Journal of Plankton Research最新文献

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High prey capture efficiencies of oceanic epipelagic lobate and cestid ctenophores 大洋上层裂片栉水母和栉水母的高猎物捕获效率

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae044

Taylor Child, John H Costello, Brad J Gemmell, Kelly R Sutherland, Sean P Colin

Ctenophores are numerically dominant members of oceanic epipelagic communities around the world. The ctenophore community is often comprised of several common, co-occurring lobate and cestid genera. Previous quantifications of the amount of fluid that lobate ctenophores entrain in their feeding currents revealed that oceanic lobates have the potential for high feeding rates. In order to more directly examine the trophic role of oceanic lobate ctenophores, we quantified the encounter and retention efficiencies of several co-occurring species (Bolinopsis vitrea, Ocyropsis crystallina, Eurhamphea vexilligera and Cestum veneris) in their natural environments. Encounters and predator–prey interactions were video recorded in the field using specialized cameras and SCUBA techniques. The lobate species encountered, on average, 2.4 prey per minute and ingested 40% of these prey. This translated to an estimated ingestion rate of close to 1 prey per minute. Cestum veneris and most of the lobate species retained prey as efficiently as the voracious coastal lobate predator Mnemiopsis leidyi, suggesting that these oceanic species have a similar predation impact in their environments as M. leidyi does in coastal ecosystems. Hence, quantified in situ predatory-prey interactions indicate that epipelagic ctenophores have a significant impact on oceanic ecosystems worldwide.

栉水母是世界各地海洋表层生物群落中数量上占优势的成员。栉水母群落通常由几个常见的、共生的裂片栉水母属和栉水母属组成。之前对裂片栉水母在摄食流中夹带的液体量进行的量化研究表明，海洋裂片栉水母具有高摄食率的潜力。为了更直接地研究大洋裂片栉水母的营养作用，我们量化了几种共生物种（Bolinopsis vitrea、Ocyropsis crystallina、Eurhamphea vexilligera和Cestum veneris）在自然环境中的相遇和滞留效率。在野外，使用专用摄像机和水下呼吸器技术对相遇和捕食者与猎物之间的互动进行了视频记录。裂片鱼种平均每分钟遇到 2.4 个猎物，并摄取了其中 40% 的猎物。这意味着摄食率估计接近每分钟 1 个猎物。Cestum veneris 和大多数裂片鱼类捕食猎物的效率与贪婪的沿海裂片鱼类捕食者 Mnemiopsis leidyi 相当，这表明这些海洋鱼类在其环境中的捕食影响与 M. leidyi 在沿海生态系统中的捕食影响相似。因此，原位捕食与被捕食相互作用的量化结果表明，上层栉水母对全球海洋生态系统具有重要影响。

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引用次数: 0

Dietary plasticity in small Arctic copepods as revealed with prey metabarcoding 用猎物代谢编码揭示北极小型桡足类的膳食可塑性

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae042

Snorre Flo, Camilla Svensen, Kim Præbel, Bodil Annikki Bluhm, Anna Vader

Objectives Small copepods (<2 mm) compose an important constituent of the Arctic marine food web, but their trophic interactions remain largely unexplored, partly due to methodological limitations. Methods We here characterize the prey of the abundant cyclopoid Oithona similis, harpacticoid Microsetella norvegica and calanoid Microcalanus spp. from the Arctic Barents Sea and Nansen Basin during four seasons using brute force prey metabarcoding of the 18S rRNA gene. Key findings Chaetognaths were unexpectedly the most consistently identified taxa and composed 47% of all prey reads. Some taxa were seasonally important, including diatoms in April–May (43%), dinoflagellates in December (15%) and March (17%), and urochordates in August (20%). Compositional differences among species were also discernible, and the M. norvegica diet was significantly different from both O. similis and Microcalanus spp. The diets varied nevertheless more with season than species despite the inherent trophic traits that distinguish the ambush-predator O. similis, chemosensoric particle-chaser M. norvegica and current-feeding Microcalanus spp. Conclusions Our results thus indicate that dietary plasticity is common in small Arctic copepods, regardless of their behaviors or strategies for finding sustenance. We further hypothesize that such plasticity is an important adaptation in systems where prey availability is highly seasonal.

