Journal of The American Dietetic Association最新文献

Literature on the diet of the Mexican-American population suggests that food consumption differs by nativity and duration of residence in the United States. However, no studies have used dietary pattern analysis to investigate these differences. To create dietary patterns, we used principal components analysis on food frequency questionnaire data for all adult respondents of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2003-2006. Four dietary patterns were identified: Western, Healthy, Tomato/Tortilla, and Coffee/Sugar. Least squares means regression was used to test differences in adjusted mean dietary adherence scores among Mexico-born Mexican-American adults residing in the United States for <15 years (n=302), Mexico-born Mexican-American adults residing in the United States for ≥15 years (n=234), US-born Mexican-American adults (n=509), and US-born non-Hispanic whites (n=2,530) aged 18 to 69 years. Mean score for each diet pattern did not differ significantly by duration of US residence category in the Mexico-born Mexican-American population. However, in comparison to all Mexico-born Mexican Americans, US-born Mexican Americans had significantly lower score for the Tomato/Tortilla pattern, and significantly higher score for the Western pattern. Scores for the Healthy pattern were relatively low in all Mexican-American subgroups, indicating low adherence to the Healthy diet. However, Healthy diet scores of Mexico-born Mexican Americans among those aged ≤41 years appeared more similar to those of US-born non-Hispanic whites than US-born Mexican Americans. Education and policy action promoting healthy food access in Hispanic neighborhoods could help limit consumption of Western and Coffee/Sugar diet patterns and promote healthier choices in the Mexican-American population.

Background

Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with an increase in fat deposition and body weight; thus, adding them to low-fat milk may facilitate weight loss when accompanied by an energy-restricted diet.

Objective

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the intake of low-fat milk and low-fat milk with added micronutrients on anthropometrics, body composition, blood glucose levels, lipids profile, C-reactive protein, and blood pressure of women following an energy-restricted diet.

Design

A 16-week randomized, controlled intervention study.

Participants/settings

One hundred thirty-nine obese women (aged 34±6 years) from five rural communities in Querétaro, Mexico.

Intervention

Women followed an energy-restricted diet (−500 kcal) and received in addition one of the following treatments: 250 mL of low-fat milk (LFM) three times/day, 250 mL of low-fat milk with micronutrients (LFM+M) three times/day, or a no milk control group (CON). Weight, height, and hip and waist circumferences were measured at baseline and every 4 weeks. Body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, blood pressure, and blood analysis were done at baseline and at the end of the 16 weeks.

Main outcome measures

Changes in weight and body composition.

Statistical analysis

One-factor analysis of variance, adjusted by age, baseline values, and community random effects.

Results

After the 16-week intervention, participants in the LFM+M group lost significantly more weight (−5.1 kg; 95% CI: −6.2 to −4.1) compared with LFM (−3.6 kg; 95% CI: −4.7 to −2.6) and CON (−3.2 kg; 95% CI: −4.3 to −2.2) group members (P=0.035). Body mass index change in the LFM+M group (−2.3; 95% CI: −2.7 to −1.8) was significantly greater than LFM group members (−1.5; 95% CI: −2.0 to −1.1) and CON group members (−1.4; 95% CI: −1.9 to −0.9) (P=0.022). Change in percent body fat among LFM+M group members (−2.7%; 95% CI: −3.2 to −2.1) was significantly higher than LFM group members (−1.8%; 95% CI: −2.3 to −1.3) and CON group members (−1.6%; 95% CI: −2.2 to −1.0) (P=0.019). Change in bone mineral content was significantly higher in LFM group members (29 mg; 95% CI: 15 to 44) and LFM+M group members (27 mg; 95% CI: 13 to 41) compared with CON group members (−2 mg; 95% CI: −17 to −14) (P=0.007). No differences were found between groups in glucose level, blood lipid profile, C-reactive protein level, or blood pressure.

Conclusions

Intake of LFM+M increases the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet to treat obesity, but had no effect on blood lipid levels, glucose levels, C-reactive protein, or blood pressure.

Background

The availability of foods in the home is likely to be related to consumption. We know of no studies that have reported this association in African-American participants, and few studies have examined home food availability using objective methods.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the association between objective measures of fruits and vegetables in the home with reported infant and maternal diet in low-income African Americans.

Design

A cross-sectional study design was used to compare food availability and dietary intake. The Exhaustive Home Food Availability Inventory used barcode scanning to measure food availability in the home. Maternal and infant diet was assessed by 24-hour recall.

Subjects/setting

Eighty African-American first-time mother/infant dyads were recruited from Wake and Durham counties in North Carolina.

Statistical analyses performed

Adjusted mean dietary intake of infants and mothers was calculated within tertiles of food and nutrient availability using analysis of variance. The bootstrap method was used to estimate P values and 95% confidence intervals. Models were adjusted for mother's age, household size, shopping and eating-out behavior.

Results

Infants and mothers living in homes in the highest tertile of availability of energy, nutrients, and fruits and vegetables tended to have the highest consumption, respectively; however, statistically significant associations were more likely to occur with infant diet than maternal diet. The relationship was strongest for infant consumption of fruit, with an average of 103.3 g consumed by infants who lived in homes in the highest tertile of availability, compared to 42.5 g in those living in homes in the lowest tertile (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Availability of fruits and vegetables in the home was associated with intake of those foods in a sample of African-American mothers and infants. Results support making changes in the home environment as a method of promoting changes in fruit and vegetable intake.