Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378336
D. Fugate, A. Melin, R. Kisner, J. Wilgen
Extreme environments such as helium circulators (Next Generation Nuclear Plant) and sodium and liquid salt pumps (Advanced Reactor Concepts and Small Modular Reactor programs) include high temperatures (700+ degrees Celsius), material compatibility challenges, requirements to reduce maintenance associated with lubricated and moving parts, pump seals, and material degradation. These environments require high reliability, control, diagnostics, and prognostic capabilities. The environmental conditions and system requirements create the need for new instrumentation and sensing methods for control and system diagnostics. The Sensors and Controls Team in the Measurement Science and Systems Engineering Division at ORNL is pursuing measurement methods for a canned rotor cooling pump design for fluoride-salt-cooled high temperature reactor applications. These measurement methods require consideration of the various pump materials, environmental conditions, application requirements, mechanical design, electrical design, and motoring and bearing electromagnetics to facilitate successful measurements.
{"title":"Advanced instrumentation for extreme environments: Nuclear reactor environments","authors":"D. Fugate, A. Melin, R. Kisner, J. Wilgen","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378336","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme environments such as helium circulators (Next Generation Nuclear Plant) and sodium and liquid salt pumps (Advanced Reactor Concepts and Small Modular Reactor programs) include high temperatures (700+ degrees Celsius), material compatibility challenges, requirements to reduce maintenance associated with lubricated and moving parts, pump seals, and material degradation. These environments require high reliability, control, diagnostics, and prognostic capabilities. The environmental conditions and system requirements create the need for new instrumentation and sensing methods for control and system diagnostics. The Sensors and Controls Team in the Measurement Science and Systems Engineering Division at ORNL is pursuing measurement methods for a canned rotor cooling pump design for fluoride-salt-cooled high temperature reactor applications. These measurement methods require consideration of the various pump materials, environmental conditions, application requirements, mechanical design, electrical design, and motoring and bearing electromagnetics to facilitate successful measurements.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"515 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123082683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378328
R. Kolacinski, W. Theeranaew, K. Loparo
This paper presents an enterprise architecture that supports the development and deployment of advanced control and condition monitoring algorithms in power generating plants. The architecture is based on information-theoretic concepts that are used to transform multi-modal data streams into actionable information.
{"title":"An information-theoretic architecture for advanced condition monitoring and control of power generating plants","authors":"R. Kolacinski, W. Theeranaew, K. Loparo","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378328","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an enterprise architecture that supports the development and deployment of advanced control and condition monitoring algorithms in power generating plants. The architecture is based on information-theoretic concepts that are used to transform multi-modal data streams into actionable information.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"13 32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130539909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378347
I. Snyder, N. Paul, L. MacIntyre
This paper discusses the architecture of the advanced metering and communication test bed installed on the ORNL (Oak Ridge National laboratory) distribution grid. The test bed is being exploited for many applications that serve the reliability of the grid, such as standard validation and implementation of the new encryption devices to improve cyber security.
{"title":"Advanced metering infrastructure and communication test bed and applications for grid reliability","authors":"I. Snyder, N. Paul, L. MacIntyre","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378347","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the architecture of the advanced metering and communication test bed installed on the ORNL (Oak Ridge National laboratory) distribution grid. The test bed is being exploited for many applications that serve the reliability of the grid, such as standard validation and implementation of the new encryption devices to improve cyber security.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123123053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378318
A. Alouani
In the current practice of power system monitoring and control, different devices are separately designed to perform different functions. Power systems measurement devices collect data and communicate it to a data concentrator for processing. Intelligent electronic devices (IED) are designed independently to perform different protection functions. Different providers of the IED use different communication protocols. The bulkiness, cost, and communication requirements of implementing the monitoring, control and protection functions independently can be avoided by designing a new generation of smart power devices that implement these functions inside a standalone single device. This paper discusses the design, development, and testing of a low cost integrated intelligent Phasor measurement unit (IIPMU) that integrates the functions of data acquisition, state estimation, and protection and control in the same stand alone device.
