Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-6-22
V. Dementyev
The article formulates the subject and tasks of the future speech-genre discipline – the integral description of speech genres – which, in the author’s opinion, claims to be central to the general theory of speech genres. The main sources of the theory of speech genres integrality include the high level of a speech genre as a speech and language unit, the complex, multidimensional and multicomponent nature of the theory of speech genres, the multidisciplinarity of the theory of speech genres (it draws on data from almost all the humanities and partly non-humanities). The integral description of speech genres will include the following parameters: the cultural and historical context of the speech genre; typological characteristics of speech genre (including their place in various typologies); speech-genre variantology and recurrence, including new technogenic and Internet derivatives from primary, traditional genres; representation in the corps. The integral description of speech genres and its parameters are discussed in connection with the division of linguistics (partly – other sciences, for example, literary criticism). It is shown that the majority of divisions of linguistics that are significant for the integral description of speech genres go back to Saussure’s idea of opposing internal and external linguistics, and the main tasks of the theory of speech genres correspond to those three “eternal” problems of linguistics formulated by V. M. Alpatov: “How is language structured?”, “How does language function?” and “How does language develop?” The author discusses directions of the most important genre studies, from which the integral description of speech genres should be “composed”, and the criteria used for their selection: 1) the model is already integral (multi-component and interdisciplinary); 2) universal (applicable to many languages and national cultures, in different historical periods); 3) based on this model, the largest number of studies was carried out. The first criterion is met by the model of T. V. Shmeleva, the second – by the universalist model of A. Wierzbicka, the third – by traditional speech-genre models: lexical, syntactic and pragmatic. In conclusion, the author discusses the unresolved problems of speech genres, which can be logically solved on the basis of the integral description of speech genres: typology (integral bases for the classification of speech genres claim to be more reliable), variantology, applied and experimental aspects (vocabulary representation of speech genres and corpus aspect, including the analysis of key phrases of speech genres).
文章提出了未来言语流派学科的主题和任务--言语流派的整体描述--作者认为，言语流派的整体描述是言语流派一般理论的核心。言语体裁理论整体性的主要来源包括：言语体裁作为言语和语言单位的高层次性；言语体裁理论的复杂性、多维性和多成分性；言语体裁理论的多学科性（它借鉴了几乎所有人文学科和部分非人文学科的资料）。言语体裁的整体描述将包括以下参数：言语体裁的文化和历史背景；言语体裁的类型学特征（包括它们在各种类型学中的地位）；言语体裁的变体学和复现，包括从原始、传统体裁中衍生出来的新技术体裁和网络体裁；在军团中的代表性。本文结合语言学（部分涉及其他科学，如文学批评）的划分，讨论了语言流派的整体描述及其参数。结果表明，对语言体裁的整体描述具有重要意义的语言学划分大多可以追溯到索绪尔将内部语言学和外部语言学对立起来的思想，而语言体裁理论的主要任务与 V. M. 阿尔帕托夫提出的语言学三个 "永恒 "问题相对应："语言是如何结构的？"、"语言是如何运作的？"和 "语言是如何发展的？"作者讨论了最重要的体裁研究方向，语言体裁的整体描述应从这些研究中 "组成"，并讨论了选择这些研究的标准：1）该模式已经是整体的（多成分和跨学科）；2）具有普遍性（适用于不同历史时期的多种语言和民族文化）；3）基于该模式开展的研究数量最多。T. V. Shmeleva 的模式符合第一条标准，A. Wierzbicka 的普遍主义模式符合第二条标准，传统的语音类型模式（词汇、句法和语用）符合第三条标准。最后，作者讨论了语音流派的未决问题，这些问题可以在语音流派整体描述的基础上得到合理解决：类型学（语音流派分类的整体基础更可靠）、变体学、应用和实验方面（语音流派的词汇表示和语料库方面，包括语音流派关键短语的分析）。
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Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-79-89
Vladimir I. Karasik
The paper deals with reader comments to blogs in Runet treated as a speech genre. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that blogging is a common practice of public discussion concerning vital or interesting problems of present day life in Russia. The topics analyzed include social problems, historical issues, literature, ecology and technological progress. The aim of the article is to describe the types of comments to blogs. The constitutive impetus of the comments is the desire to keep free intercommunication with people who share the common interest. The commentators specify and correct the information, show their attitude to it and exercise their self-expression. Their reactions are mainly evaluating the facts reported in the blog, supporting or criticizing the blogger and demonstrating their Ego. The communicative distance usually corresponds to a colloquial mode of speech. However, the comments show that their authors often keep a professional level of knowledge of the facts spoken about. They demonstrate their interest when discussing the facts and various shades of irony when characterizing themselves.
