Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.02
Ann H. Mahmood, H. Mahmood
A new, precise, and sensitive method for the determination of Metronidazole has been created. Metronidazole has been determined in both blood and dosage forms. The reaction is based on the reduction of the nitro group of metronidazole followed by coupling with the diazotized paminodiphenylamine to produce a soluble, colored complex measured at 515 nm. Beer-Lambert law is obeyed over the concentration range from 20 to 100 µg/mL, the molar absorptivity is 1397.88 L/mol.cm.The method has been used for the determination of metronidazole in the blood of the volunteer after 4, 6, 8, and 12 h from the administration of 500 mg tablet showing that the higher level of the drug was found after 6 h from swallowing the drug orally with excellent precision range (RSD% 0.0122-0.0387). The method has been also applied for the estimation of drug content in injection and tablet dosage forms with accuracy ranging from -4.1- to +4.0.
{"title":"Determination of the Antiprotozoal and Antibacterial Drug Metronidazole in Blood and Dosage Forms Using a Simple Spectrophotometric Method","authors":"Ann H. Mahmood, H. Mahmood","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.02","url":null,"abstract":"A new, precise, and sensitive method for the determination of Metronidazole has been created. Metronidazole has been determined in both blood and dosage forms. The reaction is based on the reduction of the nitro group of metronidazole followed by coupling with the diazotized paminodiphenylamine to produce a soluble, colored complex measured at 515 nm. Beer-Lambert law is obeyed over the concentration range from 20 to 100 µg/mL, the molar absorptivity is 1397.88 L/mol.cm.The method has been used for the determination of metronidazole in the blood of the volunteer after 4, 6, 8, and 12 h from the administration of 500 mg tablet showing that the higher level of the drug was found after 6 h from swallowing the drug orally with excellent precision range (RSD% 0.0122-0.0387). The method has been also applied for the estimation of drug content in injection and tablet dosage forms with accuracy ranging from -4.1- to +4.0.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"1984 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130542518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.01
R. Rehman, Aqsa Younas, Afsareen Bano, R. Muzaffar, S. -, Anila -, A. A. Altaf, Shaheed Ullah
Nano-emulsion is one of the most effective and size-controlled mediums for effective drug delivery systems, the formation of cosmetics products, food preservatives, and insecticidal and antimicrobial products. Therefore, a durable and sophisticated approach is primely important in preparing effective nano-emulsions. Some of the established fabrication approaches towards nanoemulsion are the high and low-energy methods. Depending upon the required results of formulations, these two methods are further divided into sub-categories such as ultra-sonicators, micro-fluidizers, high-pressure homogenizers, phase inversion temperature, phase inversion composition, etc. This review highlights all the available methods to form nano-emulsion by adopting high-energy and low-energy techniques. In addition, this review also elaborates on the importance of nano-emulsions in various end products, as nano-carriers and patents have also been awarded in this field. Besides, the required improvements in this field have been discussed briefly to establish the most authentic approach toward nano-emulsion formation.
