Journal of the American College of Nutrition最新文献

Background: This study aimed to determine the value of phase angle (PhA) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) and its association with nutritional and functional parameters.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of 77 patients under follow-up at the pulmonary outpatient clinic of a public hospital. Anthropometric measurements and functional assessments of physical and pulmonary capacity were performed, and a regular physical activity questionnaire was administered.

Results: The sample consisted of 38 patients with COPD (mean age, 63.8 ± 9.9 years; 68.4% female) and 39 patients with PH (mean age, 46.6 ± 14.4 years; 79.5% female). There was no difference in anthropometric measurements between patients with COPD and PH. Patients with COPD had mild to moderate limitations of pulmonary function, while patients with PH had only mild limitations (p < 0.01). Although the median distance covered in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was different between the COPD and PH groups (p < 0.05), it was considered adequate for these populations. Mean PhA was within the range considered adequate in patients with COPD (6.3°±1°) and PH (6.2°±0.8°) (p > 0.05). In the statistical analyses, although the correlations were weak, adequate PhA correlated with fat free mass index, 6MWT, disease staging, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in the first second.

Conclusion: The anthropometric profile of both patient groups was very similar, and PhA values were within the expected range. Despite weak correlations, PhA is a clinical component to be followed and investigated in patients with lung disease.

Objective: Conventional anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with serious adverse effects which bring about an ever-increasing demand to supersede them with natural and safe anti-inflammatory agents. Hence, the prime objective of this study was to evaluate the anti- inflammatory potential of an underutilized culinary spice "Amomum subulatum".

Methods: To assess anti-inflammatory activity of MEAS, acute and chronic inflammation studies were carried out in carrageenan and formalin induced mice paw edema models respectively. Paw volume was measured by vernier caliper. Status of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers were determined in paw tissue homogenates following standard protocols. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis of paw tissue samples were also performed. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum were quantified by ELISA. Effect of MEAS on vascular permeability was evaluated by evans blue dye extravasation assay. Involvement of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathway in anti-inflammatory action of MEAS was investigated by pretreating mice with zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) IX, a specific inhibitor of HO-1.

Results: MEAS administration significantly reduced paw edema, as evidenced by paw volume measurement and histopathology analysis. Additionally, pretreatment with MEAS markedly reduced vascular permeability, serum proinflammatory cytokine levels, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Further, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of MEAS showed the involvement of HO-1 pathway when HO-1 was inhibited by ZnPPIX.

Conclusion: Our results manifested strong anti-inflammatory activity of MEAS, suggesting its potential use as a therapeutic alternative for treating inflammatory disorders.

Objective: The development of obesity and chronic diseases in adulthood often results from a childhood pattern of dietary excesses. This study aimed to identify dietary inadequacies and excesses of multiethnic youth in Edmonton.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 473 multiethnic youth between 11 and 18 years was conducted in 12 schools in Edmonton between October 2013 and March 2014. Data were analyzed to determine for each participant mean daily energy and nutrient intakes, dietary adequacy, and nutrient densities. Participants were divided by self-identified ethnicity (Indigenous, European, African and Middle Eastern, and Asian).

Results: For all nutrients examined, the mean percentage of calories from fat was higher among European (31.7%) and Indigenous youth (31.8%) compared to African and Middle Eastern (28.3%) and Asian youth (29.0%), while Asian youth had the highest percentage of calories from protein (17.7%) compared to other ethnic groups (Indigenous = 15.5%; African & Middle Eastern = 16.5%; European = 16.2%). The majority of youth fell below the recommended values for dietary fiber (83.3-92.0%), vitamins D (84.4-90.2%), and E (89.5-92.0%). More than 50% fell below the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for vitamin A, vitamin B5, calcium, and magnesium; >30% were below the DRI for folate, zinc, and vitamins B6, and C. The diet of girls contained a greater density of fiber compared to boys (9.3 vs. 8.0 g/1000 kcal; p-value = 0.002).

Conclusions: Inadequate dietary intake is evident among the majority of multiethnic youth in Edmonton. There is a need to develop strategies to reduce the burden of poor nutrition status for youth.

Background: High consumption of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage (SSCB) has been associated with multiple metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, published data is scarce regarding the influence of SSCB consumption on left ventricular (LV) structure and diastolic function. The present study is to investigate the association of SSCB consumption with alteration in LV structure and diastolic function.