{"title":"Reader’s comment as a genre of the modern Russian blog sphere","authors":"Vladimir I. Karasik","doi":"10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-79-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-79-89","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with reader comments to blogs in Runet treated as a speech genre. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that blogging is a common practice of public discussion concerning vital or interesting problems of present day life in Russia. The topics analyzed include social problems, historical issues, literature, ecology and technological progress. The aim of the article is to describe the types of comments to blogs. The constitutive impetus of the comments is the desire to keep free intercommunication with people who share the common interest. The commentators specify and correct the information, show their attitude to it and exercise their self-expression. Their reactions are mainly evaluating the facts reported in the blog, supporting or criticizing the blogger and demonstrating their Ego. The communicative distance usually corresponds to a colloquial mode of speech. However, the comments show that their authors often keep a professional level of knowledge of the facts spoken about. They demonstrate their interest when discussing the facts and various shades of irony when characterizing themselves.","PeriodicalId":169339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal “Speech Genres”","volume":"1 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-38-46
I. Vepreva, Irina G. Polyakova, I. Shalina
The object of the study in this article is the materials of medical counseling by a reproductive psychologist with oocyte donors who were patients of one of the reproductive centers in Yekaterinburg. Reproductive medicine has institutionalized germ cell donation, but the medical procedure of donation (voluntary donation of oocytes by a healthy woman) is not immune to possible risks and medical consequences, so the talk of a psychologist is mandatory for female gamete donors, is part of the donation program and involves discussion of topics closed to the general audience. The linguistic relevance of the conducted study is determined by the novelty of the analyzed material, which fits into the genre of a frank conversation. The situation of psychological counseling assumes maximum openness of the donor, which is one of the conditions of successful donation. The article considers the variation of the genre in its professional refraction based on the prototypical situation of open talk and reveals the set of speech tactics used by the psychologist in the course of the conversation. To initiate a frank conversation the confidant uses metacommunicative constructions, allowing them to invite the confidant to a frank conversation. The modal focus on the confidant is accomplished through the tactics of acknowledging the personal importance of the speech partner and their moral support. Interpretive tactics of concretization, paraphrasing, inductive generalization, as a rule, construct a medial part of the frank conversation, performing the function of controlling its course. The conversational manner of selfexpression of the interlocutors demonstrates the weakening of speech control over the situation and the relaxed nature of communication. The choice of the thematic repertoire relevant to a frank conversation shows the predominance of the sphere of thematic secrecy, the sub-sphere of “thematic taboos”: first sexual experiences and psychological trauma (abortions, the death of loved ones, severe, incurable illness, etc.).
