and static broth enrichment culture methods. All samples were incubated at 35° in ambient air. The lowest concentration recovered across three replicates and five strains did not differ between culture methods (Fisher's exact test, p=0.50); notably, recovery of <i>S. aureus</i> was equivalent between static and agitated broth incubation. When broth enrichment was used (both static and agitated), the burden of <i>S. aureus</i> growth was higher (by semiquantitative assessment of 4-quadrant streaking) compared to the direct plating culture method. Optimizing strategies for microbial recovery is essential, particularly in areas of lower biomass, given the paucity of research concerning microbial communities of built environments. The results of this study, in conjunction with other experiments investigating microbiomes of built environments, can help inform protocols for standardizing culturing methods within built environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1462671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36431771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}