{"title":"Integrated monitoring and control in smart grid","authors":"A. Alouani","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378318","url":null,"abstract":"In the current practice of power system monitoring and control, different devices are separately designed to perform different functions. Power systems measurement devices collect data and communicate it to a data concentrator for processing. Intelligent electronic devices (IED) are designed independently to perform different protection functions. Different providers of the IED use different communication protocols. The bulkiness, cost, and communication requirements of implementing the monitoring, control and protection functions independently can be avoided by designing a new generation of smart power devices that implement these functions inside a standalone single device. This paper discusses the design, development, and testing of a low cost integrated intelligent Phasor measurement unit (IIPMU) that integrates the functions of data acquisition, state estimation, and protection and control in the same stand alone device.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127152387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378329
A. Melin, R. Kisner, D. Fugate, T. McIntyre
State awareness for a control system is the accurate knowledge of the internal states of the system realization. By definition, a cyber-attacker decreases the state awareness by modifying or removing the information available to the operator and control system. By decreasing state awareness, the attacker can directly cause damage to the physical system through the control system, or indirectly by causing the operator to react in a damaging manner to the false information. One of the central problems of resilient control is developing methods to retain the minimal state awareness necessary to continue stable operation during a cyber-attack. The characterization of the necessary minimal state awareness is currently an unanswered question. In this paper, we will define state awareness, discuss the consequences of loss of state awareness, and some potential research directions for maintaining state awareness.
{"title":"Minimum state awareness for resilient control systems under cyber-attack","authors":"A. Melin, R. Kisner, D. Fugate, T. McIntyre","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378329","url":null,"abstract":"State awareness for a control system is the accurate knowledge of the internal states of the system realization. By definition, a cyber-attacker decreases the state awareness by modifying or removing the information available to the operator and control system. By decreasing state awareness, the attacker can directly cause damage to the physical system through the control system, or indirectly by causing the operator to react in a damaging manner to the false information. One of the central problems of resilient control is developing methods to retain the minimal state awareness necessary to continue stable operation during a cyber-attack. The characterization of the necessary minimal state awareness is currently an unanswered question. In this paper, we will define state awareness, discuss the consequences of loss of state awareness, and some potential research directions for maintaining state awareness.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123305734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378335
C. D. Boyd, E. Lally, E. Horrell, B. Dickerson
Superconducting power lines, field windings, motors, and generators offer significant potential reductions in size, weight, and power loss for high current and high magnetic field applications. To avoid damaging these superconductors, adequate cable cooling is required during high current loads. Luna's fiber optic distributed temperature sensing technology (based on Rayleigh backscatter) has recently demonstrated cryogen monitoring capabilities down to 15 K over 20 m sensor lengths, providing real time characterization of cryogen flow transients and temperature distributions within flexible cryostats used to cool superconducting cables.
{"title":"Verifying cryogenic cooling of superconducting cables using optical fiber","authors":"C. D. Boyd, E. Lally, E. Horrell, B. Dickerson","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378335","url":null,"abstract":"Superconducting power lines, field windings, motors, and generators offer significant potential reductions in size, weight, and power loss for high current and high magnetic field applications. To avoid damaging these superconductors, adequate cable cooling is required during high current loads. Luna's fiber optic distributed temperature sensing technology (based on Rayleigh backscatter) has recently demonstrated cryogen monitoring capabilities down to 15 K over 20 m sensor lengths, providing real time characterization of cryogen flow transients and temperature distributions within flexible cryostats used to cool superconducting cables.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129794014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378339
P. Ohodnicki
Opportunities exist for energy efficiency improvement and greenhouse gas emission reduction in fossil energy based electrical power generation through deployment of embedded sensors operating at extreme temperatures and under harsh conditions. Despite inherent advantages of optical based sensors, published literature discussing optical sensing materials is limited for temperatures of operation greater than 500°C. A clear need exists for additional fundamental and applied research efforts. Published literature discussing sensor materials for high temperature optical chemical sensing applications are reviewed and research opportunities / needs are highlighted.
{"title":"A review and perspective: Thin films for optical based chemical sensing at extreme temperatures","authors":"P. Ohodnicki","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378339","url":null,"abstract":"Opportunities exist for energy efficiency improvement and greenhouse gas emission reduction in fossil energy based electrical power generation through deployment of embedded sensors operating at extreme temperatures and under harsh conditions. Despite inherent advantages of optical based sensors, published literature discussing optical sensing materials is limited for temperatures of operation greater than 500°C. A clear need exists for additional fundamental and applied research efforts. Published literature discussing sensor materials for high temperature optical chemical sensing applications are reviewed and research opportunities / needs are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121152477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378344
D. Lindenmeyer
This paper looks at the state of today's US power distribution system and introduces the applications and technologies that will be deployed in the Distribution System of the Future. The role and requirements of semiconductors as an enabling technology for Distribution Automation is outlined using several practical examples.