Method: Study subjects were 46,417 Koreans who received echocardiography as an item of health checkup. They were categorized into 4 groups by SSCB consumption based on one serving dose (200 ml) with never/almost never, <1 serving/week, 1 ≤ serving/week <3 and ≥3 serving/week. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used in calculating adjusted odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) (adjusted OR [95% CI]) for left ventricular hypertrophy, increased relative wall thickness (IRWT) and impaired LV relaxation with each group (reference: never/almost never consumption). Subgroup analysis was conducted by age of ≥40 and <40.

Result: Compared with never/almost never consumption, SSCB consumption ≥3 serving/week had the higher mean levels in body mass index, blood pressure and triglyceride despite of younger age. In fully adjusted analysis, SSCB consumption ≥3 serving/week was associated with IRWT (1.14 [1.02-1.27]) and impaired LV relaxation (1.23 [1.08-1.41]). This association was reinforced in age subgroup ≥40 years, but not statistically significant in age subgroup <40 years.

Conclusion: SSCB consumption ≥3 serving/week was associated with the increased probability of IRWT and impaired LV relaxation.

Background: It is known that vitamin D is associated with immune cell growth, and an association between vitamin D deficiency and development of chronic infections such as tuberculosis has been reported. However, there have been few studies concerning the association between vitamin D deficiency and opportunistic infection (OI) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PWHA).

Method: PWHAs who had vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D, 25OHD) test results from 2012 to 2017 were enrolled. All enrolled PWHAs were divided into a vitamin D-deficient group and non-deficient group according to the 25OHD cutoff set by ROC curve analysis. The rates of OIs were compared between the two groups.

Results: Among 440 enrolled PWHAs, 394 (89.5%) were male, 32 were ≥ 65 years (13.4%), 237 (53.9%) were ART-naïve, and 107 (24.3%) had CD4 + T cell < 200/L. Seventy-three cases of OIs occurred in 63 PWHAs (14.3%); the most common OI was tuberculosis (27, 6.1%) followed by pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (25, 5.7%), and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) diseases (10, 2.3%). In the ROC curve analysis, the AUC was 0.71 (95% CI 0.64- 0.79, P < 0.001) and the optimal cutoffs of 25OHD to predict OIs was 14 ng/mL.Overall OI development was significantly more prevalent in the vitamin D-deficiency group (aOR 3.05, 95% CI 1.43-6.48); tuberculosis (aOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.22-10.05) and CMV disease (aOR 10.13, 95% CI 1.11-92.03) were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency, whereas PCP was not (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 0.44-3.98).

Conclusion: Stringent cutoffs of vitamin D deficiency (< 14 ng/mL) were well correlated with development of OIs in PWHAs. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with development of OIs, particularly tuberculosis and CMV infections.

Objective: We examined the risk of osteoarthritis (OA) according to vitamin D status and bone mineral density (BMD) using a cross-sectional nationally representative database.

Methods: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2007 to 2010 were used to assess the relationship between OA and vitamin D status in adults aged ≥40 years (n = 2934). NHANES data from 2005 to 2010 and 2013 to 2014 were analyzed to investigate the association between OA and BMD (n = 5949). Vitamin D status was categorized as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) <20 ng/mL or ≥20 ng/mL. Bone health was classified according to T-score (normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis) and BMD tertile. Risk of OA was assessed using logistic regression and adjusted for covariates.

Results: Participants with serum 25OHD <20 ng/mL had a 37% lower risk of OA (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.39-0.99], P = 0.046). When stratified by sex, the odds ratio for OA in men with lower vitamin D status was 0.35 (95% CI [0.15-0.81], P = 0.02). No association was found in women. The risk for OA did not differ according to BMD tertile or T-score classification.

Conclusions: The risk of OA is lower in older men with 25OHD less than 20 ng/mL but not in older women. Bone mineral density is not associated with OA risk in older adults in the United States.

Objective: It was aimed at comparing the glycating capacities of glucose and ribose in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and anti-glycation activity of pomegranate mesocarp extract (PME). The protective mechanism of PME against ribosylated BSA (BSA_RIB)-induced toxicity was also investigated.

