Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0011
Bryan White
By the beginning of the seventeenth century speculative music, the branch of musical thought the origins of which can be traced back to Pythagorean and Platonic concepts of the ordering of the cosmos through the proportions of musical intervals and of the music of the spheres, had diverged completely from practical musical performance and composition. Thomas Morley, in his ...
{"title":"Reflection III","authors":"Bryan White","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"By the beginning of the seventeenth century speculative music, the branch of musical thought the origins of which can be traced back to Pythagorean and Platonic concepts of the ordering of the cosmos through the proportions of musical intervals and of the music of the spheres, had diverged completely from practical musical performance and composition. Thomas Morley, in his ...","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125024067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0005
P. Adamson
This chapter looks at theories of world soul in the medieval period, considering texts from the Islamic world and Latin Christendom. The central theme is the comparison between the cosmos and an individual human, who is conceived as a so-called microcosm. By this logic, since the human has a soul, so must the cosmos. Plato’s Timaeus is shown to be a key source for both cultures, including in Christian authors who detected a reference to the Holy Spirit behind Plato’s notion of World Soul. Figures in focus include al-Razi, the Brethren of Purity, the School of Chartres, Peter Abelard, and Hildegard of Bingen.
{"title":"“The Universe Is an Animal”","authors":"P. Adamson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at theories of world soul in the medieval period, considering texts from the Islamic world and Latin Christendom. The central theme is the comparison between the cosmos and an individual human, who is conceived as a so-called microcosm. By this logic, since the human has a soul, so must the cosmos. Plato’s Timaeus is shown to be a key source for both cultures, including in Christian authors who detected a reference to the Holy Spirit behind Plato’s notion of World Soul. Figures in focus include al-Razi, the Brethren of Purity, the School of Chartres, Peter Abelard, and Hildegard of Bingen.","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"608 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117296162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0002
J. Wilberding
This chapter explores Plato’s concept of the world soul and the ways in which the concept was developed by subsequent Platonists over the following millennium. In section 1.1, Plato’s arguments for the existence of the world soul are explored, and some of the tensions and puzzles in Plato’s account(s) are set out. Sections 1.2 and 1.3 examine two different approaches to coming to terms with these tensions, both of which involve moving away from the notion of a single monolithic world soul. Whereas Platonists such as Plutarch of Chaeronea developed a more dualistic conception of the world soul that envisioned a primitive, irrational, and evil soul giving way to the rational cosmic soul (section 1.2), Plotinus proposed a stratified conception of the world soul, with each subsequent stratum engaged in a more derivative form of contemplation than its upper neighbor and involved in a more direct form of administration of the world (section 1.3).
{"title":"The World Soul in the Platonic Tradition","authors":"J. Wilberding","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Plato’s concept of the world soul and the ways in which the concept was developed by subsequent Platonists over the following millennium. In section 1.1, Plato’s arguments for the existence of the world soul are explored, and some of the tensions and puzzles in Plato’s account(s) are set out. Sections 1.2 and 1.3 examine two different approaches to coming to terms with these tensions, both of which involve moving away from the notion of a single monolithic world soul. Whereas Platonists such as Plutarch of Chaeronea developed a more dualistic conception of the world soul that envisioned a primitive, irrational, and evil soul giving way to the rational cosmic soul (section 1.2), Plotinus proposed a stratified conception of the world soul, with each subsequent stratum engaged in a more derivative form of contemplation than its upper neighbor and involved in a more direct form of administration of the world (section 1.3).","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127447614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0008
H. Hirai
Along with the revival of Platonism, Renaissance Europe saw a surprising proliferation of writings on the world soul, shaping one of the most impressive eras in the history of this perennial theme. The current chapter focuses on key figures such as Marsilio Ficino, Agostino Steuco, Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella, and Justus Lipsius. Presenting their major arguments, it shows the features of their interpretations and eventual interconnections. Starting from fifteenth-century Florence, it examines some important attempts to reconcile the doctrine of the world soul with Christianity. More than 100 years later, these attempts culminated in the work that revived Stoicism with a strong Platonic flavor. A clue to understanding all this evolution is the belief in “ancient theology” (prisca theologia) promoted by Ficino and developed in the stream of Renaissance Platonism.