{"title":"Recent Developments in Nano-Emulsions’ Preparatory Methods and their Applications: A Concise Review","authors":"R. Rehman, Aqsa Younas, Afsareen Bano, R. Muzaffar, S. -, Anila -, A. A. Altaf, Shaheed Ullah","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.01","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-emulsion is one of the most effective and size-controlled mediums for effective drug delivery systems, the formation of cosmetics products, food preservatives, and insecticidal and antimicrobial products. Therefore, a durable and sophisticated approach is primely important in preparing effective nano-emulsions. Some of the established fabrication approaches towards nanoemulsion are the high and low-energy methods. Depending upon the required results of formulations, these two methods are further divided into sub-categories such as ultra-sonicators, micro-fluidizers, high-pressure homogenizers, phase inversion temperature, phase inversion composition, etc. This review highlights all the available methods to form nano-emulsion by adopting high-energy and low-energy techniques. In addition, this review also elaborates on the importance of nano-emulsions in various end products, as nano-carriers and patents have also been awarded in this field. Besides, the required improvements in this field have been discussed briefly to establish the most authentic approach toward nano-emulsion formation.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134305415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.07
Ikram K. Othman, Theia’a N. Al-Sabha
Calcon dye has been used for spectrophotometric determination of catecholamine-containing drugs, namely, adrenaline, methyldopa and dopamine in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the oxidation of the above drugs with an excess of Nbromosuccinimide (NBS) in an acidic medium. The residual oxidizing agent bleaches the blackish-brown color of calcon measured at 510 nm. The decolorization of the dye is proportional to the residual amount of NBS, which is proportional to the concentration of the drug. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the concentration range 0.5-16.0, 2.0-40.0 and 1.036.0 μgmL -1 with molar absorptivity values 1.10×104 , 3.2×103 and 4.3×103 Lmol-1 cm-1 for above drugs, respectively. The method is simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and free from excipients. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Catecholamine Containing Drugs Using Calcon Dye","authors":"Ikram K. Othman, Theia’a N. Al-Sabha","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.07","url":null,"abstract":"Calcon dye has been used for spectrophotometric determination of catecholamine-containing drugs, namely, adrenaline, methyldopa and dopamine in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the oxidation of the above drugs with an excess of Nbromosuccinimide (NBS) in an acidic medium. The residual oxidizing agent bleaches the blackish-brown color of calcon measured at 510 nm. The decolorization of the dye is proportional to the residual amount of NBS, which is proportional to the concentration of the drug. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the concentration range 0.5-16.0, 2.0-40.0 and 1.036.0 μgmL -1 with molar absorptivity values 1.10×104 , 3.2×103 and 4.3×103 Lmol-1 cm-1 for above drugs, respectively. The method is simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and free from excipients. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126530288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.08
A. ., I. Uddin, Uzma Rashid, A. Panhwar, T. Aslam, Fozia Hussain, Razia Kulsoom, Muhammad Kamran Afzal
The groundwater is one of the most important sources for fulfilling daily needs. Groundwater for drinking purposes is the biggest source in Pakistan, but due to population explosion, the rapid development of industrialization, deforestation, urbanization and unplanned housing schemes on agricultural lands are the major reasons for groundwater contamination and deterioration. The work emphasized evaluating the physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater of the two cities of Punjab, Faisalabad and Sargodha for drinking purposes. Overall thirty samples were collected in triplicate, fifteen from each city, Faisalabad and Sargodha, respectively. Physicochemical parameters, trace elements and microbiological analysis were conducted. The results revealed that the quantities of Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), and TDS were significantly higher than the permissible limits of WHO in the majority of the samples from Sargodha, while TDS, TH, were higher in most samples of Faisalabad. The studied trace elements Aluminum (Al), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) were found under safe limits of WHO except Cr, Cd, Se and Mn in Sargodha city and in Faisalabad Se and Cd were found to be crossing WHO levels in few locations. The samples from Faisalabad were found microbiologically unsafe as compared to Sargodha. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the area's most dominant anion was chloride. Many processes are involved in changing water chemistry, and the water quality was controlled by rock water interaction and evaporation procedures. The study concluded that the area's water was brackish; due to this, the water was found unsuitable for drinking purposes. Therefore, the supply of safe water and water treatment plant installations are highly recommended in these areas.
