Italian Abstract: Il lavoro presenta una serie mensile dell’indice di Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) per la stampa delle banconote in Banca d’Italia, dal gennaio 2014 al settembre 2020. L’OEE esprime il grado di funzionamento di un sito industriale, misurando in percentuale il rapporto tra il volume di produzione conforme agli standard realizzato in un dato intervallo di tempo e quanto si era pianificato di produrre. Il lavoro evidenzia i progressi registrati nell’indice dopo il riassetto della stamperia a partire dal marzo 2018, nonché la resilienza nello svolgimento dell’attività nella fase più recente di emergenza sanitaria. Tramite verifiche econometriche si misura in circa 10 punti percentuali la flessione dell’indice nella fase più intensa delle trattative che poi ebbero ad esito la riorganizzazione, quantificando così un fenomeno ben attestato nella letteratura di organizzazione industriale.
English Abstract: In this paper, we present a monthly series of the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) index for the Bank of Italy’s banknote production plant, from January 2014 to September 2020. The OEE index identifies the share of manufacturing time that is truly productive, measured as the ratio between the actual standard-compliant production volume achieved within a given time interval and the planned output for the same period. The paper highlights the increase in the plant’s OEE after the rollout of the reorganization in March 2018, as well as the resilience of the production even during the ongoing health emergency. Based on the results of an econometric exercise, we measure a fall of about 10 percentage points in the index during the negotiations with the trade unions that led to the reorganization, a time of heightened uncertainty. This evidence provides empirical support to the existence of a pattern well known in the industrial organization literature.
{"title":"Un indice OEE per la stampa delle banconote in Banca d’Italia (An OEE index for the Bank of Italy’s Banknote Production Plant)","authors":"Michele Manna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3827506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3827506","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Italian Abstract:</b> Il lavoro presenta una serie mensile dell’indice di Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) per la stampa delle banconote in Banca d’Italia, dal gennaio 2014 al settembre 2020. L’OEE esprime il grado di funzionamento di un sito industriale, misurando in percentuale il rapporto tra il volume di produzione conforme agli standard realizzato in un dato intervallo di tempo e quanto si era pianificato di produrre. Il lavoro evidenzia i progressi registrati nell’indice dopo il riassetto della stamperia a partire dal marzo 2018, nonché la resilienza nello svolgimento dell’attività nella fase più recente di emergenza sanitaria. Tramite verifiche econometriche si misura in circa 10 punti percentuali la flessione dell’indice nella fase più intensa delle trattative che poi ebbero ad esito la riorganizzazione, quantificando così un fenomeno ben attestato nella letteratura di organizzazione industriale.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> In this paper, we present a monthly series of the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) index for the Bank of Italy’s banknote production plant, from January 2014 to September 2020. The OEE index identifies the share of manufacturing time that is truly productive, measured as the ratio between the actual standard-compliant production volume achieved within a given time interval and the planned output for the same period. The paper highlights the increase in the plant’s OEE after the rollout of the reorganization in March 2018, as well as the resilience of the production even during the ongoing health emergency. Based on the results of an econometric exercise, we measure a fall of about 10 percentage points in the index during the negotiations with the trade unions that led to the reorganization, a time of heightened uncertainty. This evidence provides empirical support to the existence of a pattern well known in the industrial organization literature.