目的小型桡足类（<2 mm）是北极海洋食物网的重要组成部分，但它们之间的营养相互作用在很大程度上仍未得到研究，部分原因是研究方法的局限性。方法我们在此利用 18S rRNA 基因对北极巴伦支海和南森盆地四季中丰富的环口纲 Oithona similis、栉水母纲 Microsetella norvegica 和桡足类 Microcalanus spp.的猎物进行了描述。主要发现链纹目动物意外地成为最稳定的鉴定类群，占所有猎物读数的 47%。一些类群具有重要的季节性，包括 4-5 月份的硅藻（43%）、12 月份（15%）和 3 月份（17%）的甲藻以及 8 月份（20%）的尿囊虫。尽管伏击捕食者 O. similis 具有固有的营养特征，但食性随季节的变化比物种的变化更大。结论因此，我们的研究结果表明，北极小型桡足类的食物可塑性很普遍，与它们寻找食物的行为或策略无关。我们进一步推测，这种可塑性在猎物供应具有高度季节性的系统中是一种重要的适应性。

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引用次数: 0

Spring resting egg production of the calanoid copepod, Eurytemora affinis, in a freshet-dominated estuary 淡水河口桡足类(Eurytemora affinis)春季休眠产卵情况

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae039

Joanne Breckenridge, Evgeny Pakhomov

Seasonal peaks in river discharge, such as snowmelt-dominated freshets, are predictable events that can have a large effect on flushing rates and salinity in estuaries. Resting eggs, which many coastal and estuarine copepods produce for overwintering or aestivation, could also serve to bridge predictable peaks in river discharge. We assessed the timing of resting egg production of the egg-carrying estuarine copepod, Eurytemora affinis (Poppe), in relation to river discharge in the Fraser River Estuary, Canada. Approximately 30 field-collected females were individually incubated on 12 occasions over the period February 2015–May 2016. Eurytemora affinis abundance and population structure were investigated from vertical net tow samples collected twice monthly to monthly. Resting eggs occurred primarily in May 2015 and May 2016 (6.5 and 9.2 eggs day−1, respectively), a month prior to peak flows, and the proportion of offspring that were resting eggs increased with river discharge. Eurytemora affinis reached a minimum abundance in July 2015, when the population was dominated by adults (86%). Resting egg production in E. affinis is typically considered an overwintering mechanism but we suggest that the ultimate driver of resting egg production in this population is avoidance of flushing and/or low salinities.

河水排放的季节性峰值，如以融雪为主的新月，是可以预测的事件，对河口的冲刷率和盐度有很大影响。许多沿岸和河口桡足类为越冬或休眠而产下的休眠卵，也可用于弥补可预测的河流排水高峰。我们评估了携带卵的河口桡足类 Eurytemora affinis (Poppe) 的休眠产卵时间与加拿大弗雷泽河口河流排水量的关系。在 2015 年 2 月至 2016 年 5 月期间，对约 30 只实地采集的雌性桡足类进行了 12 次单独孵化。通过每月两次至每月一次收集的垂直网拖样本调查了 Eurytemora affinis 的丰度和种群结构。休卵主要发生在 2015 年 5 月和 2016 年 5 月（分别为 6.5 卵日-1 和 9.2 卵日-1），即流量高峰前一个月，且后代中休卵的比例随河流流量增加而增加。Eurytemora affinis在2015年7月达到最低丰度，当时种群以成鱼为主（86%）。E. affinis的休眠产卵通常被认为是一种越冬机制，但我们认为该种群休眠产卵的最终驱动因素是避免冲刷和/或低盐度。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of light and nutrient availability on the phagotrophic activity of harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellates 光照和营养供应对形成有害藻华的甲藻吞噬活动的影响

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae038

Catalina Mena, Marc Long, Ophélie Lorand, Pascale Malestroit, Emilie Rabiller, Jean-François Maguer, Stéphane L’helguen, Aurore Regaudie De Gioux

