Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00011
R. Oliveira, Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite
Goal-oriented models have become important tools for the analysis of non-functional requirements (NFRs). However, the treatment of NFRs is a non-trivial task, considering that this class of requirements covers quality characteristics. This implies that when dealing with subjective requirements, we need to focus on mechanisms that can enrich the semantics of their representation. This is the case of assigning and propagating labels in the evaluation of goal-oriented models. The definition of labels on existing models has low granularity and often fails to reflect the full in-formational potential that this type of artifact could offer. This is the case of the NFR Framework. Propagation in the model is bot-tom-up and understanding about the degree of satisficing a goal becomes difficult. This paper explores a rationale to increase the informative power of the labels assigned to the goals, using the concepts of colorimetry in the SIG (Softgoal Interdependency Graph). We discuss how color may mitigate the challenge of increasing the granularity of goal models analysis, thus improving the evaluation of these models.
{"title":"Using Colorimetric Concepts for the Evaluation of Goal Models","authors":"R. Oliveira, Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00011","url":null,"abstract":"Goal-oriented models have become important tools for the analysis of non-functional requirements (NFRs). However, the treatment of NFRs is a non-trivial task, considering that this class of requirements covers quality characteristics. This implies that when dealing with subjective requirements, we need to focus on mechanisms that can enrich the semantics of their representation. This is the case of assigning and propagating labels in the evaluation of goal-oriented models. The definition of labels on existing models has low granularity and often fails to reflect the full in-formational potential that this type of artifact could offer. This is the case of the NFR Framework. Propagation in the model is bot-tom-up and understanding about the degree of satisficing a goal becomes difficult. This paper explores a rationale to increase the informative power of the labels assigned to the goals, using the concepts of colorimetry in the SIG (Softgoal Interdependency Graph). We discuss how color may mitigate the challenge of increasing the granularity of goal models analysis, thus improving the evaluation of these models.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134549578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00012
Fabian Wildhaber, Nadim Salloum, Marcel Gygli, Andrea R. Kennel
Visually impaired people (VIP) face difficulties interacting with information that rely heavily on visuals such as diagrams. In this paper, we focus on improving the accessibility of class diagrams based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a widely used standard for modelling software. While the creation of such diagrams is often done with graphic editors, multiple text-based approaches can be used by VIP. This paper proposes a novel interaction pattern by not solely relying on textual input. We leverage existing accessibility tools provided in current mobile devices and extend the device with a cost-effective physical guide. We compare our prototype to a textual modelling language (TML), namely PlantUML. The tests show that our solution is in many cases more suitable for new users since it lowers the learning curve significantly compared to TMLs. It also provides a benefit to VIP users with prior knowledge of a TML, especially when reading and navigating diagrams.
{"title":"Self-Directed Creation and Editing of UML Class Diagrams on Mobile Devices for Visually Impaired People","authors":"Fabian Wildhaber, Nadim Salloum, Marcel Gygli, Andrea R. Kennel","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00012","url":null,"abstract":"Visually impaired people (VIP) face difficulties interacting with information that rely heavily on visuals such as diagrams. In this paper, we focus on improving the accessibility of class diagrams based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a widely used standard for modelling software. While the creation of such diagrams is often done with graphic editors, multiple text-based approaches can be used by VIP. This paper proposes a novel interaction pattern by not solely relying on textual input. We leverage existing accessibility tools provided in current mobile devices and extend the device with a cost-effective physical guide. We compare our prototype to a textual modelling language (TML), namely PlantUML. The tests show that our solution is in many cases more suitable for new users since it lowers the learning curve significantly compared to TMLs. It also provides a benefit to VIP users with prior knowledge of a TML, especially when reading and navigating diagrams.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130914278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00009
Aman Dureja, Aditya Keerthi, A. Liang, Paul Zhang, N. Day
Declarative modelling languages, such as Alloy, are becoming popular for describing behavioural requirements very early in system development because automated analysis of these models provides valuable feedback. Typically, these languages are supported by constraint solvers (SAT, SMT) for providing instances or model checking properties. However, a user can quickly find simple bugs and gain confidence in their model by concretely simulating steps of the transition system. We present ALDB: a debugger for models of transition systems written in the Alloy language. It provides a familiar debugging interface to walk around in the behaviour of the model, enabling users to quickly explore scenarios, find errors via concrete simulation, and incrementally build up to bounded model checking.