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123457623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English Abstract: European countries face a challenge related to the economic and social consequences of their societies’ aging. Specifically, pension systems must adjust to the coming changes, maintaining both financial stability, connected with equalizing inflows from premiums and spending on pensions, and simultaneously the sufficiency of benefits, protecting retirees against poverty and smoothing consumption over their lives, i.e. ensuring the ability to pay for consumption needs at each stage of life, regardless of income from labor. One of the key instruments applied toward these goals is the retirement age. Formally it is a legally established boundary: once people have crossed it – on average – they significantly lose their ability to perform work (the so-called old-age risk). But since the 1970s, in many developed countries the retirement age has become an instrument of social and labor-market policy. Specifically, in the 1970s and ‘80s, an early retirement age was perceived as a solution allowing a reduction in the supply of labor, particularly among people with relatively low competencies who were approaching retirement age, which is called the lump of labor fallacy. It was often believed that people taking early retirement freed up jobs for the young. But a range of economic evidence shows that the number of jobs is not fixed, and those who retire don’t in fact free up jobs. On the contrary, because of higher spending by pension systems, labor costs rise, which limits the supply of jobs. In general, a good situation on the labor market supports employment of both the youngest and the oldest labor force participants. Additionally, a lower retirement age for women was maintained, which resulted to a high degree from cultural conditions and norms that are typical for traditional societies. The policy of a low retirement age in developed countries was driven by the demographic and economic situation. From the 1970s until the beginning of the 21st century, Europe benefitted from the so-called first demographic dividend: a situation where the working-age population was growing faster than that of non-working-age people. The demographic dividend supported economic growth, and simultaneously the stability of pension systems, as the ratio of those in the labor force to those drawing benefits was high. As an effect of the aging of the population, the period of the first demographic dividend ended at the turn of the millennium. This was one of the reasons for a change in the direction of retirement-age policy. Beginning from the start of the 21st century, in OECD countries we can see a gradual increase in the retirement age for women and men, as well as a gradual reduction in the gap between the ages for women and men. Raising the retirement age significantly affects the relationship between those in the labor force and those drawing benefits, and as a result increases the financial stability of the pension system. Furthermore, from the
摘要:欧洲国家面临着老龄化带来的经济和社会后果的挑战。具体来说，养老金制度必须适应即将到来的变化，既要保持金融稳定，使保费和养老金支出的流入均衡，又要同时保持福利的充足性，保护退休人员免受贫困，并使他们的生活消费平稳，即确保在生命的每个阶段都有能力支付消费需求，而不管劳动收入如何。实现这些目标的关键手段之一是退休年龄。从形式上讲，这是一条法律规定的边界:一旦人们跨越了这条边界——平均而言——他们就会显著丧失工作能力(即所谓的老年风险)。但自20世纪70年代以来，在许多发达国家，退休年龄已成为社会和劳动力市场政策的工具。具体来说，在20世纪70年代和80年代，提前退休年龄被认为是一种解决方案，允许减少劳动力供应，特别是在那些能力相对较低、接近退休年龄的人中间，这被称为劳动力谬误。人们通常认为，提前退休为年轻人腾出了工作机会。但一系列经济证据表明，工作岗位的数量并不是固定的，那些退休的人实际上并没有腾出工作岗位。相反，由于养老金体系的支出增加，劳动力成本上升，从而限制了就业岗位的供应。一般来说，劳动力市场的良好状况支持最年轻和最年长的劳动力参与者的就业。此外，妇女保持较低的退休年龄，这在很大程度上是由于传统社会典型的文化条件和规范造成的。发达国家的低退休年龄政策是由人口和经济形势推动的。从20世纪70年代到21世纪初，欧洲受益于所谓的第一次人口红利:工作年龄人口的增长速度快于非工作年龄人口的增长速度。人口红利支持了经济增长，同时也支持了养老金制度的稳定，因为劳动力与领取养老金的人的比例很高。由于人口老龄化的影响，第一次人口红利的时期在世纪之交结束。这是改变退休年龄政策方向的原因之一。从21世纪初开始，在经合组织国家，我们可以看到女性和男性的退休年龄逐渐提高，而女性和男性的年龄差距逐渐缩小。提高退休年龄会显著影响劳动力和领取养老金者之间的关系，从而提高养老金制度的财务稳定性。此外，从微观经济的角度来看，较高的退休年龄和更长时间的劳动力参与也转化为更高的养老金，从而有助于提高养老金制度的充分性。提高退休年龄的进程尚未结束:大多数发达国家计划继续逐步提高退休年龄。根据《2018年老龄化报告》(欧盟委员会2018年)的数据，到2050年，23个国家将提高女性的退休年龄，使其与男性平等，其中9个国家也将提高男性的退休年龄。因此，在一半的欧盟国家，法定退休年龄将超过65岁。其中9个国家(意大利、芬兰、葡萄牙、希腊、丹麦、荷兰、塞浦路斯、斯洛伐克、马耳他)的年龄随着预期寿命而变化，这意味着在未来几年内，某些国家的法定退休年龄将超过70岁。同时，男女退休年龄的平等化也在进行中。妇女年龄低于男子年龄的国家正在逐步提高妇女年龄(奥地利、保加利亚、捷克共和国、拉脱维亚、斯洛伐克)。只有波兰和罗马尼亚保留男女不同的退休年龄。到2050年，如果目前的规定仍然有效，波兰的女性将是欧盟国家中最早退休的。摘要:Kraje europejskie stojje prized wyzwaniem związanym z ekonomicznymi spolecznymi konsekwencjami starzenia sie ludności。W szczegolności, systemy emerytalne musządostosowywac您做zachodzą进入zmian, utrzymując z jednej strony stabilnośc finansowązwiązaną泽zrownowazeniem wplywow泽skladek oraz wydatkow na emerytury,一个jednocześ聂adekwatnoścświadczen, związanąz ochronąemerytow przed ubostwem oraz wygladzeniem konsumpcji W przebiegu zycia, czyli zapewnieniem mozliwości finansowania potrzeb konsumpcyjnych na kazdym etapie przebiegu zycia,鹿角的第二叉wzgledu na dochod osiągany z一家。