{"title":"Open talk in the oral discourse of reproductive medicine: Peculiarities of professional refraction","authors":"I. Vepreva, Irina G. Polyakova, I. Shalina","doi":"10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-38-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-38-46","url":null,"abstract":"The object of the study in this article is the materials of medical counseling by a reproductive psychologist with oocyte donors who were patients of one of the reproductive centers in Yekaterinburg. Reproductive medicine has institutionalized germ cell donation, but the medical procedure of donation (voluntary donation of oocytes by a healthy woman) is not immune to possible risks and medical consequences, so the talk of a psychologist is mandatory for female gamete donors, is part of the donation program and involves discussion of topics closed to the general audience. The linguistic relevance of the conducted study is determined by the novelty of the analyzed material, which fits into the genre of a frank conversation. The situation of psychological counseling assumes maximum openness of the donor, which is one of the conditions of successful donation. The article considers the variation of the genre in its professional refraction based on the prototypical situation of open talk and reveals the set of speech tactics used by the psychologist in the course of the conversation. To initiate a frank conversation the confidant uses metacommunicative constructions, allowing them to invite the confidant to a frank conversation. The modal focus on the confidant is accomplished through the tactics of acknowledging the personal importance of the speech partner and their moral support. Interpretive tactics of concretization, paraphrasing, inductive generalization, as a rule, construct a medial part of the frank conversation, performing the function of controlling its course. The conversational manner of selfexpression of the interlocutors demonstrates the weakening of speech control over the situation and the relaxed nature of communication. The choice of the thematic repertoire relevant to a frank conversation shows the predominance of the sphere of thematic secrecy, the sub-sphere of “thematic taboos”: first sexual experiences and psychological trauma (abortions, the death of loved ones, severe, incurable illness, etc.).","PeriodicalId":169339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal “Speech Genres”","volume":"3 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-66-78
Evgeny A. Kozhemyakin, Tatiana I. Dubrovskaya
The article discusses changes in scientific communication that are related to its transfer to a digital environment. The authors aim to reveal structural and semiotic transformations that the genre of scientific article undergoes in the context of transition from paper to a digital format. To this end, the characteristics of the genre in its traditional printed format are compared to the characteristics of scientific articles as they are presented in the electronic versions of journals. The results of the analysis demonstrate that these changes affected both genre features per se (e.g. the abstract has acquired a visual form) and the “genre shell”, i.e. an instrumental interface that facilitates the recipient’s interaction with the text. The transformation of the genre characteristics found in a scientific article requires that scholars expand their competencies, both cognitive and technical, since this factor predetermines the effectiveness of scientific communication. As for the recipient, the technological context of a scientific article on the Internet provides readers with additional opportunities for interacting with the text through the common use of affordances. Being “intermediaries” between the properties of the text and the reader’s capabilities, affordances are widely used in the procedures of meaning translation. At the same time, a scientific article becomes a typical Internet object that is subject to all actions taken to any other object in a digital environment. The authors conclude that the next research stage can cover the examination of the reader’s interaction with a scientific article on the Internet, as well as the influence of new genre features and affordances on the recipient’s perception and interpretation of the text.
{"title":"Genre of a scientific article on the Internet: Structural and semiotic transformation","authors":"Evgeny A. Kozhemyakin, Tatiana I. Dubrovskaya","doi":"10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-66-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-66-78","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses changes in scientific communication that are related to its transfer to a digital environment. The authors aim to reveal structural and semiotic transformations that the genre of scientific article undergoes in the context of transition from paper to a digital format. To this end, the characteristics of the genre in its traditional printed format are compared to the characteristics of scientific articles as they are presented in the electronic versions of journals. The results of the analysis demonstrate that these changes affected both genre features per se (e.g. the abstract has acquired a visual form) and the “genre shell”, i.e. an instrumental interface that facilitates the recipient’s interaction with the text. The transformation of the genre characteristics found in a scientific article requires that scholars expand their competencies, both cognitive and technical, since this factor predetermines the effectiveness of scientific communication. As for the recipient, the technological context of a scientific article on the Internet provides readers with additional opportunities for interacting with the text through the common use of affordances. Being “intermediaries” between the properties of the text and the reader’s capabilities, affordances are widely used in the procedures of meaning translation. At the same time, a scientific article becomes a typical Internet object that is subject to all actions taken to any other object in a digital environment. The authors conclude that the next research stage can cover the examination of the reader’s interaction with a scientific article on the Internet, as well as the influence of new genre features and affordances on the recipient’s perception and interpretation of the text.","PeriodicalId":169339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal “Speech Genres”","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-47-55
Yana A. Volkova, N. Panchenko
The study aims to describe the speech genre of “motivational speech” in English-speaking motivational discourse. The relevance and scientific novelty of the research are determined by the need to construct the definition of motivational discourse, to clarify its discursive intention and strategy, and to study and describe its genre specificity. The article distinguishes between the concepts of motivation and impact and their respective discourses based on the addressee type (particularlyaddressable, targeting a specific communication partner, and generally addressable, oriented towards an abstract addressee), as well as based on the subject types that depend on the individual’s chosen “achievement motivation” strategy – either striving for success or avoiding failure. The analysis of motivational speeches demonstrated their thematic heterogeneity and varying degrees of formalization, ranging from rigid and soft formalization genres to free genres. The study identified eight main types of motivational speeches differentiated according to their basic intention and addressee concept, and determined their compositional structure. Furthermore, the research established characteristic features of this genre, such as the incorporation of storytelling, humor, different types of evidential information, emotive lexis and syntax, as well as the use of the so called “inclusive language”.