Phagotrophy is a key nutritional mode for many bloom-forming dinoflagellates that can supplement their carbon and nutrient requirements. However, the environmental drivers and ecological relevance of phagotrophy in algal blooms are still poorly understood. This study evaluates the effect of light and nutrient availability on the phagotrophic activity of three common bloom-forming dinoflagellates (Alexandrium minutum, Heterocapsa triquetra and Prorocentrum micans) using three fluorescently labeled preys: bacteria, Synechococcus and the haptophyte Isochrysis galbana. The three dinoflagellates exhibited distinct responses to light and nutrient availability in terms of growth, cell size, prey ingestion and preference. A. minutum and H. triquetra showed higher cell-specific ingestion rates on bacteria (0.53 ± 0.13 and 1.64 ± 0.39 prey dinoflagellate−1 h−1, respectively) under co-limited nutrient and light availability, whereas P. micans showed higher ingestion on Synechococcus (0.93 ± 0.22 prey dinoflagellate−1 h−1) under low-light availability alone. However, the three dinoflagellates exhibited the highest carbon and nitrogen-specific ingestion rates when feeding on the larger prey I. galbana. Our findings indicate that phagotrophy could be of advantage in short periods of light or nutrient limitation and may play different roles during the development of blooms, likely influencing the energy transfer through the food web.

噬营养是许多形成藻华的甲藻的一种关键营养模式，可以补充它们对碳和营养物质的需求。然而，人们对藻华中噬营养的环境驱动因素和生态相关性仍然知之甚少。本研究利用三种荧光标记的猎物（细菌、Synechococcus 和合藻 Isochrysis galbana），评估了光照和营养供应对三种常见藻华形成甲藻（Alexandrium minutum、Heterocapsa triquetra 和 Prorocentrum micans）吞噬活动的影响。这三种甲藻在生长、细胞大小、猎物摄取和偏好方面对光照和养分的供应表现出不同的反应。在营养物质和光照共同受限的情况下，A. minutum 和 H. triquetra 对细菌的细胞特异性摄取率较高（分别为 0.53 ± 0.13 和 1.64 ± 0.39 猎物甲藻-1 h-1），而 P. micans 仅在低光照条件下对 Synechococcus 的摄取率较高（0.93 ± 0.22 猎物甲藻-1 h-1）。然而，当摄食较大的猎物 I. galbana 时，这三种甲藻表现出最高的碳和氮摄取率。我们的研究结果表明，吞噬作用在短时间的光照或营养限制条件下可能具有优势，并可能在水华的发展过程中发挥不同的作用，从而可能影响食物网的能量传递。

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引用次数: 0

Variation in defensive spines across juvenile instars of Daphnia magna 大型蚤幼体中防御刺的变化

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae033

Patricia Diel, Marvin Kiene, Christian Laforsch

Various species of freshwater zooplankton feature defensive spines, spikes or spinules across a comparatively wide size range. Among those is Daphnia magna, which has previously been found to express an enhanced spinescence in response to the predatory tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis. This involves an elongated tail-spine, further protruding fornices and elongated, as well as further spread spinules along its carapace margins. Of these, the predator-induced trait changes concerning the spinules of D. magna at the age of first reproduction are known. However, their morphological development throughout the juvenile instars, in comparison to the changes of the prominent tail spine during the same periods, has thus far been unclear. Our study shows that D. magna expresses spinules across all investigated juvenile instars. Furthermore, during ontogeny, the development of D. magna’s rather small spinescence traits, i.e. the dorsal and ventral mean spinule length, as well as the dorsal spinules bearing area, in response to predation pressure, differs distinctly from that of the prominent tail-spine. Thus, our study provides further insight into the connectedness of traits contributing to the overall defensively enhanced spinescence of D. magna, with possible implications for the functional benefit of the traits at certain developmental periods.

淡水浮游动物中有多种具有防御性的刺、尖刺或棘刺，其大小范围相对较广。在这些物种中，大型蚤（Daphnia magna）曾被发现对捕食性蝌蚪虾（Triops cancriformis）表现出更强的刺性。这包括拉长尾刺、进一步突出肛门和拉长，以及沿着躯壳边缘进一步扩散的刺。其中，捕食者诱发的有关巨嘴鸟初次繁殖年龄的棘刺的性状变化是已知的。然而，它们在整个幼体期的形态发展，与突出尾刺在同一时期的变化相比，迄今尚不清楚。我们的研究表明，在所有调查的幼体阶次中，D. magna 都表达了尾刺。此外，在个体发育过程中，大型栉水母较小的棘刺特征（即背侧和腹侧平均棘刺长度以及背侧棘刺面积）在捕食压力下的发展与突出尾刺的发展截然不同。因此，我们的研究进一步揭示了导致大型裸鲤整体防御性刺光增强的性状之间的联系，并可能对这些性状在某些发育时期的功能益处产生影响。