{"title":"The Retirement Age and the Pension System, the Labor Market and the Economy (Wiek emerytalny a system emerytalny, rynek pracy i gospodarka)","authors":"A. Chłoń-Domińczak, F. Chybalski, M. Rutkowski","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3779237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3779237","url":null,"abstract":"English Abstract: European countries face a challenge related to the economic and social consequences of their societies’ aging. Specifically, pension systems must adjust to the coming changes, maintaining both financial stability, connected with equalizing inflows from premiums and spending on pensions, and simultaneously the sufficiency of benefits, protecting retirees against poverty and smoothing consumption over their lives, i.e. ensuring the ability to pay for consumption needs at each stage of life, regardless of income from labor. \u0000 \u0000One of the key instruments applied toward these goals is the retirement age. Formally it is a legally established boundary: once people have crossed it – on average – they significantly lose their ability to perform work (the so-called old-age risk). But since the 1970s, in many developed countries the retirement age has become an instrument of social and labor-market policy. Specifically, in the 1970s and ‘80s, an early retirement age was perceived as a solution allowing a reduction in the supply of labor, particularly among people with relatively low competencies who were approaching retirement age, which is called the lump of labor fallacy. It was often believed that people taking early retirement freed up jobs for the young. But a range of economic evidence shows that the number of jobs is not fixed, and those who retire don’t in fact free up jobs. On the contrary, because of higher spending by pension systems, labor costs rise, which limits the supply of jobs. In general, a good situation on the labor market supports employment of both the youngest and the oldest labor force participants. Additionally, a lower retirement age for women was maintained, which resulted to a high degree from cultural conditions and norms that are typical for traditional societies. \u0000 \u0000The policy of a low retirement age in developed countries was driven by the demographic and economic situation. From the 1970s until the beginning of the 21st century, Europe benefitted from the so-called first demographic dividend: a situation where the working-age population was growing faster than that of non-working-age people. The demographic dividend supported economic growth, and simultaneously the stability of pension systems, as the ratio of those in the labor force to those drawing benefits was high. \u0000 \u0000As an effect of the aging of the population, the period of the first demographic dividend ended at the turn of the millennium. This was one of the reasons for a change in the direction of retirement-age policy. Beginning from the start of the 21st century, in OECD countries we can see a gradual increase in the retirement age for women and men, as well as a gradual reduction in the gap between the ages for women and men. Raising the retirement age significantly affects the relationship between those in the labor force and those drawing benefits, and as a result increases the financial stability of the pension system. Furthermore, from the","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121553341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Outsourced workers experience large wage declines, yet domestic outsourcing may raise aggregate productivity. To study this equity-efficiency trade-off, we contribute a framework in which more productive firms either post higher wages along a job ladder to sustain a larger in-house workforce, comprised of many imperfectly substitutable worker types and subject to decreasing returns to scale, or rent labor services from contractors who hire in the same frictional labor markets. Three implications arise: more productive firms are more likely to outsource to save on higher wage premia; outsourcing raises output at the firm level; labor service providers endogenously locate at the bottom of the job ladder, implying that outsourced workers receive lower wages. Using firm-level instruments for outsourcing and revenue productivity, we find empirical support for all three predictions in French administrative data. After structurally estimating the model, we show that the rise in outsourcing in France between 1997 and 2007 increased aggregate output by 1% and reduced the labor share by 3 percentage points.