{"title":"Motivational speech: Specifics of the speech genre functioning","authors":"Yana A. Volkova, N. Panchenko","doi":"10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-47-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-47-55","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to describe the speech genre of “motivational speech” in English-speaking motivational discourse. The relevance and scientific novelty of the research are determined by the need to construct the definition of motivational discourse, to clarify its discursive intention and strategy, and to study and describe its genre specificity. The article distinguishes between the concepts of motivation and impact and their respective discourses based on the addressee type (particularlyaddressable, targeting a specific communication partner, and generally addressable, oriented towards an abstract addressee), as well as based on the subject types that depend on the individual’s chosen “achievement motivation” strategy – either striving for success or avoiding failure. The analysis of motivational speeches demonstrated their thematic heterogeneity and varying degrees of formalization, ranging from rigid and soft formalization genres to free genres. The study identified eight main types of motivational speeches differentiated according to their basic intention and addressee concept, and determined their compositional structure. Furthermore, the research established characteristic features of this genre, such as the incorporation of storytelling, humor, different types of evidential information, emotive lexis and syntax, as well as the use of the so called “inclusive language”.","PeriodicalId":169339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal “Speech Genres”","volume":"30 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-29-37
Natalia V. Orlova
The relevance of the study of the quantitative dimension of genres, in particular genres of small format and short implementations of genres in general, has increased due to the need to “compress” information of various types in modern communications, insufficient knowledge of the patterns of functioning of short and abbreviated texts/discourses, attention to the quantitative aspects of speech in terms of their value. The problematic situation is defined by the author as a contradiction between the ascertainment of the prototypical nature of texts of small volume, rather complete descriptions of a number of small-format genres, on the one hand, and the lack of clarification of the factors that allow or do not allow the genre to function in a short (short, incomplete, abbreviated) mode. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the circumstances that determine the external differentiation and internal variability of genres based on the quantitative characteristics of “brief” and “short”. It is a corpus research, the data about genres was formed on the corpus basis, the names of which formed the right contexts of the adjectives “brief” and “short” in the main body of the Russian National Corpus. It has been established that as “brief” are defined the realizations of genres that involve a written form, expansion, a rational strategy of text generation, standard content. “Short” versions are attributed to oral genres in which the subject of speech is free to choose the strategy and semantic content of the text. Brief forms can form institutionally fixed variants of genres, independent genres and represent individual realizations of the genre. The attitude of speech subjects to the choice of a short form depends on many pragmatic factors, it is rather approved than condemned.