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引用次数: 0

A database of nutritional strategies of nanoplankton genera present in North American lake surface waters 北美湖泊表层水纳米浮游生物营养策略数据库

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae035

Philippe Le Noac’h, Beatrix E Beisner

A database of nutritional strategies of nanoplankton genera present in North American lake surface waters is presented. This work represents an integrated and updated database of nutritional strategies for nanoplankton genera commonly found in surface waters of North American lakes. We tabulate the nutritional strategies (autotroph, phago-mixotroph and phago-heterotroph) for nanoplankton genera identified during several pan-continental lake surveys: the EPA-NLA surveys conducted in 2012 and 2017 across the continental USA and the NSERC Canadian Lake Pulse survey campaign conducted from 2017 to 2019. We expect that this work will serve others in the plankton community interested in assessing nanoplankton feeding strategies.

介绍了北美湖泊表层水域中纳米浮游生物属的营养策略数据库。这项工作是对北美湖泊表层水域中常见的纳米浮游生物属的营养策略数据库进行整合和更新。我们列出了在几次泛大陆湖泊调查（2012 年和 2017 年在美国大陆进行的 EPA-NLA 调查以及 2017 年至 2019 年进行的 NSERC 加拿大湖泊脉冲调查活动）中发现的纳米浮游生物属的营养策略（自养型、噬食-混养型和噬食-异养型）。我们希望这项工作能为浮游生物界其他对评估纳米浮游生物摄食策略感兴趣的人提供帮助。

引用次数: 0

Correction to: Under ice plankton and lipid dynamics in a subarctic lake. 更正：一个亚北极湖泊的冰下浮游生物和脂质动力学。

IF 1.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-06-28 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae037

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae018.].

[此处更正了文章 DOI：10.1093/plankt/fbae018]。

引用次数: 0

Understanding the picture: the promise and challenges of in-situ imagery data in the study of plankton ecology 了解图片：现场图像数据在浮游生物生态学研究中的前景与挑战

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae023

Alex Barth, Joshua Stone

Planktons are a fundamental piece of all ocean ecosystems yet, sampling plankton at the high resolution required to understand their dynamics remains a challenge. In-situ imaging tools offer an approach to sample plankton at fine scales. Advances in technology and methodology provide the ability to make in-situ imaging a common tool in plankton ecology. Despite the massive potential of in-situ imaging tools, there are no standard approaches for analyzing the associated data. Consequently, studies are inconsistent in analyzing in-situ imaging data, even for similar questions. This introduces challenges in comparing across studies and sampling devices. In this review, we briefly summarize the increasing use, potential and novel applications of in-situ imaging tools in plankton ecology. Then, we synthesize the common analyses used across these studies. Finally, we address the major statistical challenges associated with the unique sampling mechanisms of in-situ imaging tools and discuss the theoretical uncertainties, which arise from the low-sampling volumes of many in-situ imaging tools. To fully unlock the power of in-situ imaging tools in plankton ecological studies, researchers must carefully consider how to analyze their data. We provide recommendations for processing and analyzing data while also acknowledging a large need for developing new statistical tool.

浮游生物是所有海洋生态系统的基本组成部分，然而，要以了解浮游生物动态所需的高分辨率对浮游生物进行取样仍然是一项挑战。原位成像工具提供了一种在精细尺度上对浮游生物进行取样的方法。技术和方法的进步使原位成像成为浮游生物生态学的常用工具。尽管原位成像工具潜力巨大，但目前还没有分析相关数据的标准方法。因此，即使是针对类似问题的研究，原位成像数据的分析方法也不一致。这给比较不同研究和采样设备带来了挑战。在本综述中，我们简要总结了原位成像工具在浮游生物生态学中越来越多的应用、潜力和新应用。然后，我们总结了这些研究中常用的分析方法。最后，我们探讨了与原位成像工具独特的取样机制相关的主要统计挑战，并讨论了由于许多原位成像工具的取样量较低而产生的理论不确定性。为了充分发挥原位成像工具在浮游生物生态研究中的作用，研究人员必须仔细考虑如何分析数据。我们提供了处理和分析数据的建议，同时也承认了开发新统计工具的巨大需求。

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引用次数: 0

Ocean-colour anomalies quantified by the human eye. 人眼量化的海洋颜色异常。

IF 1.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-06-07 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae027