{"title":"Outsourcing, Inequality and Aggregate Output","authors":"A. Bilal, Hugo Lhuillier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3765873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3765873","url":null,"abstract":"Outsourced workers experience large wage declines, yet domestic outsourcing may raise aggregate productivity. To study this equity-efficiency trade-off, we contribute a framework in which more productive firms either post higher wages along a job ladder to sustain a larger in-house workforce, comprised of many imperfectly substitutable worker types and subject to decreasing returns to scale, or rent labor services from contractors who hire in the same frictional labor markets. Three implications arise: more productive firms are more likely to outsource to save on higher wage premia; outsourcing raises output at the firm level; labor service providers endogenously locate at the bottom of the job ladder, implying that outsourced workers receive lower wages. Using firm-level instruments for outsourcing and revenue productivity, we find empirical support for all three predictions in French administrative data. After structurally estimating the model, we show that the rise in outsourcing in France between 1997 and 2007 increased aggregate output by 1% and reduced the labor share by 3 percentage points.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122686432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluating goalie performance in hockey is a difficult and time consuming pro- cess. However, with the introduction of advanced statistics, this process has become clear. This report combines advanced hockey analytics and statistical analysis to predict the Goals Above Replacement and Support Neutral Winning % goalies of the Swiss National League (NL).
{"title":"Swiss National League Goalie Analysis","authors":"Brad Behan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3751132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751132","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating goalie performance in hockey is a difficult and time consuming pro- cess. However, with the introduction of advanced statistics, this process has become clear. This report combines advanced hockey analytics and statistical analysis to predict the Goals Above Replacement and Support Neutral Winning % goalies of the Swiss National League (NL).","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124556301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior research finds that women receive lower salaries than men. Similarly, we show that female audit partners in Belgium receive significantly lower compensation than male partners. However, there are alternative explanations for the pay gap other than gender discrimination. For example, the gap in compensation could reflect that men are paid more because they have higher levels of productivity. We provide new predictions and tests of gender discrimination by comparing the fees generated by audit partners (a measure of partner productivity) and the types of clients assigned to partners. Consistent with our prediction of female partners having to meet higher performance thresholds than male partners, we show that female partners generate larger fee premiums, but they are less likely to be assigned to prestigious clients. To test whether these patterns are attributable to gender discrimination, we examine whether the results are stronger in male-dominated offices because this is where we would expect to find the most discrimination against women. We find the fee premiums generated by female partners are larger in male-dominated offices, while the negative association between prestigious clients and female partners is stronger in male-dominated offices. Collectively, our combined predictions and tests are consistent with female partners facing gender discrimination in audit offices that are dominated by male partners.
{"title":"Gender Discrimination? Evidence from the Belgian Public Accounting Profession","authors":"Kris Hardies, C. Lennox, Bing Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3258719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3258719","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research finds that women receive lower salaries than men. Similarly, we show that female audit partners in Belgium receive significantly lower compensation than male partners. However, there are alternative explanations for the pay gap other than gender discrimination. For example, the gap in compensation could reflect that men are paid more because they have higher levels of productivity. We provide new predictions and tests of gender discrimination by comparing the fees generated by audit partners (a measure of partner productivity) and the types of clients assigned to partners. Consistent with our prediction of female partners having to meet higher performance thresholds than male partners, we show that female partners generate larger fee premiums, but they are less likely to be assigned to prestigious clients. To test whether these patterns are attributable to gender discrimination, we examine whether the results are stronger in male-dominated offices because this is where we would expect to find the most discrimination against women. We find the fee premiums generated by female partners are larger in male-dominated offices, while the negative association between prestigious clients and female partners is stronger in male-dominated offices. Collectively, our combined predictions and tests are consistent with female partners facing gender discrimination in audit offices that are dominated by male partners.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122866344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What are the net inter-age resource transfer burdens over the life course of working-age parents as compared to working-age non-parents in Europe? We estimate all cash, in-kind, and time transfers of the market economy and the household economy, through both public and familial channels, for fourteen European countries in the early 2000s. We advance National Transfer Accounts methodology by splitting up macro-aggregates into three groups: parents, non-parents living in childless households and non-parents cohabiting with children. We find that non-parents contribute almost exclusively to public transfers in net terms, somewhat more than parents do. But parents provide, in addition, a still larger amount of familial transfers. As a result, parents contribute on average 1.8 times as many net transfers as non-parents do, overall. Especially in view of the public good nature of children and contemporary rates of childlessness in Europe, this asymmetric transfer burden carries multiple implications for debates on public policy and a just society.
