Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition最新文献

Using the transgenic approach, the current study investigated the tripartite interaction of miRNA166, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), and chickpea crops in response to drought. miR166, an evolutionarily conserved small RNA, was cloned and transformed in a homologous manner. This Car-miR166 is reported in our previous research to have drought-enduring roles in response to microbial candidates. A Pseudomonas putida strain RA (MTCC5279) is used as a PGPR for the whole study. The overexpressed lines generated using tissue-culture practice were functionally validated with physiological parameters studied using Li-Cor 6400XT, including photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water-use efficiency, and electron transport rate. We also studied the relative water content of the overexpressed lines in comparison to treated control plants. In biochemical methods, we studied the accumulation of proline, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, H₂O₂ and lipid peroxidation levels. miR166 has its target as ATHB15 (Homeobox-leucine zipper protein-15) validated using 5’ RNA Ligase-Mediated Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RLM-RACE) experiment. At the molecular levels, we carried out the stem-loop quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR analysis of miR166 and the expression analysis of ATHB15 in transgenic lines. As per our study, the results reported that the transgenic lines showed a positive interaction of miR166 with PGPR, resulting in drought stress mitigation and better plant survival in harsh drought conditions. In conclusion, the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular expression levels of Car-miR166 (Cicer arietinum L.) in transgenic lines in response to PGPR support enhanced growth and development in response to PGPR in transgenic lines under drought.

Water deficit impacts plant growth and development, causing physiological disturbances that trigger oxidative stress. As an alternative, exogenous application of a sort of molecule can minimize these damages and reduce productivity losses. The iodine (I) supplementation has shown considerable benefits to stressed plants. Nevertheless, there are no results about I mitigating the water deficit stress in coffee plants. Coffee plants were grown in 10-L pots arranged wholly randomized. Four doses of potassium iodate (KIO₃) were tested: 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg dm⁻³ of soil, then the plants were subjected to water deficit and compared to treatments with no KIO₃ and water deficit (Control). The water deficit damaged biomass and relative growth of the coffee plant. However, the application of 2.5 mg dm⁻³ of KIO₃ attenuated some symptoms, increasing: photosynthetic efficiency, relative water content, water deficit tolerance index, content of photosynthetic pigments, and compatible osmolytes. In addition, we observed the stimulation of the antioxidant enzymatic system, allowing higher cell membrane stability. Doses of 5.0 and 10.0 mg dm⁻³ of KIO₃, in spite of induced higher activation of the antioxidant system it was observed a possible toxicity effect due to excess KIO₃. The application of 2.5 mg dm⁻³ KIO₃ via soil can modulate metabolic and biochemical processes, allowing an improvement in the growth and development of coffee plants subjected to water deficit, suggesting that it could serve as a viable strategy for managing coffee plants under drought conditions.

Drought stress has become a highly detrimental environmental factor that poses significant threats to sustainable cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production necessitating the implementation of appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought stress in the cotton production system. Silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) applications can benefit cotton yield under environmental stress conditions, including drought. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the individual and combined applications of Si and SA influence growth, yield, and physiological responses of cotton plants subjected to drought stress. A polyhouse experiment, arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications, comprising six Si and SA treatments (control, 60 kg ha^–1 Si applied as a soil drench, 1 mM Si applied as a seed priming material, 1 mM SA applied as a foliar spray, 60 kg ha^–1 Si applied as a soil drench + 1 mM SA applied as a foliar spray, and seed priming with 1 mM Si + foliar spray of 1 mM SA) along with three soil moisture levels (100% field capacity [FC], 75% FC, and 50% FC) was conducted. A decrease in soil moisture level from 100 to 50% FC reduced growth (plant height by 18–26%, shoot dry matter by 46–53%, and root dry matter by 27–43%), seed cotton yield (45–55%), irrigation water productivity (41–54%), and physiological response (leaf relative water content by 11–17%, membrane stability index by 44–55%, and up to 102% increase in electrolyte leakage) of cotton plants across Si and SA doses. Among Si and SA doses, a combined application of seed priming with 1 mM Si + foliar spray of 1 mM SA outperformed all other doses and caused an increase of 14–20% in plant height, 78–99% in root dry matter, 24–76% in seed cotton yield, 22–60% in irrigation water productivity, 9–14% in ginning outturn, and 40–94% in membrane stability index across different soil moisture levels. A combined application of Si at 1 mM as a seed priming material and SA at 1 mM as a foliar spray is recommended for cotton cultivation in drought-affected areas.