{"title":"Groundwater Contamination Study of Faisalabad and Sargodha Metropolitan Cities","authors":"A. ., I. Uddin, Uzma Rashid, A. Panhwar, T. Aslam, Fozia Hussain, Razia Kulsoom, Muhammad Kamran Afzal","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.08","url":null,"abstract":"The groundwater is one of the most important sources for fulfilling daily needs. Groundwater for drinking purposes is the biggest source in Pakistan, but due to population explosion, the rapid development of industrialization, deforestation, urbanization and unplanned housing schemes on agricultural lands are the major reasons for groundwater contamination and deterioration. The work emphasized evaluating the physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater of the two cities of Punjab, Faisalabad and Sargodha for drinking purposes. Overall thirty samples were collected in triplicate, fifteen from each city, Faisalabad and Sargodha, respectively. Physicochemical parameters, trace elements and microbiological analysis were conducted. The results revealed that the quantities of Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), and TDS were significantly higher than the permissible limits of WHO in the majority of the samples from Sargodha, while TDS, TH, were higher in most samples of Faisalabad. The studied trace elements Aluminum (Al), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) were found under safe limits of WHO except Cr, Cd, Se and Mn in Sargodha city and in Faisalabad Se and Cd were found to be crossing WHO levels in few locations. The samples from Faisalabad were found microbiologically unsafe as compared to Sargodha. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the area's most dominant anion was chloride. Many processes are involved in changing water chemistry, and the water quality was controlled by rock water interaction and evaporation procedures. The study concluded that the area's water was brackish; due to this, the water was found unsuitable for drinking purposes. Therefore, the supply of safe water and water treatment plant installations are highly recommended in these areas.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133366582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.04
Asghar Ali Shaikh, A. A. Bhatti
Proteases are considered one of the most imperative groups of enzymes and are used in bioremediation processes, leather, detergents, pharmaceutical and the food industry. The foremost aim of this study was to extract, purify, and characterize the protease enzyme from cotton seeds. Purification of the neutral protease was achieved with ammonium sulphate, which gave the best results at 60% concentration with a specific activity of 51 units/mg protein and 1.52 purification fold with a percentage yield of 10.5%. The protease was active and stable at a wide range of pH from 4.0–10.0 with an optimum pH of 7.0. The highest activity of the purified enzyme was found at 20 °C. The enzyme was thermally stable and retained 25% of its activity at 50o C. The activity of cottonseeds protease Fraction-IV was enhanced by 20% with ZnCl2 and 15% with CoCl2 as enzyme samples were heated for 10 minutes. The Casein and peptone assays were also performed to check its catalytic activity. Furthermore, the maximum hydrolysis rate (Vmax) and apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) values of the purified protease were 19 μmol/min and 0.08 mol/L, respectively, while activation energy was found to be 12.47 KJ/mol.
{"title":"Evaluation of Cotton Seeds as Environmentally Liable Source for Neutral Protease","authors":"Asghar Ali Shaikh, A. A. Bhatti","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.04","url":null,"abstract":"Proteases are considered one of the most imperative groups of enzymes and are used in bioremediation processes, leather, detergents, pharmaceutical and the food industry. The foremost aim of this study was to extract, purify, and characterize the protease enzyme from cotton seeds. Purification of the neutral protease was achieved with ammonium sulphate, which gave the best results at 60% concentration with a specific activity of 51 units/mg protein and 1.52 purification fold with a percentage yield of 10.5%. The protease was active and stable at a wide range of pH from 4.0–10.0 with an optimum pH of 7.0. The highest activity of the purified enzyme was found at 20 °C. The enzyme was thermally stable and retained 25% of its activity at 50o C. The activity of cottonseeds protease Fraction-IV was enhanced by 20% with ZnCl2 and 15% with CoCl2 as enzyme samples were heated for 10 minutes. The Casein and peptone assays were also performed to check its catalytic activity. Furthermore, the maximum hydrolysis rate (Vmax) and apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) values of the purified protease were 19 μmol/min and 0.08 mol/L, respectively, while activation energy was found to be 12.47 KJ/mol.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132571827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.06
Tariq Hussain, Z. N. Qaisrani, A. Ullah, Z. Tahir, A. N. Mengal, M. Sagir
Mixed matrix membranes are thought to have the ability to separate gases. The current research investigates the isolation of CO2 from methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) using a mixed matrix membrane. Bio-MOF-11 was combined with polyether sulfone to establish a membrane (PES). Experiments were carried out to determine the efficiency of the established membrane. Results showed that the Lewis basic sites present in Bio-MOF-11, which have a higher affinity for CO2, increase the permeability and selectivity of pristine polyether sulfone. At 30% filler loading, CO2 permeability improved from 2.20 to 3.90 Barrer, while CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivity improved from 9.57 to 11.14 with 30% filler loading. In addition, at 30% filler loading, CO2 solubility drops from 1.57 to 1.20.