Methods: BSA was incubated with glucose or ribose in the presence or absence of PME for 15 days. In preadipocytes pretreated with PME, cell viability, ROS production, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential were investigated following 1, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h exposure to BSA_RIB. Nuclear translocation of NFκB was assessed at 1 h and 24 h of BSA_RIB insult. Accumulation of oxidized proteins, activities of intrinsic antioxidant enzymes and IL-6 secretion were also determined after 24 h exposure to BSA_RIB.

Results: Ribose was a harsher glycating agent as compared to glucose and PME showed strong anti-glycation activity by suppressing (P < 0.05) the increase in levels of fluorescent AGEs, Amadori products, protein carbonyl and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). In preadipocytes, BSA_RIB potentiated pro-apoptotic activity by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NFκB. BSA_RIB induced a time dependent decrease in cell viability, which was significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) by PME. The extract also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the time dependent increase in ROS level and associated lipid peroxidation as well as loss in mitochondrial membrane potential caused by BSA_RIB. PME also counteracted the BSA_RIB-induced accumulation of oxidized proteins, decrease in intrinsic antioxidant activity and IL-6 over-secretion.

Conclusions: PME showed anti-glycation activity and afforded protection against BSA_RIB-induced toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation in preadipocytes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the self-reported beliefs and practices relating to pre-exercise nutrition intake among endurance athletes of varying ages and competitive levels and examine differences based on sex, competitive level, and habitual dietary pattern.

Method: An anonymous online survey was circulated internationally in English and completed by 1950 athletes of varying competitive levels (51.0% female, mean age 40.9 years [range 18:78]). Survey questions included training background, determinants of pre-exercise nutrition intake and composition, and timing relative to exercise.

Results: Prior to morning exercise, 36.4%, 36.0%, and 27.6% of athletes consumed carbohydrate-containing food/drinks before almost every workout, some of the time, and never/rarely, respectively, with significant effects of sex (p < 0.001, Cramer's V (ϕ_c) = 0.15) and competitive level (p < 0.001, ϕ_c = 0.09). Nutritional intake before exercise varied based on workout duration for 47.6% of athletes, with significant effects of sex (ϕ_c = 0.15) and habitual diet (ϕ_c = 0.19), and based on workout intensity for 39.1% of athletes, with significant effects of sex (ϕ_c = 0.13) and habitual diet (ϕ_c = 0.17, all p < 0.001). Additionally, 89.0% of athletes reported using at least some type of dietary supplement (including caffeine from coffee/tea) within 1 hour before exercise.

Conclusions: Overall, nearly all factors measured relating to pre-exercise nutrition intake varied by sex, competitive level, habitual dietary pattern, and/or intensity/duration of the training session and suggest a large number of athletes may not be following current recommendations for optimizing endurance training adaptations.

Measurements in humans of their breath hydrogen is sometimes used to assess the availability, fermentability, and food energy value of carbohydrates that, to an unknown extent, resists small intestinal digestion and fermentation in the large intestine. Here I outline that the method is utterly flawed and conclude that it is unsuitable for making claims as to the availability, fermentability, and food energy value of carbohydrates. More traditional methods, although more demanding of time and effort, can be used. Otherwise further development of methodology is essential to avoid undue risk of bias.

Objective: While the dangers of consuming tobacco by smoking has been of concern, the hazardous effect of other forms of tobacco consumption (in smokeless form) on health indices are less well explored. In this paper, we explored the effect of different doses of aqueous extract of tobacco leaves on feed intake, body mass, and hematological indices of male Wistar rats under equal environmental conditions.

Method: Using an oral route of administration, the rats (n = 24; w = 65-85 g; 2-3 weeks old) were administered at different doses of 100, 200, 400, 0 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day to group A, B, C, and D for 42 days, after phytochemical and acute toxicity testing of the tobacco leaves.

Results: Compared to the negative control group (D), packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells, and lymphocytes reduced dose-dependently in contrast to the white blood cells, neutrophils, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume. As body mass and feed intake in relation to the different doses of aqueous extract of tobacco leaves reduced significantly (p < 0.05), the reverse was observed for body mass and feed intake in relation to room temperature.

Conclusions: By influencing hematological indices, feed intake, and body mass, the extract of tobacco leaves can be hazardous to health. However, to assess safety and to come up with a conscious conclusion, future studies should explore the effect of the extract on organs histopathology, biochemical parameters, and lipid profile of the body.