Increasing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition influences primary forest soil properties related to C and N dynamics, which may significantly affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We examined how the fertilization pattern and variation in soil in forest types can affect GHG emissions. We conducted a global systematic review of 66 publications on GHG emissions, pH, and C and N soil properties to examine the mechanisms underlying GHG emissions under N, P, and N×P additions in diverse forest ecosystems. The results of our meta-analysis showed that N and N×P addition considerably promote nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in tropical forests, and P addition insignificantly decreased N₂O emissions. N addition and P addition inhibit CO₂ emissions in subtropical forests, which contributes to C storage, although the latter effect was nonsignificant, and P addition increases C dioxide emissions in tropical forests. Moreover, additions of N and N×P promote and inhibit overall methane uptake in the variety of forests studied, respectively. Additionally, the results indicated that the form, rate, duration, and N: P ratio of fertilization and the mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature are influential variables affecting GHG emissions from forests under the various fertilizer additions. Our results highlight that when accurately predicting the effect of N and P deposition on soil GHG emissions, the characteristics of different forest types should be synthetically considered, such as experimental conditions, environmental variables, and soil properties. These results advance the understanding of the responding mechanism of soil GHG emissions in forests to different N and P addition models.

Nanotechnology is an emerging and innovative field with potential to sustain agriculture against abiotic stress. Various nanoparticles with ultrafine structure and size range of 1–100 nm used in promoting crop production. Earlier studies have demonstrated that selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) help plants to endure abiotic induced growth inhibition. SeNPs can be synthesized by different methods such as physical, chemical and biological. However biosynthesized SeNP are cost effective, biocompatible and nontoxic in nature and can be used as an alternative approach compare to conventional in controlling abiotic stress induce problems in plants. This review focus on classification of nanoparticles, mechanism and biological synthesis of SeNPs, application methods and action potential on the growth, development and immune responses of plant. It aims to elucidate its effects on plants under salinity, heavy metals, drought and cold stresses and to find its effects on plant genomics. The effects, translocation and accumulation of SeNPs have been documented at various developmental stages of plant growth and metabolism depending on plant physiology, particle size and stress severity. It also discusses the applications of SeNPs on abiotic stresses susceptible plants. We have concluded that SeNPs via different modes of applications have promising effect in promoting plant growth and yield by improving germination of seeds and seedling growth, enhancing antioxidant enzymatic activity, reducing oxidative damage, regulating molecular responses, inducing photosynthetic efficiency and activating genes to resist against stresses. We emphasize that further research is needed to interpret the involvement of physiological and morphological mechanisms activation by nanoparticles implications against environmental stresses.

Purpose: Drought stress is an important challenge to global food security and agricultural output. Dramatic and quick climate change has made the problem worse. It caused unexpected impacts on the growth, development, and yield of different plants. Hence, the ultimate yield does not fulfill the required demand. Understanding the biochemical, ecological, and physiological reactions to these pressures is essential for improved management. Chitosan applications have a wide prospect of addressing abiotic issues. Moreover, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles have a positive impact on increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stress, like drought stress. The current research investigated the consequences of drought stress on the morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters of Vicia faba plants, a comparison of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles, and their ameliorating capacity towards drought stress. Methods: A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the beneficial role of either chitosan (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 gL^− 1) or chitosan NPs (10, 20, and 30 mgL^− 1) in inducing the Vicia faba tolerance to drought stress (60% water field capacity). Results: Drought stress significantly affected vegetative growth parameters of the shoot system, photosynthetic pigments, and indole acetic acid, accompanied by significant increases in vegetative growth parameters of the root system, some chemical composition of dry leaf tissues (total soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, phenolic compound, glutathione, α tocopherol), hydrogen peroxide, malonialdehyde, lipoxygenase, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase). All applied treatments. chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles, at all concentrations, improved plant tolerance to drought stress via increasing vegetative growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, total soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, phenolic compound, glutathione, α tocopherol, and antioxidant enzyme activities, accompanied by decreases in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and lipoxygenase enzyme. It is worthy to mention that 20 mgL^− 1 chitosan nanoparticles was the most optimal treatment either under well water conditions (90% water field capacity) or drought stress conditions (60% water field capacity). Moreover, it is obvious from these results that the response of bean plants grown under well watered conditions was more pronounced than that of those plants grown under drought stress conditions to 20 mgL^− 1 chitosan nanoparticles. Conclusions: Hence, it can be concluded that chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles can mitigate the negative impacts of drought stress by improving the photosybthetic pigments, endogenous indole acetic acid, and osmolyte contents, as well as the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant compounds of the Vicia faba plant.

