Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0003
L. Eastlake
This chapter examines the use of ancient Rome for articulating national values, synthesizing the public image of statesmen, and constructing partisan ideologies in the nineteenth-century political sphere. If the schoolroom was a space in which boys were taught to wield the language and literatures of ancient Rome like weapons in defence of the boundaries of elite male culture, uses of Rome in the political sphere should fluctuate so dramatically between enthusiastic adoption and outright rejection over the course of the nineteenth century. It accounts for such uneasy receptions of ancient Rome in Victorian political discourse by setting them in the wider context of Anglo-French tensions. It suggests that French revolutionary and Napoleonic uses of Rome are crucial for explaining both the very direct engagement of British political commentators with the Roman past immediately after Waterloo, as they sought to detach Rome from associations of revolution, radical republicanism, and violent popular protest; and secondly, the abandonment of such strategies in the period leading up to the Reform Act of 1832, as the Roman parallel became contested and unstable.
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Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0004
L. Eastlake
This chapter charts an increasing, if conflicted, desire in British political discourse generally, and the writings of Anthony Trollope specifically, to re-engage with Caesar, Cicero, and the history of the late republic after a generation of avoiding the more incendiary associations of the Roman past outlined in Chapter 3. Through examination of Anthony Trollope’s deeply political Palliser novels, it maps some of the associations of Liberal, reformist energy and enduring respect for political tradition which Trollope associates with Caesar and Cicero respectively in an age where the rise of Napoleon III threatened to reignite some of the more dynastic French associations of the Roman parallel.
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Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0008
L. Eastlake
This chapter examines how aesthetes and decadents staked a competing claim to those Roman narratives of corruption and contagion outlined in Chapter 7. Beginning with a detailed analysis of Marius the Epicurean (1885), it shows how Walter Pater and his contemporaries sought to delink aestheticism from Gibbonian narratives of decline and fall, and to reclaim aesthetic masculinity from associations of moral and masculine deviance. The second part examines decadent authors such as Oscar Wilde, Villiers de L’Isle Adam, and George Moore, who adopted an equally recuperative, though more controversial approach to the ancient Roman past. Revelling in the more illicit and disturbing aspects of Roman history with a playfully self-parodic humour which is typical of the movement as a whole, and frequently voicing their affinity with the most notorious of Roman emperors—Nero—decadent writers appear be invested in a very genuine attempt to disassociate decadent ideologies from Gibbonian models of degeneration and decline.
本章考察了美学家和颓废主义者是如何对第7章中概述的罗马人对腐败和传染病的叙述提出竞争主张的。从对伊壁鸠鲁派《马吕斯》(Marius the Epicurean, 1885)的详细分析开始，它展示了沃尔特·佩特(Walter Pater)和他的同时代人如何试图将唯美主义与吉本式的衰落叙事分离开来，并从道德和男性越轨行为的联想中重新获得审美的男性气质。第二部分考察了颓废的作家，如奥斯卡·王尔德、维里埃斯·德·莱尔·亚当和乔治·摩尔，他们对古罗马的过去采取了同样的恢复，尽管更具争议性的方法。沉迷于罗马历史中更不正当和令人不安的方面，以一种诙谐的自我模仿的幽默，这是整个运动的典型特征，并且经常表达他们与最臭名昭著的罗马皇帝的亲近感——尼禄颓废派作家似乎投入了一种非常真诚的尝试，将颓废的意识形态与吉本尼的堕落和衰落模式分离开来。
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Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0007
L. Eastlake
This chapter explores the possibilities that ancient Rome afforded to writers of the fin de siècle for exploring the nature of the London metropolis, which was at once the glittering capital of empire and a site of overcrowding, disease, and perceived degeneration. Through an examination of contemporary journalism, literature, and the late Victorian popular theatre phenomenon of the toga play, it traces the growing anxieties among conservative critics like Max Nordau about the moral and physical condition of the London metropolitan male, who became increasingly linked with narratives of decline and fall and with Rome’s more corrupt emperors.
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Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0006
L. Eastlake
This chapter demonstrates how, by the closing decades of the century, Rome had eclipsed both Greek and Germanic pasts as a model for figuring ideal imperial masculinity. This is most apparent in late Victorian writing about Egypt. Britain’s newest imperial acquisition in 1882 was also, significantly, the backdrop for ancient Rome’s triumph over the East and over Egypt’s most famous queen, Cleopatra. This chapter demonstrates how Henry Rider Haggard’s novel Cleopatra (1889) and the various stories now referred to collectively as ‘Mummy Fiction’, dramatize the extent to which British imperial identity and experience had become aligned with Roman examples by the end of the century. The New Imperialist is cast as a modern-day Caesar or Antony in his relationship with empire, as territorial and sexual desires become conflated and focused on the figure of Cleopatra herself.