{"title":"The Transfer Cost of Parenthood in Europe","authors":"R. Gál, Márton Medgyesi, P. Vanhuysse","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3691515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3691515","url":null,"abstract":"What are the net inter-age resource transfer burdens over the life course of working-age parents as compared to working-age non-parents in Europe? We estimate all cash, in-kind, and time transfers of the market economy and the household economy, through both public and familial channels, for fourteen European countries in the early 2000s. We advance National Transfer Accounts methodology by splitting up macro-aggregates into three groups: parents, non-parents living in childless households and non-parents cohabiting with children. We find that non-parents contribute almost exclusively to public transfers in net terms, somewhat more than parents do. But parents provide, in addition, a still larger amount of familial transfers. As a result, parents contribute on average 1.8 times as many net transfers as non-parents do, overall. Especially in view of the public good nature of children and contemporary rates of childlessness in Europe, this asymmetric transfer burden carries multiple implications for debates on public policy and a just society.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125604735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to study the gender pension gap in Europe based on the newest EU-SILC data from the 2018 wave. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it provides evidence on factors shaping the gender pension gap in a large number of EU countries. Second, it analyses the relationship between the pension gap and: (1) the coverage of occupational (second pillar) pensions and (2) gender attitudes. The main factor contributing to gender inequality in pension income is the number of years in employment. The influence of tertiary education is in the direction of increasing the gap, while the effect is the opposite when the hourly labor income gap is considered. The higher coverage of occupational pensions corresponds to a higher gender pension gap. This implies that the privatization of pension plans can lead to the conversion of a wage gap into a pension income gap and reinforces women’s disadvantage after retirement. In addition, a positive relationship is observed between unexplained portions of the pension income gap and the labor income gap. This could justify the hypothesis that unexplained portions are formed by the same factors persistent over time. One such factor could be gender norms; it has been found that countries with more gender equality support have lower unexplained portions of the labor income and pension gaps.
{"title":"Gender Gap in Pension Income: Cross-Country Analysis and Role of Gender Attitudes","authors":"A. Veremchuk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3662968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3662968","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to study the gender pension gap in Europe based on the newest EU-SILC data from the 2018 wave. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it provides evidence on factors shaping the gender pension gap in a large number of EU countries. Second, it analyses the relationship between the pension gap and: \u0000 \u0000(1) the coverage of occupational (second pillar) pensions and \u0000 \u0000(2) gender attitudes. \u0000 \u0000The main factor contributing to gender inequality in pension income is the number of years in employment. The influence of tertiary education is in the direction of increasing the gap, while the effect is the opposite when the hourly labor income gap is considered. The higher coverage of occupational pensions corresponds to a higher gender pension gap. This implies that the privatization of pension plans can lead to the conversion of a wage gap into a pension income gap and reinforces women’s disadvantage after retirement. In addition, a positive relationship is observed between unexplained portions of the pension income gap and the labor income gap. This could justify the hypothesis that unexplained portions are formed by the same factors persistent over time. One such factor could be gender norms; it has been found that countries with more gender equality support have lower unexplained portions of the labor income and pension gaps.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121954850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the Brexit referendum of June 2016 scholars have tried to determine the roots of the vote for leave. Some observers argue that economic factors were key determinants of Brexit, whereas other researchers consider cultural/identity variables as the main causes of the leave vote. This debate forms part of a broader dispute on the factors associated with the growing importance of Eurosceptic populist politics in WesternEurope. In fact, Brexit is widely considered by scholars as an example of the rise of populism (Inglehart and Norris, 2016). This argument takes two basic forms: the Economic Insecurity Thesis (Rodrick, 2018; Boeri, 2018) and the Cultural Insecurity Thesis (Inglehart and Norris, 2016).
Firstly, this thesis concludes that both set of variables influenced the vote for leave, through a Meta-Study of different research on the principal determinants of Brexit. Secondly, it assesses which studies are the most robust. Finally, it stresses the importance of the interaction between economic and cultural variables in influencing the vote for leave.