{"title":"ALDB: Debugging Alloy Models of Behavioural Requirements","authors":"Aman Dureja, Aditya Keerthi, A. Liang, Paul Zhang, N. Day","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00009","url":null,"abstract":"Declarative modelling languages, such as Alloy, are becoming popular for describing behavioural requirements very early in system development because automated analysis of these models provides valuable feedback. Typically, these languages are supported by constraint solvers (SAT, SMT) for providing instances or model checking properties. However, a user can quickly find simple bugs and gain confidence in their model by concretely simulating steps of the transition system. We present ALDB: a debugger for models of transition systems written in the Alloy language. It provides a familiar debugging interface to walk around in the behaviour of the model, enabling users to quickly explore scenarios, find errors via concrete simulation, and incrementally build up to bounded model checking.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132099497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00015
G. Mussbacher, Waqar Hussain, J. Whittle
Consideration of human values during software development can improve technology acceptance and minimize its negative societal implications. However, important human values often get ignored during requirements analysis and specification. Modelling is a fundamental requirements engineering (RE) activity. As a pilot study, we consider domain modelling, an RE modelling technique which often forms the basis of system design and hence significantly impacts the whole software development process. This position paper presents initial evidence that human values are indeed reflected in domain models. Consequently, paying inadequate attention to human values during domain modelling may result in negative financial or reputational implications for software organizations. We posit that human values-enriched domain modelling guidelines may help in identifying what stakeholders really want to avoid system rejection and negative social implications and call upon the RE community to integrate human values-enriched guidelines into RE modelling techniques.
{"title":"Is There a Need to Address Human Values in Domain Modelling?","authors":"G. Mussbacher, Waqar Hussain, J. Whittle","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00015","url":null,"abstract":"Consideration of human values during software development can improve technology acceptance and minimize its negative societal implications. However, important human values often get ignored during requirements analysis and specification. Modelling is a fundamental requirements engineering (RE) activity. As a pilot study, we consider domain modelling, an RE modelling technique which often forms the basis of system design and hence significantly impacts the whole software development process. This position paper presents initial evidence that human values are indeed reflected in domain models. Consequently, paying inadequate attention to human values during domain modelling may result in negative financial or reputational implications for software organizations. We posit that human values-enriched domain modelling guidelines may help in identifying what stakeholders really want to avoid system rejection and negative social implications and call upon the RE community to integrate human values-enriched guidelines into RE modelling techniques.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129135370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00007
Ankit Agrawal, Jan-Philipp Steghöfer, J. Cleland-Huang
The use of semi-autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones) to support emergency response scenarios, such as fire surveillance and search-and-rescue, has the potential for huge societal benefits. Onboard sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) allow these UAVs to operate autonomously in the environment. However, human intelligence and domain expertise are crucial in planning and guiding UAVs to accomplish the mission. Therefore, humans and multiple UAVs need to collaborate as a team to conduct a time-critical mission successfully. We propose a meta-model to describe interactions among the human operators and the autonomous swarm of UAVs. The meta-model also provides a language to describe the roles of UAVs and humans and the autonomous decisions. We complement the meta-model with a template of requirements elicitation questions to derive models for specific missions. We also identify common scenarios where humans should collaborate with UAVs to augment the autonomy of the UAVs. We introduce the meta-model and the requirements elicitation process with examples drawn from a search-and-rescue mission in which multiple UAVs collaborate with humans to respond to the emergency. We then apply it to a second scenario in which UAVs support first responders in fighting a structural fire. Our results show that the meta-model and the template of questions support the modeling of the human-on-the-loop human interactions for these complex missions, suggesting that it is a useful tool for modeling the human-on-the-loop interactions for multi-UAVs missions.
{"title":"Model-Driven Requirements for Humans-on-the-Loop Multi-UAV Missions","authors":"Ankit Agrawal, Jan-Philipp Steghöfer, J. Cleland-Huang","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00007","url":null,"abstract":"The use of semi-autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones) to support emergency response scenarios, such as fire surveillance and search-and-rescue, has the potential for huge societal benefits. Onboard sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) allow these UAVs to operate autonomously in the environment. However, human intelligence and domain expertise are crucial in planning and guiding UAVs to accomplish the mission. Therefore, humans and multiple UAVs need to collaborate as a team to conduct a time-critical mission successfully. We propose a meta-model to describe interactions among the human operators and the autonomous swarm of UAVs. The meta-model also provides a language to describe the roles of UAVs and humans and the autonomous decisions. We complement the meta-model with a template of requirements elicitation questions to derive models for specific missions. We also identify common scenarios where humans should collaborate with UAVs to augment the autonomy of the UAVs. We introduce the meta-model and the requirements elicitation process with examples drawn from a search-and-rescue mission in which multiple UAVs collaborate with humans to respond to the emergency. We then apply it to a second scenario in which UAVs support first responders in fighting a structural fire. Our results show that the meta-model and the template of questions support the modeling of the human-on-the-loop human interactions for these complex missions, suggesting that it is a useful tool for modeling the human-on-the-loop interactions for multi-UAVs missions.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114945263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00008
A. Anda, Daniel Amyot
Adaptive Socio-Cyber-Physical Systems (SCPSs) need a comprehensive requirements modeling approach to embed social concerns (goals) in their development activities. Since these kinds of systems often involve complicated and dynamic interactions with their environment, they must react to environmental changes using different potential solutions that satisfy social concerns as well as system objectives and qualities. This paper presents an optimization modeling method that monitors an SCPS's environment and qualities to provide design-time and runtime solutions that satisfy required goals of the system and its stakeholders, as well as imposed correctness constraints specified in a feature model. We combine arithmetic functions generated automatically from goal and feature models as an objective function input to an optimization tool (IBM CPLEX) in order to compute, at design time, optimal solutions for common situations. Runtime optimization can also be used for unforeseen situations. An illustrative example is used to assess the feasibility of the method. The results show that optimizing the mathematical functions of goal/feature models together is beneficial in exploring SCPS requirements and detecting weaknesses in common adaptation situations.
