Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0010
Jenny Luke
Once trained African American nurse-midwives joined with white nurse-midwives and this chapter describes the ways in which they were particularly effective in the improvement of maternal health. South Carolina’s midwifery institute is used to demonstrate the use of an interdisciplinary team that included nurse-midwives. At the helm of the impressive maternity care service was Dr. Hilla Sheriff and African American nurse-midwives, Maude Callen and Eugenia Broughton.
{"title":"The Application of Nurse-Midwives","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Once trained African American nurse-midwives joined with white nurse-midwives and this chapter describes the ways in which they were particularly effective in the improvement of maternal health. South Carolina’s midwifery institute is used to demonstrate the use of an interdisciplinary team that included nurse-midwives. At the helm of the impressive maternity care service was Dr. Hilla Sheriff and African American nurse-midwives, Maude Callen and Eugenia Broughton.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115153331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0015
Jenny Luke
The elimination of midwifery was finally achieved when many states across the South passed legislation prohibiting lay midwifery practice. Chapter 14 uses the personal experience of lay midwives to explore various methods employed by state boards of health to control the activity of midwives and enforce retirement. As the evidence shows, the economic marketplace of childbirth became a factor in some physicians’ interactions with lay midwives; for others commitment and mutual respect rescinded state legislation for a while. For some lay midwives their duty to serve eclipsed any legal restriction.
{"title":"Lay Midwives “Retire”","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The elimination of midwifery was finally achieved when many states across the South passed legislation prohibiting lay midwifery practice. Chapter 14 uses the personal experience of lay midwives to explore various methods employed by state boards of health to control the activity of midwives and enforce retirement. As the evidence shows, the economic marketplace of childbirth became a factor in some physicians’ interactions with lay midwives; for others commitment and mutual respect rescinded state legislation for a while. For some lay midwives their duty to serve eclipsed any legal restriction.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130417664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0014
Jenny Luke
The shift towards macro-centered maternity care was not merely about improved safety in childbirth, a more complex situation is unravelled in chapter 13. Hopes for progress and inclusion and equality of access stimulated black women’s agency for change and micro level childbirth customs were adjusted accordingly. The implementation of Medicaid solidified the shift leaving licensed lay midwives in the distant past, figuratively speaking.
{"title":"Changing Childbirth Customs","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The shift towards macro-centered maternity care was not merely about improved safety in childbirth, a more complex situation is unravelled in chapter 13. Hopes for progress and inclusion and equality of access stimulated black women’s agency for change and micro level childbirth customs were adjusted accordingly. The implementation of Medicaid solidified the shift leaving licensed lay midwives in the distant past, figuratively speaking.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126672235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0005
Jenny Luke
With county and state structures in place this chapter focuses on the ways in which licensed midwives adapted to the regulations and supervision and the improvisation that was required to transfer the “new laws” into the community in the face of overwhelming poverty. Ensuring attendance at prenatal clinic and adequate preparation for delivery were hallmarks of the midwife’s role, as were home demonstrations of the ideal delivery room. Using a deep foundation of trust and authority midwives were able to distance themselves from traditional practices that were no longer permitted, however evidence suggests that on occasion the regulations stipulated in the midwife manual were overlooked for a number of reasons. The chapter demonstrates how supervising public health nurses used the midwife’s bag to monitor adherence to the rules and how it came symbolize the modern licensed midwife.
{"title":"Implementing the Changes","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"With county and state structures in place this chapter focuses on the ways in which licensed midwives adapted to the regulations and supervision and the improvisation that was required to transfer the “new laws” into the community in the face of overwhelming poverty. Ensuring attendance at prenatal clinic and adequate preparation for delivery were hallmarks of the midwife’s role, as were home demonstrations of the ideal delivery room. Using a deep foundation of trust and authority midwives were able to distance themselves from traditional practices that were no longer permitted, however evidence suggests that on occasion the regulations stipulated in the midwife manual were overlooked for a number of reasons. The chapter demonstrates how supervising public health nurses used the midwife’s bag to monitor adherence to the rules and how it came symbolize the modern licensed midwife.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125466137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0004
Jenny Luke
This chapter introduces the supervision and licensing of lay midwives implemented with the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act in 1921. It details the ways in which the midwives adapted to the increasing local, state and federal public health mandates, and how they interacted with county health officers, nurses, and physicians. Dr. Felix J. Underwood of the Mississippi State Board of Health was an early pioneer of midwifery supervision and his development of midwife club meetings and the midwife manual are used in this chapter to illustrate the state and county initiatives to improve maternal health.
本章介绍了监督和许可外行助产士实施与谢泼德- towner产妇和婴儿保护法在1921年的通过。它详细介绍了助产士如何适应日益增加的地方、州和联邦公共卫生任务，以及她们如何与县卫生官员、护士和医生互动。密西西比州卫生委员会的Felix J. Underwood博士是助产监督的早期先驱，他发展的助产士俱乐部会议和助产士手册在本章中被用来说明州和县改善产妇健康的举措。
{"title":"Licensing and the “New Laws”","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the supervision and licensing of lay midwives implemented with the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act in 1921. It details the ways in which the midwives adapted to the increasing local, state and federal public health mandates, and how they interacted with county health officers, nurses, and physicians. Dr. Felix J. Underwood of the Mississippi State Board of Health was an early pioneer of midwifery supervision and his development of midwife club meetings and the midwife manual are used in this chapter to illustrate the state and county initiatives to improve maternal health.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132855027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0006
Jenny Luke
Beyond their work as maternity care practitioners lay midwives fulfilled a crucial role in public health and this chapter describes their value as an extension of the state board of health. From their authoritative position in the community midwife clubs were extremely influential in organizing vaccination drives and education campaigns. The chapter discusses the state’s reliance on midwives to gather vital statistics, and the importance and consequences of submitting a birth certificate after each delivery.