2016 年 6 月英国脱欧公投后，学者们试图确定脱欧投票的根源。一些观察家认为经济因素是英国脱欧的关键决定因素，而另一些研究者则认为文化/身份变量是脱欧投票的主要原因。这一争论是关于欧洲怀疑论民粹主义政治在西欧日益重要的相关因素的更广泛争论的一部分。事实上，学者们普遍认为英国脱欧是民粹主义兴起的一个例子（Inglehart and Norris, 2016）。这一论点有两种基本形式：经济不安全感论（Rodrick，2018；Boeri，2018）和文化不安全感论（Inglehart and Norris，2016）。首先，本论文通过对英国脱欧主要决定因素的不同研究进行元研究，得出结论认为这两组变量都影响了脱欧投票。其次，论文评估了哪些研究最为可靠。最后，论文强调了经济变量和文化变量之间的相互作用在影响脱欧投票中的重要性。
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Pub Date : 2020-04-30DOI: 10.21303/2613-5647.2020.001296
Aldona Migała-Warchoł, M. Sobolewski
The aim of the research is an analysis of the influence of the economic indicators on the socio-economic development of EU countries. The synthetic measure of socio-economic development is calculated by means of the following determinants: ‘Economy and Finance’, ‘Science and Technology’, ‘Health’, ‘Education’ and ‘Living Conditions’. This index of the socio-economic development of residents of the European Union countries has been created as an arithmetic mean of indicators, counted for particular determinants. The index, which has been created, is treated as a modified Human Development Index due to the fact that it is completed with the added information. The data has been collected from the Eurostat for the years 2006–2016. In the second part of the research there have been developed the models for the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in terms of particular economic indicator, used in the analysis, as well as the analysis of the relationship between the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in EU countries, and the selected economic measures: unemployment rate, GDP per capita, indicator of real expenditure per capita, and the percentage of people at risk of poverty. The results are obtained, using the Statistica 12 program.
{"title":"The Influence of the Economic Situation on the Socio-Economic Development in the European Union Countries by Means of the Modified HDI Index","authors":"Aldona Migała-Warchoł, M. Sobolewski","doi":"10.21303/2613-5647.2020.001296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21303/2613-5647.2020.001296","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research is an analysis of the influence of the economic indicators on the socio-economic development of EU countries. The synthetic measure of socio-economic development is calculated by means of the following determinants: ‘Economy and Finance’, ‘Science and Technology’, ‘Health’, ‘Education’ and ‘Living Conditions’. This index of the socio-economic development of residents of the European Union countries has been created as an arithmetic mean of indicators, counted for particular determinants. The index, which has been created, is treated as a modified Human Development Index due to the fact that it is completed with the added information. The data has been collected from the Eurostat for the years 2006–2016. In the second part of the research there have been developed the models for the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in terms of particular economic indicator, used in the analysis, as well as the analysis of the relationship between the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in EU countries, and the selected economic measures: unemployment rate, GDP per capita, indicator of real expenditure per capita, and the percentage of people at risk of poverty. The results are obtained, using the Statistica 12 program.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123286362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we use twin birth as an instrument to estimate the effects of fertility on female labor force participation using 70 censuses from 36 countries in 1990–2010. We document a strong relationship between the gender wage gap and the size of the motherhood penalty. The penalty is smallest in countries with small gender wage gaps. Both cross- and within-country relationships between motherhood penalty and gender wage gap remain strong and negative even when we condition on per-capita GDP and educational attainment. Our estimates suggest that a reduction of 1-percentage-point in the gender wage gap is associated with a decrease of 0.45–0.65 percentage-points in the estimated motherhood employment penalty.
{"title":"Motherhood Employment Penalty and Gender Wage Gap Across Countries: 1990–2010","authors":"Y. Chu, Harold E. Cuffe, Nguyen Doan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3584920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3584920","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we use twin birth as an instrument to estimate the effects of fertility on female labor force participation using 70 censuses from 36 countries in 1990–2010. We document a strong relationship between the gender wage gap and the size of the motherhood penalty. The penalty is smallest in countries with small gender wage gaps. Both cross- and within-country relationships between motherhood penalty and gender wage gap remain strong and negative even when we condition on per-capita GDP and educational attainment. Our estimates suggest that a reduction of 1-percentage-point in the gender wage gap is associated with a decrease of 0.45–0.65 percentage-points in the estimated motherhood employment penalty.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131736571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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