{"title":"Genre quantification: The functioning of “brief” and “short” in the position of definitions of genre names","authors":"Natalia V. Orlova","doi":"10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-29-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-29-37","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study of the quantitative dimension of genres, in particular genres of small format and short implementations of genres in general, has increased due to the need to “compress” information of various types in modern communications, insufficient knowledge of the patterns of functioning of short and abbreviated texts/discourses, attention to the quantitative aspects of speech in terms of their value. The problematic situation is defined by the author as a contradiction between the ascertainment of the prototypical nature of texts of small volume, rather complete descriptions of a number of small-format genres, on the one hand, and the lack of clarification of the factors that allow or do not allow the genre to function in a short (short, incomplete, abbreviated) mode. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the circumstances that determine the external differentiation and internal variability of genres based on the quantitative characteristics of “brief” and “short”. It is a corpus research, the data about genres was formed on the corpus basis, the names of which formed the right contexts of the adjectives “brief” and “short” in the main body of the Russian National Corpus. It has been established that as “brief” are defined the realizations of genres that involve a written form, expansion, a rational strategy of text generation, standard content. “Short” versions are attributed to oral genres in which the subject of speech is free to choose the strategy and semantic content of the text. Brief forms can form institutionally fixed variants of genres, independent genres and represent individual realizations of the genre. The attitude of speech subjects to the choice of a short form depends on many pragmatic factors, it is rather approved than condemned.","PeriodicalId":169339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal “Speech Genres”","volume":"1 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-90-103
Irina V. Smirnova
The article examines fraudulent discourse – a special type of discourse, the purpose of which is to take possession of other people’s property and obtain benefits through deceit or breach of trust. The author differentiates the legal understanding of the phenomenon of “fraud” and its perception in the ordinary worldview. It is proved that the concept of fraudulent discourse should include a number of communicative acts qualified by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as theft or extortion. The central genre of fraudulent discourse is the speech genre “swindle” / “con game”, based on the conscious and purposeful manipulative influence of the initiator of communication (fraudster) on the addressee (victim). Nowadays, the wide spread of remote communication determines the predominance of “swindle” using various technical means that provide synchronous or asynchronous interaction between the subjects of communication. The “swindle” / “con game” genre embodies the formulaicity of fraudulent discourse and is implemented through a limited number of strategies, each of which uses a stable set of means of influence. The main strategies are the appeal to fear, the appeal to luck and creation of the illusion of routine. As part of the fear appeal strategy, three tactics are distinguished, namely, the tactics of instilling fear for one’s prosperity and well-being, the tactics of instilling fear for the safety of a family member, and the tactics of instilling fear of public reprimand. The analysis is carried out by a continuous sampling method and is based on messages (more than 400 units) of potential victims or victims of technically mediated fraud, presented in the form of a narrative and posted on various communication resources in the media space.
{"title":"The discourse of technically mediated fraud: The genre “razvod” / “razvodilovo” (≈ “swindle” / “con game”) and its strategies","authors":"Irina V. Smirnova","doi":"10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-90-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2024-19-1-41-90-103","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines fraudulent discourse – a special type of discourse, the purpose of which is to take possession of other people’s property and obtain benefits through deceit or breach of trust. The author differentiates the legal understanding of the phenomenon of “fraud” and its perception in the ordinary worldview. It is proved that the concept of fraudulent discourse should include a number of communicative acts qualified by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as theft or extortion. The central genre of fraudulent discourse is the speech genre “swindle” / “con game”, based on the conscious and purposeful manipulative influence of the initiator of communication (fraudster) on the addressee (victim). Nowadays, the wide spread of remote communication determines the predominance of “swindle” using various technical means that provide synchronous or asynchronous interaction between the subjects of communication. The “swindle” / “con game” genre embodies the formulaicity of fraudulent discourse and is implemented through a limited number of strategies, each of which uses a stable set of means of influence. The main strategies are the appeal to fear, the appeal to luck and creation of the illusion of routine. As part of the fear appeal strategy, three tactics are distinguished, namely, the tactics of instilling fear for one’s prosperity and well-being, the tactics of instilling fear for the safety of a family member, and the tactics of instilling fear of public reprimand. The analysis is carried out by a continuous sampling method and is based on messages (more than 400 units) of potential victims or victims of technically mediated fraud, presented in the form of a narrative and posted on various communication resources in the media space.","PeriodicalId":169339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal “Speech Genres”","volume":"14 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2023-18-4-40-365-374