{"title":"Synthesis of Bio-Metal Organic Framework-11 Based Mixed Matrix Membrane for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Separation","authors":"Tariq Hussain, Z. N. Qaisrani, A. Ullah, Z. Tahir, A. N. Mengal, M. Sagir","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.06","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed matrix membranes are thought to have the ability to separate gases. The current research investigates the isolation of CO2 from methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) using a mixed matrix membrane. Bio-MOF-11 was combined with polyether sulfone to establish a membrane (PES). Experiments were carried out to determine the efficiency of the established membrane. Results showed that the Lewis basic sites present in Bio-MOF-11, which have a higher affinity for CO2, increase the permeability and selectivity of pristine polyether sulfone. At 30% filler loading, CO2 permeability improved from 2.20 to 3.90 Barrer, while CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivity improved from 9.57 to 11.14 with 30% filler loading. In addition, at 30% filler loading, CO2 solubility drops from 1.57 to 1.20.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133575444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.03
A. A. Olaleye, H. O. Adubiaro, A. Dauda, Y. Adamu
The current study aimed to investigate the levels of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg)] in local rice varieties named Jamila (JM), Santana (STN), Kwandala (KW), and Sipi (SP) collected from Danbatta town of Kano State, Northwestern Nigeria. The samples of local rice varieties were digested using HNO3 and HCl as digestion acids in a ratio of 2:1 (v/v). The digested samples were later analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Moreover, the health risk assessment of heavy metals by the consumption of local rice varieties among local children and adults was also estimated based on estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR). The concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb dry weight basis observed in the range of 0.002- 0.06, 0.02-20.0, and 1.16-14.2mg/kg, respectively. Hg was detected only in SP rice variety with a concentration of 0.022 mg/kg. Whereas, As was detected in STN (0.086 mg/kg), KW (0.006 mg/kg), and SP (0.028 mg/kg). The resulting data showed that Cd, Zn, Hg, and As were within the maximum permissible limits set by regulatory bodies. The EDI values ranged from 1.21E-5 - 1.21E-1 and 5.0E-6 – 5.0E-2 for children (24 kg body weight) and adults (70 kg body weight), respectively. The data of the non-carcinogenic risk assessment indicated that the THQ values of Cd, Hg, and As were less than the maximum permissible limit of 1.00 for both children and adults. The HI data showed the potentially high possible health risk of the heavy metals by the consumption of the studied local rice varieties, with Pb being the major contributor. Similarly, resulting data of TCR for Cd and Pb showed high cancer risk upon the consumption of the studied local rice varieties over a long time.
{"title":"Impact of Heavy Metals Toxicity on Children and Adults from Local Rice Varieties of Northern Nigeria","authors":"A. A. Olaleye, H. O. Adubiaro, A. Dauda, Y. Adamu","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.03","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aimed to investigate the levels of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg)] in local rice varieties named Jamila (JM), Santana (STN), Kwandala (KW), and Sipi (SP) collected from Danbatta town of Kano State, Northwestern Nigeria. The samples of local rice varieties were digested using HNO3 and HCl as digestion acids in a ratio of 2:1 (v/v). The digested samples were later analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Moreover, the health risk assessment of heavy metals by the consumption of local rice varieties among local children and adults was also estimated based on estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR). The concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb dry weight basis observed in the range of 0.002- 0.06, 0.02-20.0, and 1.16-14.2mg/kg, respectively. Hg was detected only in SP rice variety with a concentration of 0.022 mg/kg. Whereas, As was detected in STN (0.086 mg/kg), KW (0.006 mg/kg), and SP (0.028 mg/kg). The resulting data showed that Cd, Zn, Hg, and As were within the maximum permissible limits set by regulatory bodies. The EDI values ranged from 1.21E-5 - 1.21E-1 and 5.0E-6 – 5.0E-2 for children (24 kg body weight) and adults (70 kg body weight), respectively. The data of the non-carcinogenic risk assessment indicated that the THQ values of Cd, Hg, and As were less than the maximum permissible limit of 1.00 for both children and adults. The HI data showed the potentially high possible health risk of the heavy metals by the consumption of the studied local rice varieties, with Pb being the major contributor. Similarly, resulting data of TCR for Cd and Pb showed high cancer risk upon the consumption of the studied local rice varieties over a long time.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123294344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.05