{"title":"Semiconductor requirements for the distribution system of the Future","authors":"D. Lindenmeyer","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378344","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at the state of today's US power distribution system and introduces the applications and technologies that will be deployed in the Distribution System of the Future. The role and requirements of semiconductors as an enabling technology for Distribution Automation is outlined using several practical examples.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134442388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378343
J. Paulsen, M. Renn, K. Christenson, R. Plourde
Fabrication of 3D mechanical structures is sometimes achieved by layer-wise printing of inks and resins in conjunction with treatments such as photonic curing and laser sintering. The non-treated material is typically dissolved leaving the final 3D part. Such techniques are generally limited to a single material which makes it difficult to integrate high resolution, conformal electronics over part surfaces. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel, non-contact technique for printing conformal circuits called Aerosol Jet printing. This technique creates a collimated jet of aerosol droplets that extend 2-5 mm from the nozzle to the target. The deposited features can be as small as 10 microns or as large as a centimeter wide. A variety of materials can be printed such as metal nanoparticle inks, polymers, adhesives, ceramics, and bio-active matter. The print head direction and XYZ positioning is controlled by CAD/CAM software which allows conformal printing onto 3D substrates having a high level of surface topography. For example, metallic traces can be printed into 3D shapes such as trenches and via holes, as well as onto sidewalls and convex and concave surfaces. We discuss the fabrication of a conformal phase array antenna, embedded circuitry and sensors, and electronic packaging.
{"title":"Printing conformal electronics on 3D structures with Aerosol Jet technology","authors":"J. Paulsen, M. Renn, K. Christenson, R. Plourde","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378343","url":null,"abstract":"Fabrication of 3D mechanical structures is sometimes achieved by layer-wise printing of inks and resins in conjunction with treatments such as photonic curing and laser sintering. The non-treated material is typically dissolved leaving the final 3D part. Such techniques are generally limited to a single material which makes it difficult to integrate high resolution, conformal electronics over part surfaces. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel, non-contact technique for printing conformal circuits called Aerosol Jet printing. This technique creates a collimated jet of aerosol droplets that extend 2-5 mm from the nozzle to the target. The deposited features can be as small as 10 microns or as large as a centimeter wide. A variety of materials can be printed such as metal nanoparticle inks, polymers, adhesives, ceramics, and bio-active matter. The print head direction and XYZ positioning is controlled by CAD/CAM software which allows conformal printing onto 3D substrates having a high level of surface topography. For example, metallic traces can be printed into 3D shapes such as trenches and via holes, as well as onto sidewalls and convex and concave surfaces. We discuss the fabrication of a conformal phase array antenna, embedded circuitry and sensors, and electronic packaging.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129258130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-13DOI: 10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378319
M. Buric, B. Chorpening, J. Mullen, S. Woodruff, J. Ranalli
A gas composition sensor based on Raman spectroscopy using reflective metal lined capillary waveguides is tested under field conditions for feedforward applications in combustion control. The capillary waveguide enables effective use of low powered lasers and rapid composition determination, for computation of required parameters to pre-adjust burner control based on incoming fuel. Tests on high pressure fuel streams show sub-second time response and better than one percent accuracy on natural gas fuel mixtures. Fuel composition and Wobbe constant values are provided at one second intervals or faster. The sensor, designed and constructed at NETL, is packaged for Class I Division 2 operations typical of gas turbine and boiler environments, and samples gas at up to 800 psig. Simultaneous determination of the hydrocarbons methane, ethane, and propane plus CO, CO2, H2O, H2, N2, and O2 are realized. The capillary waveguide permits use of miniature spectrometers and laser power of less than 100 mW. The capillary dimensions of 1 m length and 300 μm ID also enable a full sample exchange in 0.4 s or less at 5 psig pressure differential, which allows a fast response to changes in sample composition. Sensor operation under field operation conditions will be reported.
{"title":"Field tests of the Raman gas composition sensor","authors":"M. Buric, B. Chorpening, J. Mullen, S. Woodruff, J. Ranalli","doi":"10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378319","url":null,"abstract":"A gas composition sensor based on Raman spectroscopy using reflective metal lined capillary waveguides is tested under field conditions for feedforward applications in combustion control. The capillary waveguide enables effective use of low powered lasers and rapid composition determination, for computation of required parameters to pre-adjust burner control based on incoming fuel. Tests on high pressure fuel streams show sub-second time response and better than one percent accuracy on natural gas fuel mixtures. Fuel composition and Wobbe constant values are provided at one second intervals or faster. The sensor, designed and constructed at NETL, is packaged for Class I Division 2 operations typical of gas turbine and boiler environments, and samples gas at up to 800 psig. Simultaneous determination of the hydrocarbons methane, ethane, and propane plus CO, CO2, H2O, H2, N2, and O2 are realized. The capillary waveguide permits use of miniature spectrometers and laser power of less than 100 mW. The capillary dimensions of 1 m length and 300 μm ID also enable a full sample exchange in 0.4 s or less at 5 psig pressure differential, which allows a fast response to changes in sample composition. Sensor operation under field operation conditions will be reported.","PeriodicalId":170653,"journal":{"name":"2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124716032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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