{"title":"An Optimization Modeling Method for Adaptive Systems Based on Goal and Feature Models","authors":"A. Anda, Daniel Amyot","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive Socio-Cyber-Physical Systems (SCPSs) need a comprehensive requirements modeling approach to embed social concerns (goals) in their development activities. Since these kinds of systems often involve complicated and dynamic interactions with their environment, they must react to environmental changes using different potential solutions that satisfy social concerns as well as system objectives and qualities. This paper presents an optimization modeling method that monitors an SCPS's environment and qualities to provide design-time and runtime solutions that satisfy required goals of the system and its stakeholders, as well as imposed correctness constraints specified in a feature model. We combine arithmetic functions generated automatically from goal and feature models as an objective function input to an optimization tool (IBM CPLEX) in order to compute, at design time, optimal solutions for common situations. Runtime optimization can also be used for unforeseen situations. An illustrative example is used to assess the feasibility of the method. The results show that optimizing the mathematical functions of goal/feature models together is beneficial in exploring SCPS requirements and detecting weaknesses in common adaptation situations.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115969015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00013
Faruk Pasic, B. Wohlers
Condition monitoring is a fundamental technology that enables predictive maintenance of automation systems. However, as automation systems increase in complexity, the development of condition monitoring software becomes a challenging task that requires extensive knowledge from multiple engineering disciplines. In this context, the identification and specification of condition monitoring software requirements play a key role. Neglecting these tasks often results in costly problems during later stages of systems development. Currently, means to support interdisciplinary requirements engineering within condition monitoring software development are missing. In particular, there is a need for a systematic process that supports modeling condition monitoring requirements. In this paper, we present our solution - a profile based on the extension of the SysML, which is commonly used to engineer requirements in automation systems. The profile allows specification of condition monitoring software requirements and thus enables a more domain-specific requirements engineering approach. We illustrate this approach on a heat exchanger condition monitoring system, explain the particular modeling steps, and present lessons learned.
{"title":"Specification of Software Requirements for Condition Monitoring of Automation Systems","authors":"Faruk Pasic, B. Wohlers","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00013","url":null,"abstract":"Condition monitoring is a fundamental technology that enables predictive maintenance of automation systems. However, as automation systems increase in complexity, the development of condition monitoring software becomes a challenging task that requires extensive knowledge from multiple engineering disciplines. In this context, the identification and specification of condition monitoring software requirements play a key role. Neglecting these tasks often results in costly problems during later stages of systems development. Currently, means to support interdisciplinary requirements engineering within condition monitoring software development are missing. In particular, there is a need for a systematic process that supports modeling condition monitoring requirements. In this paper, we present our solution - a profile based on the extension of the SysML, which is commonly used to engineer requirements in automation systems. The profile allows specification of condition monitoring software requirements and thus enables a more domain-specific requirements engineering approach. We illustrate this approach on a heat exchanger condition monitoring system, explain the particular modeling steps, and present lessons learned.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115028223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00010
Munima Jahan, Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad, B. Far
Verification of requirements documents is crucial for developing quality software products. Scenarios are powerful tools for requirements elicitation. Manual verification of the requirements documents is a tedious job. This paper presents an automated approach to detect emergent behaviour in scenario-based specifications using a probabilistic model. Emergent behaviours are the unexpected behaviours in software specifications that are not easily visible in the design documents but may appear during execution and cause risk hazards after the implementation. In this paper, we define the interactions between system components as a sequence of words in a sentence and predict the possible violation in the execution order using probabilities. We have demonstrated our approach with an illustrative example. Three different case studies are provided to manifest the efficiency of our approach.
{"title":"Detecting Emergent Behavior in Scenario-Based Specifications using a Probabilistic Model","authors":"Munima Jahan, Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad, B. Far","doi":"10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MoDRE51215.2020.00010","url":null,"abstract":"Verification of requirements documents is crucial for developing quality software products. Scenarios are powerful tools for requirements elicitation. Manual verification of the requirements documents is a tedious job. This paper presents an automated approach to detect emergent behaviour in scenario-based specifications using a probabilistic model. Emergent behaviours are the unexpected behaviours in software specifications that are not easily visible in the design documents but may appear during execution and cause risk hazards after the implementation. In this paper, we define the interactions between system components as a sequence of words in a sentence and predict the possible violation in the execution order using probabilities. We have demonstrated our approach with an illustrative example. Three different case studies are provided to manifest the efficiency of our approach.","PeriodicalId":174751,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Tenth International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering (MoDRE)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121241685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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