{"title":"Working with the State","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Beyond their work as maternity care practitioners lay midwives fulfilled a crucial role in public health and this chapter describes their value as an extension of the state board of health. From their authoritative position in the community midwife clubs were extremely influential in organizing vaccination drives and education campaigns. The chapter discusses the state’s reliance on midwives to gather vital statistics, and the importance and consequences of submitting a birth certificate after each delivery.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128089193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0009
Jenny Luke
With the greatest need for improvements of maternity care in the south, this chapter returns the focus to the southern states. The National Organization of Public Health Nurses acknowledged the vital role African American nurse-midwives played in the public health education of black women and their families and two schools were established, one of which was the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery in Alabama. Much of the chapter is devoted to the specific training required to be effective in the isolated, poverty stricken communities of the rural south and shows how cultural sensitivity was central to nurse-midwives’ work.
{"title":"African American Nurse-Midwives","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"With the greatest need for improvements of maternity care in the south, this chapter returns the focus to the southern states. The National Organization of Public Health Nurses acknowledged the vital role African American nurse-midwives played in the public health education of black women and their families and two schools were established, one of which was the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery in Alabama. Much of the chapter is devoted to the specific training required to be effective in the isolated, poverty stricken communities of the rural south and shows how cultural sensitivity was central to nurse-midwives’ work.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133766779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0018
Jenny Luke
The epilogue brings hope of positive change as the American College of Nurse-Midwives and the American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology work on common ground to solve the pressing issues of American maternity care. A reassessment of the essential inclusion of both macro-level and micro-level components of care leads to the conclusion that Dr. J. Edward Hill subscribes to: good health care is local and when community activism is supported by state and federal funding and integrated into the structures of medicine and politics change will happen.
随着美国护士助产士学院和美国妇产科大会共同努力解决美国产科护理的紧迫问题，结语带来了积极变化的希望。重新评估宏观层面和微观层面的医疗组成部分的基本内容，得出J. Edward Hill博士赞同的结论:良好的医疗保健是地方的，当社区行动得到州和联邦资金的支持，并融入医学和政治结构时，就会发生变化。
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"The epilogue brings hope of positive change as the American College of Nurse-Midwives and the American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology work on common ground to solve the pressing issues of American maternity care. A reassessment of the essential inclusion of both macro-level and micro-level components of care leads to the conclusion that Dr. J. Edward Hill subscribes to: good health care is local and when community activism is supported by state and federal funding and integrated into the structures of medicine and politics change will happen.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121765828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0003
Jenny Luke
After a general overview of childbirth’s shift to hospital in the early decades of the twentieth century from a national perspective, the chapter narrows its focus to the Jim Crow South. The cultural motifs established during slavery are highlighted as features of African American lay midwifery. A religious calling, an intergenerational female connectedness, and authority to practice were inherent characteristics of the midwife’s role.
{"title":"Cultural Motifs Persist","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"After a general overview of childbirth’s shift to hospital in the early decades of the twentieth century from a national perspective, the chapter narrows its focus to the Jim Crow South. The cultural motifs established during slavery are highlighted as features of African American lay midwifery. A religious calling, an intergenerational female connectedness, and authority to practice were inherent characteristics of the midwife’s role.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117169502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0002
Jenny Luke
This chapter reaches back into slavery to underpin our understanding of African American childbirth culture and the specific cultural motifs that have persisted for generations. It describes a relational concept of health brought from Africa that clashed with the Western medical philosophy and the complexity of practice that emerged as a result. Enslaved midwives were granted authority to practice based on their spirituality and ancestry, both features of the relational vision of wellness, and became revered figures in the slave community and often in the white community too. Beyond establishing the centrality of the lay midwife’s role, this chapter shows how slave women resisted their owners’ attempts to usurp their bodies and how they adopted their own methods of controlling their fertility. This chapter sets the historical and cultural backdrop for the book.
{"title":"Out of Slavery","authors":"Jenny Luke","doi":"10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reaches back into slavery to underpin our understanding of African American childbirth culture and the specific cultural motifs that have persisted for generations. It describes a relational concept of health brought from Africa that clashed with the Western medical philosophy and the complexity of practice that emerged as a result. Enslaved midwives were granted authority to practice based on their spirituality and ancestry, both features of the relational vision of wellness, and became revered figures in the slave community and often in the white community too. Beyond establishing the centrality of the lay midwife’s role, this chapter shows how slave women resisted their owners’ attempts to usurp their bodies and how they adopted their own methods of controlling their fertility. This chapter sets the historical and cultural backdrop for the book.","PeriodicalId":169958,"journal":{"name":"Delivered by Midwives","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122021575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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