Robert J W Brewin, Giorgio Dall'Olmo

Phytoplankton turn seawater green when their concentration increases. This allows us to monitor them using ocean colour. However, as the spectral properties of phytoplankton and their relationship with other coloured substances in seawater vary, subtle differences (anomalies) in ocean colour occur that can cause large errors in estimates of phytoplankton abundance. Identifying and understanding these anomalies is required to interpret ocean-colour data properly, but not all scientists have access to, or can afford, the in-situ instrumentation needed to do this. We show that practical, low-cost tools developed in the 19th century (a Secchi disk and Forel-Ule colour scale) can be used to quantify a colour anomaly in the Weddell Sea. Our findings imply that ocean-colour anomalies can be identified using affordable methods. Furthermore, records collected over the last century may contain clues on how ocean ecosystems have changed with climate.

浮游植物浓度增加时，海水会变成绿色。因此，我们可以利用海洋颜色对其进行监测。然而，由于浮游植物的光谱特性及其与海水中其他有色物质的关系各不相同，海洋颜色会出现细微差别（异常），从而导致对浮游植物丰度的估计出现较大误差。要正确解读海洋颜色数据，就必须识别和理解这些异常现象，但并非所有科学家都有机会或有能力获得所需的现场仪器。我们的研究表明，19 世纪开发的实用低成本工具（塞奇盘和福尔-乌尔色标）可用于量化威德尔海的颜色异常。我们的研究结果表明，使用经济实惠的方法就能确定海洋颜色异常。此外，上个世纪收集的记录可能包含海洋生态系统如何随气候发生变化的线索。

引用次数: 0

Optimal phenology of life history events in Calanus finmarchicus: exit from diapause in relation to interannual variation in spring bloom timing and predation. 鸬鹚生活史事件的最佳物候学：与春暖花开时间和捕食的年际变化有关的休眠期退出。

IF 1.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Journal of Plankton Research

Pub Date : 2024-06-07 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae028

Thomas R Anderson, Dag O Hessen, Wendy C Gentleman, Andrew Yool, Daniel J Mayor

Respiration of lipids by copepods during diapause (overwintering dormancy) contributes to ocean carbon sequestration via the seasonal lipid pump (SLP). Parameterizing this flux in predictive models requires a mechanistic understanding of how life history adaptation in copepods shapes their timing of exit from diapause. We investigate the optimal phenology of Calanus finmarchicus in the Norwegian Sea using an individual-based model in which diapause exit is represented as a trait characterized by phenotypic mean and variance. Without interannual variability, optimal exit correlated with the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom and phenotypic variance was of no benefit. In contrast, copepods endured reduced fitness and adopted bet-hedging strategies when exposed to interannual variability in bloom timing and predation: later exit from diapause and phenotypic variance maintained adult numbers in anomalous late-bloom years. Exit nevertheless remained well before the peak of the bloom which is a favorable strategy when low predation early in the year enhances survival of eggs and early developmental stages. Our work highlights the complex interactions between C. finmarchicus and its environment and the need for improved understanding of bet-hedging strategies and the cues of diapause exit to progress the representation of the SLP in global biogeochemical models.

桡足类在休眠期（越冬休眠）的脂质呼吸通过季节性脂质泵（SLP）为海洋固碳做出了贡献。要在预测模型中对这一通量进行参数化，需要从机理上了解桡足类的生活史适应如何影响其从休眠期退出的时间。我们利用基于个体的模型研究了挪威海桡足类（Calanus finmarchicus）的最佳物候期，在该模型中，休眠期的退出是以表型平均值和方差为特征的性状。在没有年际变异的情况下，最佳退出时间与春季浮游植物盛开的时间相关，表型变异没有任何益处。与此相反，当桡足类动物受到开花时间和捕食的年际变化影响时，它们会忍受降低的适应性并采取对冲策略：在异常的晚开花年份中，较晚退出休眠期和表型变异能维持成体数量。然而，退出时间仍远早于开花高峰期，这在年初捕食量较低时是一种有利的策略，可提高卵和早期发育阶段的存活率。我们的研究突显了长须鲸与环境之间复杂的相互作用，需要进一步了解套期保值策略和休眠期退出的线索，以便在全球生物地球化学模型中更好地表现SLP。

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引用次数: 0

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