Improving the management of crop residues is essential for water and soil conservation and for increasing soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) levels in dryland agroecosystems. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the decomposition dynamics and C and N released from crop residues from different cropping systems under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. A litterbag experiment was conducted from July of 2020 to June of 2021 to examine the shoot and root decomposition dynamics of different cropping systems; the following systems were selected: V(B), vetch (Vicia sativa) residue decomposition in a barley crop; B(V), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) residue decomposition in a vetch crop; P(B), pea (Pisum sativum) residue decomposition in a barley crop; B(P), barley residue decomposition in a pea crop; and B(B), barley residue decomposition in a barley crop. After 48 weeks of decomposition, a 45% and 60% of residues mass remaining (MR) was found corresponding to vetch and pea shoot residues respectively, whilst barley MR ranged 77–87% depending on the cropping system. In root residues, the mass decay from legume residues (40–45%) was higher compared to barley residues (17–29%). Exponential decay and linear models explained the residue decomposition observed in our study conditions. Residues C to N ratio and edaphoclimatic conditions played a major role controlling the decomposition. Residue decomposition and C and N release dynamics from different crop residues need to be considered for a transition to more sustainable agroecosystems under Mediterranean semiarid conditions.

To optimize the utilization of straw resources and devise appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application strategies, this study centers on enhancing soil productivity while boosting double-season maize yield in Guangxi, ultimately aiming to foster sustainable agricultural development while pursuing yield. It was a five-year split-plot study where the main plots were straw return and traditional planting treatments, and the subscript were 0 and 250 kg ha^− 1 N fertilizer applications. The soil physicochemical property were determined in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil depth. Furthermore, soil samples were fractionated into different size aggregates, followed by a measurement of aggregate distribution and nutrient content. Our findings revealed a distribution trend of large macro-aggregates (> 2000 μm) > small macro-aggregates (250–2000 μm) > micro-aggregates (53–250 μm), with a notably small proportion of aggregates < 0.053 μm. Specifically, 250 kg ha^− 1 nitrogen application under straw return (SRN250) demonstrated an enhancement in soil aggregate organic carbon (SOC) content, leading to improved soil physical attributes and stability within the 0–40 cm soil depth. Changes in aggregate total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium were predominantly observed in the 0–20 cm soil depth. Furthermore, a positive correlation was established between SOC and aggregate stability. The experimental results show that the SRN250 management practice can not only increase maize yields but also enhance the soil fertility within five years. Additionally, the study highlights the crucial role of SOC content in facilitating aggregate formation and increasing large macro-aggregates distribution, indicating the importance of maintaining SOC content for soil health and sustainability.

This study focuses on how the native broad-leaved tree species, Schima superba (Ss), influence the belowground ecological environment of the long-time pure Eucalyptus culture plantations (PCP) in South China. We selected five sites from each transformation mode: the continuing pure E. urophylla (Eu) culture plantation and the introducing Ss into pure Eu culture plantation, and collected litter and soil samples. For collected samples, we measured chemical and biochemical properties, and analyzed microbial community structure using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology to investigate the effects of the five-year Ss introduction on soil properties and microbial community of the three-generation Eu PCP mode. The introduction of Ss increased total and available nutrients levels, except for the available potassium and pH. It also enhanced bacterial community richness. The relative abundance of WPS-2 in litter and soil layers increased, while that of Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Gemmatimonadetes in the litter layer decreased. Chloroflexi became the bacterial network core in the mixed Ss with Eu culture plantations (MCP) mode, replacing Planctomycetes, the core in the Eu PCP mode. For the fungal community, the introduction of Ss increased fungal community diversity and richness in the soil layer but decreased them in the litter layer. It also reduced the relative abundance of Basidiomycota while increasing that of Rozellomycota and Mucoromycota. Ascomycota became the fungal network core in MCP mode, replacing Basidiomycota, the core in Eu PCP mode. Therefore, our findings indicated that MCP mode simplified interactions within the microbial community while enhancing soil nutrient levels, recruiting bacteria form Chloroflexi or Verrucomicrobia, and fungi from copiotrophic Ascomycota, Eurotiomycetes, Rozellomycota or Mucoromycota to mineralize soil and decompose litter.

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