{"title":"The World Soul in the Renaissance","authors":"H. Hirai","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Along with the revival of Platonism, Renaissance Europe saw a surprising proliferation of writings on the world soul, shaping one of the most impressive eras in the history of this perennial theme. The current chapter focuses on key figures such as Marsilio Ficino, Agostino Steuco, Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella, and Justus Lipsius. Presenting their major arguments, it shows the features of their interpretations and eventual interconnections. Starting from fifteenth-century Florence, it examines some important attempts to reconcile the doctrine of the world soul with Christianity. More than 100 years later, these attempts culminated in the work that revived Stoicism with a strong Platonic flavor. A clue to understanding all this evolution is the belief in “ancient theology” (prisca theologia) promoted by Ficino and developed in the stream of Renaissance Platonism.","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124570073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0006
Jessica Frazier
Frazier distinguishes four possible forms of “world soul” theory in the Vedāntic tradition—soul as shared substance, shared order, shared consciousness, and shared causality. She focuses on one Indian genealogy of reflection on the last, looking at the way that the pivotal concept of śakti, an energy or capacity, allowed Vedāntic philosophy to evolve a new understanding of complex causality. Whereas Rāmānuja focused on the centralized causality of God as a single world-agency, Rūpa and Jīva Gosvāmī subtly rebelled against this. They used aesthetic theory to develop a new appreciation of the way that a complex array of subsidiary agencies (i.e., created individual wills) facilitates new and precious emergent phenomena of relationship, motivation, drama, and affective experience—all things that a single ‘agency would not be able to generate alone. The resulting “fulfilled-capacity monism” or pūrṇa-śakti vedānta models a world soul with not only originative causality that channels a single agency, but also developmental causality that evolves novel features of intra-relationality.
Frazier区分了Vedāntic传统中“世界灵魂”理论的四种可能形式——灵魂为共享物质、共享秩序、共享意识和共享因果关系。她关注的是印度人对后者的一种反思，着眼于śakti这个能量或能力的关键概念是如何让Vedāntic哲学发展出对复杂因果关系的新理解的。Rāmānuja关注的是上帝作为单一世界机构的集中因果关系，而Rūpa和jj - va Gosvāmī则巧妙地反对这一点。他们运用美学理论发展了一种新的欣赏方式，即一系列复杂的附属机构(即创造的个人意志)促进了关系、动机、戏剧和情感体验等新的和宝贵的涌现现象——所有这些都是单个机构无法单独产生的。由此产生的“完成能力一元论”(pūrṇa-śakti vedānta)模型不仅具有引导单一代理的原创因果关系，而且还具有演变出内部关系的新特征的发展性因果关系。
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Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0003
R. Salles
This chapter deals with the Stoic notion of world soul and discusses in detail one Stoic argument for the thesis that the cosmos is intelligent and its relation to the theory of “seminal principles” (spermatikoi logoi). This argument—the “Proof”—seeks to establish that the cosmos is intelligent not in the strong sense that the cosmos has the capacity for thinking, but in the weaker sense that it has the properties needed to give rise to beings that are capable of thinking. This does not mean that for the Stoics cosmic intelligence is limited to this kind of intelligence, but just that the latter is a component of the former. In this respect, cosmic intelligence bears an important similarity to human intelligence, which also involves both the capacity for thinking and the possession of the properties needed to give rise to beings capable of thinking.
{"title":"The Stoic World Soul and the Theory of Seminal Principles","authors":"R. Salles","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the Stoic notion of world soul and discusses in detail one Stoic argument for the thesis that the cosmos is intelligent and its relation to the theory of “seminal principles” (spermatikoi logoi). This argument—the “Proof”—seeks to establish that the cosmos is intelligent not in the strong sense that the cosmos has the capacity for thinking, but in the weaker sense that it has the properties needed to give rise to beings that are capable of thinking. This does not mean that for the Stoics cosmic intelligence is limited to this kind of intelligence, but just that the latter is a component of the former. In this respect, cosmic intelligence bears an important similarity to human intelligence, which also involves both the capacity for thinking and the possession of the properties needed to give rise to beings capable of thinking.","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131222809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0015
L. Walls
American Transcendentalism, a religious, literary, and social reform movement whose acknowledged leader was Ralph Waldo Emerson, characteristically deployed world soul thinking to harmonize Protestant individualism with Deist rationalism and modern science. Emerson’s “Over-Soul,” whose sources include Platonism, German Idealism, and the transcendental anatomy of Georges Cuvier, enabled the Transcendentalists to distance themselves from orthodox theism by turning God’s magisterial law from outer command into inner creative principle, based on the fundamental concept that all human beings (and, for some, all life) share an inner divine principle that radiates meaning into the world. This chapter draws on William James, who analyzed world soul thinking in terms of the varieties of transcendentalism: this lens suggests that for many Transcendentalists, Emerson’s idealist, absolute monism yielded to a range of pluralist and materialist variants, as seen in Orestes Brownson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and the radical pluralism of William James himself.