V. I. Karasik
The paper deals with edifications expressed in Armenian fables of the XII–XIII centuries. These narratives describe common situations of overcoming serious difficulties, interrelations between authorities and people, and paradoxical unpredictability of existence. Three main topics presented in the narratives have been analyzed – the attitudes to the world, to authorities and to human character. The general principles of the world-view comprise loyalty to one’s own people, understanding the connection of cause and consequence, and emphasizing responsibility of one’s actions. The attitude to authorities is mainly critical. The fables show that power makes people cruel, but sober-minded shrewd people may win or at least remain alive. In times of war people should put aside their criticism and defend their country. The narratives about human nature describe envy and stupidity, and victims of fraud are not given sympathy to. The main inferences of the mediaeval Armenian fables may be summarized as fundamental ethical and utilitarian prescriptions of behavior – a realistic evaluation of complicated situations, impermissibility of credulousness, rejection of futile attempts to change the world, and loyalty to the principles of estimable life. The content of the fables reflects universal observations as expressed in similar narratives of other cultures, but has a vivid originality which manifests itself in the appeal to survive in almost unbearable circumstances.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2023-18-4-40-406-412
L. Komutstsi
This article presents an interdisciplinary conception of genre proposed by the Russian philologist from Balashov, Professor Vladimir Serafimovich Vakhrushev. The feasibility of this task can be mainly seen in two aspects. First of all, Vakhrushev conceives genre as an ideal model generating versatile phenomena not only of discursive, but also of social, cultural, and historical processes. His broad understanding of genre can contribute to the comprehension of the specific speech genres, studied within the specific disciplines isolated so far by their primary tasks, as the elements of a coherent macro system “Genre – Text – Man – Society – Culture – Nature”. Within this macro system, the genres of verbal texts appear to be the structures similar to those of other types, existing elsewhere beyond the realm of art or everyday speech, namely, in nature, history and society. According to V. Vakhrushev, verbal genres and the genres of natural and sociohistorical phenomena share a number of intrinsic properties which are determined by the global ecological law of their adaptation to the ever-changing environment. Secondly, this publication is timed to coincide with Professor Vakhrushev’s 90th anniversary, which falls on September 2022, thus providing a motive for presenting his theoretical legacy to a wider community of linguists, literary scholars, cultural studies scholars, perhaps sociologists, historians, and natural scientists to engage them in a critical discussion. Researchers of speech genres and literary studies may be particularly interested in Vakhrushev’s phenomenological definition of genre and in the ways he is reasoning the isomorphism and the presence of analogies between text genres and the genres of other life forms, such as biology, daily social life and history.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.18500/2311-0740-2023-18-4-40-358-364
G. Tokarev
The article is aimed to consider the genre of prayer presented in the diaries of Leo Tolstoy. An analysis of the entries reveals that over the course of his life Tolstoy recorded several dozen prayers he made up. The article examines recorded appeals to God in syntactic, semantic and pragmatic terms. The research uses methods of description, conceptual and pragmatic analysis. The study reveals that Tolstoy violates the accepted canons, modelling an individual appeal to God. Tolstoy’s discourse is dominated by short prayers, which is a consequence of the addressee’s pragmatic intentions: to be concise, humble, not to ask for anything. The article establishes that the key axiological dominant for Tolstoy is love, with which he identifies God. In his appeals to God, Tolstoy asks for firm faith, hope, and a calm conscience. A large group of Tolstoy’s prayers has a situationally oriented nature. The imperatives of behavior are formulated in the prayers. The article concludes that prayer in Tolstoy’s discourse becomes a means of an individual programme of self-improvement. Tolstoy’s prayer is chamberlike, regular in nature. The addressee of the appeal is God, and often not personified, but as emptiness, something, a moral principle. He defines the role of the addressee through the nominations of an obedient son, servant, worker, messenger of the Almighty, who must humbly accept everything that God wants. The article identifies that Tolstoy’s prayers are heterogeneous in their intensions: a request, a thanksgiving, a statement. According to its axiological content and intentional vector, Tolstoy’s prayer fully corresponds to the Christian ideology, expressed in humility and love.
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