I. Ugulu, Z. Khan, Sidrah Rehman, K. Ahmad, K. Nawaz, M. Munir, H. Bashir
Wastewater sources contain enormous amounts of nutrients for plant growth. This study aimed to define the metal accumulation in the goosefoot plant (Chenopodium album L.) of wastewater use in agricultural irrigation and to evaluate the risks of this accumulation to human health. The present research was performed in field conditions in Khushab, Pakistan. The Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Mn concentrations were determined with the analysis performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer-AAS. Heavy metal concentrations in goosefoot samples irrigated with groundwater (GWI), canal water (CWI) and sugar mill water (MWI) ranged from 0.84 to 1.08, 0.55 to 0.78, 0.23 to 0.70, 2.09 to 5.56, 2.84 to 13.53, 0.53 to 1.13 and 0.32 to 0.39 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Mn, respectively. According to the statistical analyses, wastewater applications had a non-significant effect on Cr, Cu, and Zn concentrations in C. album samples collected from three sites, and a significant effect on Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni concentrations (p>0.05). The results also showed that the health risk index value of cadmium was higher than 1. According to these results, long-term consumption of C. album samples grown in the study area may cause an accumulation of Cd in the human body and diseases in many tissues and organs.
{"title":"Heavy Metal Accumulation in Goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.) Irrigated With Wastewater","authors":"I. Ugulu, Z. Khan, Sidrah Rehman, K. Ahmad, K. Nawaz, M. Munir, H. Bashir","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.05","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater sources contain enormous amounts of nutrients for plant growth. This study aimed to define the metal accumulation in the goosefoot plant (Chenopodium album L.) of wastewater use in agricultural irrigation and to evaluate the risks of this accumulation to human health. The present research was performed in field conditions in Khushab, Pakistan. The Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Mn concentrations were determined with the analysis performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer-AAS. Heavy metal concentrations in goosefoot samples irrigated with groundwater (GWI), canal water (CWI) and sugar mill water (MWI) ranged from 0.84 to 1.08, 0.55 to 0.78, 0.23 to 0.70, 2.09 to 5.56, 2.84 to 13.53, 0.53 to 1.13 and 0.32 to 0.39 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Mn, respectively. According to the statistical analyses, wastewater applications had a non-significant effect on Cr, Cu, and Zn concentrations in C. album samples collected from three sites, and a significant effect on Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni concentrations (p>0.05). The results also showed that the health risk index value of cadmium was higher than 1. According to these results, long-term consumption of C. album samples grown in the study area may cause an accumulation of Cd in the human body and diseases in many tissues and organs.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133055364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.09
L. Wulandari, Karima Pratiwi, Y. Retnaningtyas
Diclofenac is an NSAID-class drug with activity as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory recommended for treating various acute and chronic pain conditions. One of the topical preparations of diclofenac that is often used is emulgel. In this study, diclofenac diethylamine levels in emulgel preparations were determined using NIR (Near-Infrared) spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Simulation samples were prepared and divided into 24 training sets and 9 test set samples. NIR spectra of training set samples were correlated with the concentration of diclofenac diethylamine using partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression (PCR), and support vector regression (SVR). The best model was validated using leave one out cross validation (LOOCV) and external validation using test set samples. The comparison method used in this study was the validated TLC Densitometry method. The best calibration model was PLS, with an R2 value of 0.990 and RMSE of 0.171. The results of R2 and RMSE of LOOCV were 0.989 up to 0.990 and 0.167 up to 0.178, respectively. The result of R2 and RMSEP external validation were 0.991 and 0.146, respectively. The precision and accuracy method showed RSD of 3.37% and a % recovery of 99.78%. The results of determining the sample levels obtained from NIR and TLC Densitometry methods tested with the Two-Paired Sample T Test and showed that the two methods have no significant differences with a significance value of more than 0.05.