{"title":"New Imperialism and the Problem of Cleopatra","authors":"L. Eastlake","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter demonstrates how, by the closing decades of the century, Rome had eclipsed both Greek and Germanic pasts as a model for figuring ideal imperial masculinity. This is most apparent in late Victorian writing about Egypt. Britain’s newest imperial acquisition in 1882 was also, significantly, the backdrop for ancient Rome’s triumph over the East and over Egypt’s most famous queen, Cleopatra. This chapter demonstrates how Henry Rider Haggard’s novel Cleopatra (1889) and the various stories now referred to collectively as ‘Mummy Fiction’, dramatize the extent to which British imperial identity and experience had become aligned with Roman examples by the end of the century. The New Imperialist is cast as a modern-day Caesar or Antony in his relationship with empire, as territorial and sexual desires become conflated and focused on the figure of Cleopatra herself.","PeriodicalId":173234,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Rome and Victorian Masculinity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130957779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198833031.003.0005
L. Eastlake
This chapter outlines how the British empire from the late eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries was transformed from a naval, commercialist enterprise, for which ancient Greece and the maritime Athenian empire had proven a much more fitting parallel, to an expansionist, land-based project, which drew increasingly on Roman models. It outlines how imperial expansion from the 1840s catalysed a shift away from the mercantile manliness of previous centuries, towards the privileging of militaristic masculinities more in keeping with a robust, expanding empire. The second part of the chapter looks in detail at Wilkie Collins’s first published novel Antonina (1850), which, in a marked departure from the ‘antique fictions’ of earlier nineteenth-century novelists, embraces Rome in order to celebrate a liberal imperial style of masculinity and a hybrid Romano-Germanic cultural identity for Britain’s imperial male.
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Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198833031.003.0001
L. Eastlake
This chapter examines representations of identity formation in boys through acts of reading and particularly through acts of learning to grapple with the Latin language. This relationship between manhood and reading is evidenced in both the content and the semantic structures of schoolboy fiction. For Tom Brown, Eric, and Stalky—each of whom attend a different calibre or type of Victorian school—Latin is both the process through which boys become men and the designator of that manliness, with senior male figures like Thomas Arnold often being constructed as Caesar-like figures at the top of an ascending scale of maturity and seniority. Rome is often presented as both the maker and the marker of elite Victorian manliness in both its physical and intellectual varieties. Yet this chapter is also interested in changes and challenges to the classical curriculum in the nineteenth century as competing styles of masculinity emerged in the form of the captains of industry and science.
{"title":"Reading, Reception, and Elite Education","authors":"L. Eastlake","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198833031.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833031.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines representations of identity formation in boys through acts of reading and particularly through acts of learning to grapple with the Latin language. This relationship between manhood and reading is evidenced in both the content and the semantic structures of schoolboy fiction. For Tom Brown, Eric, and Stalky—each of whom attend a different calibre or type of Victorian school—Latin is both the process through which boys become men and the designator of that manliness, with senior male figures like Thomas Arnold often being constructed as Caesar-like figures at the top of an ascending scale of maturity and seniority. Rome is often presented as both the maker and the marker of elite Victorian manliness in both its physical and intellectual varieties. Yet this chapter is also interested in changes and challenges to the classical curriculum in the nineteenth century as competing styles of masculinity emerged in the form of the captains of industry and science.","PeriodicalId":173234,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Rome and Victorian Masculinity","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127207468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-29DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833031.003.0002
L. Eastlake
This chapter examines the Roman influences upon the muscular Christian virtue and hardy imperialist outlooks which sit at the heart of much Victorian schoolboy fiction including Thomas Hughes’s Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857) and Kipling’s Stalky and Co. (1899). It then examines more closely constructions of an equivalent intellectual—or literary—masculinity embodied in the Man of Letters, whose identity, like those of his cousins the muscular Christian and the Victorian imperialist, is also derived from classical exemplars, but whose manliness is encoded more subtly, even metatextually, into works like Kipling’s Stalky. It argues that the refiguration of writing as a heroic act equivalent, and even superior to fighting, held a particular appeal for Victorian culture which perceived itself to have a uniquely modern relationship with the written word.
这一章考察了罗马对基督教美德和帝国主义观点的影响，这些都是维多利亚时代许多学生小说的核心，包括托马斯·休斯的《汤姆·布朗的学生时代》(1857)和吉卜林的《Stalky and Co.》(1899)。然后，它更仔细地考察了文人身上体现的同等知识分子或文学上的男子气概的结构。文人的身份，就像他的堂兄弟——肌肉发达的基督徒和维多利亚帝国主义者一样，也来自古典典范，但他的男子气概被更微妙地、甚至是元文本地编码在吉卜林的《潜行者》等作品中。它认为，将写作重新塑造为一种英雄行为，甚至优于战斗，对维多利亚文化具有特殊的吸引力，因为它认为自己与书面文字有着独特的现代关系。
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