{"title":"The World Soul in American Transcendentalism","authors":"L. Walls","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"American Transcendentalism, a religious, literary, and social reform movement whose acknowledged leader was Ralph Waldo Emerson, characteristically deployed world soul thinking to harmonize Protestant individualism with Deist rationalism and modern science. Emerson’s “Over-Soul,” whose sources include Platonism, German Idealism, and the transcendental anatomy of Georges Cuvier, enabled the Transcendentalists to distance themselves from orthodox theism by turning God’s magisterial law from outer command into inner creative principle, based on the fundamental concept that all human beings (and, for some, all life) share an inner divine principle that radiates meaning into the world. This chapter draws on William James, who analyzed world soul thinking in terms of the varieties of transcendentalism: this lens suggests that for many Transcendentalists, Emerson’s idealist, absolute monism yielded to a range of pluralist and materialist variants, as seen in Orestes Brownson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and the radical pluralism of William James himself.","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126903421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0016
J. B. Callicott
The year was 1979. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, a book by James Lovelock (1919–), was published to much fanfare.1 To much less, “Some Fundamentals of Conservation in the Southwest,” an essay by Aldo Leopold (1887–1948), was also published2—posthumously, exactly three decades after Leopold’s celebrated environmental classic ...
{"title":"Reflection V","authors":"J. B. Callicott","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The year was 1979. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, a book by James Lovelock (1919–), was published to much fanfare.1 To much less, “Some Fundamentals of Conservation in the Southwest,” an essay by Aldo Leopold (1887–1948), was also published2—posthumously, exactly three decades after Leopold’s celebrated environmental classic ...","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124084387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0014
A. Schniewind
Soul is a concept that highly interested the early psychoanalysts. Contrary to the modern German psychologists who did all they could to replace Seele (soul) by Geist (mind), Freud attributed to the term Seele a place of major importance.1 However, Freud didn’t use Seele...
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Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0012
Elizabeth Millán Brusslan
Millán Brusslan situates her discussion of the world soul in debates about the limits of reason and the domain of faith in the post-Kantian period. She focuses upon Schlegel’s critique of Jacobi’s foundationalist notion of reason grounded in faith. Jacobi and Fichte’s central roles in the development of Romantic thought are highlighted. The Jacobi-Mendelssohn Debate was a powerful philosophical springboard for Schlegel, who developed some of his central Romantic views in response to the debate. Schlegel’s critique of Jacobi’s salto mortale and of Fichte’s “world soul of cognition” gave rise to the German Romantic conception of a world soul of nature, which was part of a project to lend freedom to nature itself as part of the humble acceptance of the limits of human domination and mastery of the natural world. The manifestation of the divine in nature became a key element in the Romantic conception of the world soul.
{"title":"The Miracle and Mystery of Nature","authors":"Elizabeth Millán Brusslan","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913441.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Millán Brusslan situates her discussion of the world soul in debates about the limits of reason and the domain of faith in the post-Kantian period. She focuses upon Schlegel’s critique of Jacobi’s foundationalist notion of reason grounded in faith. Jacobi and Fichte’s central roles in the development of Romantic thought are highlighted. The Jacobi-Mendelssohn Debate was a powerful philosophical springboard for Schlegel, who developed some of his central Romantic views in response to the debate. Schlegel’s critique of Jacobi’s salto mortale and of Fichte’s “world soul of cognition” gave rise to the German Romantic conception of a world soul of nature, which was part of a project to lend freedom to nature itself as part of the humble acceptance of the limits of human domination and mastery of the natural world. The manifestation of the divine in nature became a key element in the Romantic conception of the world soul.","PeriodicalId":170682,"journal":{"name":"World Soul","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134545663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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