Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.PST667
H. Ng, N. M. Saidi, F. S. Omar, K. Ramesh, S. Ramesh, S. Bashir
{"title":"Thermogravimetric Analysis of Polymers","authors":"H. Ng, N. M. Saidi, F. S. Omar, K. Ramesh, S. Ramesh, S. Bashir","doi":"10.1002/0471440264.PST667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.PST667","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":175575,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116561532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.PST015.PUB2
D. Cangialosi
{"title":"Physical Aging of Polymers","authors":"D. Cangialosi","doi":"10.1002/0471440264.PST015.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.PST015.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":175575,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121158472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.PST668
C. Guerrero‐Sanchez, Junliang Zhang, J. Vitz, U. Schubert
{"title":"High-Throughput Synthesis of Polymers","authors":"C. Guerrero‐Sanchez, Junliang Zhang, J. Vitz, U. Schubert","doi":"10.1002/0471440264.PST668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.PST668","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":175575,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology","volume":"117 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131653834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-15DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.PST496
J. Wong, H. Sue
Scratch and wear is a long existing deteriorating phenomenon occurring when two moving surfaces are in intimate contact. This problem in polymers has been emphasized because of the increasing popularity of polymers as the materials of choice in various applications. It is thus important for us to understand this phenomenon in order to engineer polymers with good scratch and wear resistance. This article focuses on the fundamental process that leads to abrasion and wear, ie, scratch behavior of polymers. The objective of this article is to highlight the importance of understanding scratch behavior of polymers by giving readers an up-to-date knowledge in this field of research. The theoretical framework concerning interfacial contacts and the experimental aspects in terms of methodology and quantitative measures is introduced. The effects of various material and testing parameters on the scratch behavior of polymers are summarized. Directions for future research are also suggested. Keywords: nanoscratch; polymer; surface deformation; scratch damage; scratch
{"title":"Scratch Behavior of Polymers","authors":"J. Wong, H. Sue","doi":"10.1002/0471440264.PST496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.PST496","url":null,"abstract":"Scratch and wear is a long existing deteriorating phenomenon occurring when two moving surfaces are in intimate contact. This problem in polymers has been emphasized because of the increasing popularity of polymers as the materials of choice in various applications. It is thus important for us to understand this phenomenon in order to engineer polymers with good scratch and wear resistance. This article focuses on the fundamental process that leads to abrasion and wear, ie, scratch behavior of polymers. The objective of this article is to highlight the importance of understanding scratch behavior of polymers by giving readers an up-to-date knowledge in this field of research. The theoretical framework concerning interfacial contacts and the experimental aspects in terms of methodology and quantitative measures is introduced. The effects of various material and testing parameters on the scratch behavior of polymers are summarized. Directions for future research are also suggested. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000nanoscratch; \u0000polymer; \u0000surface deformation; \u0000scratch damage; \u0000scratch","PeriodicalId":175575,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132736262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-10-15DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.PST493
G. Carotenuto, L. Nicolais
Because of surface effects and the dramatic changes in properties that occur when the critical length governing some phenomenon (eg, magnetic, structural) becomes comparable with size, metal clusters have unique characteristics (eg, plasmon absorption, near-IR photoluminescence, superparamagnetism). The embedding of metal clusters into polymeric matrices represents a simple way to take advantage of mesoscopic metal characteristics. Polymer-embedded metal clusters represent a new class of advanced composite materials that may find important applications in different technological areas. Keywords: clusters; nanocomposites; nanostructured materials; polymers; synthesis; applications; review
{"title":"Nanocomposites, Metal-Filled","authors":"G. Carotenuto, L. Nicolais","doi":"10.1002/0471440264.PST493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.PST493","url":null,"abstract":"Because of surface effects and the dramatic changes in properties that occur when the critical length governing some phenomenon (eg, magnetic, structural) becomes comparable with size, metal clusters have unique characteristics (eg, plasmon absorption, near-IR photoluminescence, superparamagnetism). The embedding of metal clusters into polymeric matrices represents a simple way to take advantage of mesoscopic metal characteristics. Polymer-embedded metal clusters represent a new class of advanced composite materials that may find important applications in different technological areas. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000clusters; \u0000nanocomposites; \u0000nanostructured materials; \u0000polymers; \u0000synthesis; \u0000applications; \u0000review","PeriodicalId":175575,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133852987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-22DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.PST052
S. Hudson, D. Jenkins
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide widely found in nature. It occurs as highly ordered microfibrils in many species such as yeast, fungi, insects, and marine invertebrates. Chitin is a homopolymer of 1-4 linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose, although some of the glucopyranose residues are deacetylated and occur as 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose. When chitin is deacetylated to more than 50% of the free amine form, it is referred to as chitosan. Biopolymerization of chitin is by the activated monomer N-acetyl-uridine diphosphate-glucosamine by synthase enzymes. The isolation of chitin is commonly from the shell fish waste of the shrimp and crab industries. Chitin is insoluble in most common solvents, whereas chitosan dissolves in many common aqueous acid solutions. Industrially, chitin is mainly used as a powder and as a precursor to chitosan. Applications of chitosan are found in many primary industries such as agriculture, paper, textiles, and wastewater treatment. Chitosan has good film and fiber forming properties. Many medical and pharmaceutical uses of chitosan have been described. It has also become a popular nutritional dietary additive. Keywords: chitin; chitosan; exoskeleton; synthase enzyme; chitinase; chitosanase; unit cell; polyelectrolyte; grafting; film; fiber; gel; antifungal; ion removal; chelation; biodegradable; biopolymer; microfibril; nontoxic; amine; amide; oligomer
{"title":"Chitin and Chitosan","authors":"S. Hudson, D. Jenkins","doi":"10.1002/0471440264.PST052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.PST052","url":null,"abstract":"Chitin is a structural polysaccharide widely found in nature. It occurs as highly ordered microfibrils in many species such as yeast, fungi, insects, and marine invertebrates. Chitin is a homopolymer of 1-4 linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose, although some of the glucopyranose residues are deacetylated and occur as 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose. When chitin is deacetylated to more than 50% of the free amine form, it is referred to as chitosan. Biopolymerization of chitin is by the activated monomer N-acetyl-uridine diphosphate-glucosamine by synthase enzymes. The isolation of chitin is commonly from the shell fish waste of the shrimp and crab industries. Chitin is insoluble in most common solvents, whereas chitosan dissolves in many common aqueous acid solutions. Industrially, chitin is mainly used as a powder and as a precursor to chitosan. Applications of chitosan are found in many primary industries such as agriculture, paper, textiles, and wastewater treatment. Chitosan has good film and fiber forming properties. Many medical and pharmaceutical uses of chitosan have been described. It has also become a popular nutritional dietary additive. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000chitin; \u0000chitosan; \u0000exoskeleton; \u0000synthase enzyme; \u0000chitinase; \u0000chitosanase; \u0000unit cell; \u0000polyelectrolyte; \u0000grafting; \u0000film; \u0000fiber; \u0000gel; \u0000antifungal; \u0000ion removal; \u0000chelation; \u0000biodegradable; \u0000biopolymer; \u0000microfibril; \u0000nontoxic; \u0000amine; \u0000amide; \u0000oligomer","PeriodicalId":175575,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127177329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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