{"title":"Determination of Diclofenac Diethylamine Levels in Emulgel Preparations Using NIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics","authors":"L. Wulandari, Karima Pratiwi, Y. Retnaningtyas","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.09","url":null,"abstract":"Diclofenac is an NSAID-class drug with activity as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory recommended for treating various acute and chronic pain conditions. One of the topical preparations of diclofenac that is often used is emulgel. In this study, diclofenac diethylamine levels in emulgel preparations were determined using NIR (Near-Infrared) spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Simulation samples were prepared and divided into 24 training sets and 9 test set samples. NIR spectra of training set samples were correlated with the concentration of diclofenac diethylamine using partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression (PCR), and support vector regression (SVR). The best model was validated using leave one out cross validation (LOOCV) and external validation using test set samples. The comparison method used in this study was the validated TLC Densitometry method. The best calibration model was PLS, with an R2 value of 0.990 and RMSE of 0.171. The results of R2 and RMSE of LOOCV were 0.989 up to 0.990 and 0.167 up to 0.178, respectively. The result of R2 and RMSEP external validation were 0.991 and 0.146, respectively. The precision and accuracy method showed RSD of 3.37% and a % recovery of 99.78%. The results of determining the sample levels obtained from NIR and TLC Densitometry methods tested with the Two-Paired Sample T Test and showed that the two methods have no significant differences with a significance value of more than 0.05.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127599122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.10
Mohammed Hazim Sabry Al-Mashhadany
Nitrates are one of the most common pollutants in groundwater. To assess the risk of exposure to nitrates in drinking water for age groups, we monitored the concentration of nitrates in the drinking water of the Al-Jazeera region. The climate of this region is characterized between dry and semi-arid, and its inhabitants depended on the water in the aquifers as a source of drinking for many years, without monitoring, treatment, or filtration system, as there is no public drinking water network. A model was also used to assess the risks of nitrate pollution in groundwater to human health. Samples were taken from 30 wells distributed equally over the three villages to collect water samples and measure the concentration of nitrate ions in groundwater. The concentration of nitrate ions in well water is less than 50 mg. L-1 and ranged between (4.2 – 48.1) mg. L-1 . The mathematical model results showed that the ages under 11 years and pregnant women have a higher hazard quotient of nitrate value (HQ) than one Except for wells No. 2 and 9, which are higher than the permissible limits for drinking. As for age groups above 11, well water was suitable for drinking, and the HQ value was mainly less than one. The reason for this age group's lower chronic daily intake (CDI). In other words, the groundwater was suitable for adults and not for children under 11 years and pregnant women.
{"title":"Valuation of Groundwater Contaminated with Nitrates and Human Health Risks (HHR) Between Villages of Sinjar and Tal Afar Districts, Iraq","authors":"Mohammed Hazim Sabry Al-Mashhadany","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.12.10","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrates are one of the most common pollutants in groundwater. To assess the risk of exposure to nitrates in drinking water for age groups, we monitored the concentration of nitrates in the drinking water of the Al-Jazeera region. The climate of this region is characterized between dry and semi-arid, and its inhabitants depended on the water in the aquifers as a source of drinking for many years, without monitoring, treatment, or filtration system, as there is no public drinking water network. A model was also used to assess the risks of nitrate pollution in groundwater to human health. Samples were taken from 30 wells distributed equally over the three villages to collect water samples and measure the concentration of nitrate ions in groundwater. The concentration of nitrate ions in well water is less than 50 mg. L-1 and ranged between (4.2 – 48.1) mg. L-1 . The mathematical model results showed that the ages under 11 years and pregnant women have a higher hazard quotient of nitrate value (HQ) than one Except for wells No. 2 and 9, which are higher than the permissible limits for drinking. As for age groups above 11, well water was suitable for drinking, and the HQ value was mainly less than one. The reason for this age group's lower chronic daily intake (CDI). In other words, the groundwater was suitable for adults and not for children under 11 years and pregnant women.","PeriodicalId":169509,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126050263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：