W. Semmler, Giovanni Di Bartolomeo, Behnaz Minooei Fard, Joao Paulo Braga
Governments attempt to provide the energy sector with incentives to replace old technologies with new ones based on renewable energy as the most effective way to combat climate change. Yet, in the energy sector prevail fossil fuel incumbents that inhibit renewable energy entrants. Our paper provides a game-theoretic stylization of competition between those two types of firms. Incumbents set prices and entrants respond with quantity adjustments. In the context of a dynamic limit pricing model, we study the entry dynamics in a market in which the dominant firms (fossil fuel energy suppliers) face the entry of a group of competitive fringe firms (renewable energy suppliers) when the dominant firms have easier access to financial markets, but the fringe firms finance their expansion with internal finance. We also investigate the effect of the public support of renewable energy firms through subsidies. Our model is built on Judd and Peterson (1986, JET), but our solutions are obtained through a non-linear model predictive control algorithm. By this technique, we can predict the outcome of the competition between incumbents and entrants and the impact of financial and fiscal policies considering moving-horizon strategies.
{"title":"Limit Pricing and Entry Game of Renewable Energy Firms into the Energy Sector","authors":"W. Semmler, Giovanni Di Bartolomeo, Behnaz Minooei Fard, Joao Paulo Braga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3915079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3915079","url":null,"abstract":"Governments attempt to provide the energy sector with incentives to replace old technologies with new ones based on renewable energy as the most effective way to combat climate change. Yet, in the energy sector prevail fossil fuel incumbents that inhibit renewable energy entrants. Our paper provides a game-theoretic stylization of competition between those two types of firms. Incumbents set prices and entrants respond with quantity adjustments. In the context of a dynamic limit pricing model, we study the entry dynamics in a market in which the dominant firms (fossil fuel energy suppliers) face the entry of a group of competitive fringe firms (renewable energy suppliers) when the dominant firms have easier access to financial markets, but the fringe firms finance their expansion with internal finance. We also investigate the effect of the public support of renewable energy firms through subsidies. Our model is built on Judd and Peterson (1986, JET), but our solutions are obtained through a non-linear model predictive control algorithm. By this technique, we can predict the outcome of the competition between incumbents and entrants and the impact of financial and fiscal policies considering moving-horizon strategies.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"4 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121005470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using county-level data on severe meteorological events in the United States, I show that, controlling for county fixed effects, the annual number of extreme weather events (EWEs) sustained at a county significantly improves the subsequent rating of the climate mitigation policies of a firm headquartered in that county. I also find that more recent EWEs have a more pronounced impact on climate ratings than more distant ones. The results show that managerial experiential processing of weather information is important to determine corporate climate actions.
{"title":"Extreme Weather and Ratings on Corporate Climate Mitigation Policies","authors":"Dong Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3142989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3142989","url":null,"abstract":"Using county-level data on severe meteorological events in the United States, I show that, controlling for county fixed effects, the annual number of extreme weather events (EWEs) sustained at a county significantly improves the subsequent rating of the climate mitigation policies of a firm headquartered in that county. I also find that more recent EWEs have a more pronounced impact on climate ratings than more distant ones. The results show that managerial experiential processing of weather information is important to determine corporate climate actions.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125846736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Gallagher, Keston K. Perry, Mieke van der Wansem, Laura Kuhl, Laurent Frapaise
Current financial assistance for energy and climate-related projects is concentrated in just three of Haiti’s twenty-three articulated priorities for combatting climate change: food security, renewables, and integrated water resource management. In addition, disaster risk reduction receives significant funding, which is indirectly related to climate change. With the concentration of resources and projects in these four categories, many of the Haitian priorities appear to be relatively neglected, including agricultural adaptation, afforestation, agroforestry, coastal-zone management, capacity building, development of a bio-economy, institutional strengthening, mangrove protection, and waste management.
{"title":"Analysis of International Funding for Haiti’s Climate Change Priorities","authors":"K. Gallagher, Keston K. Perry, Mieke van der Wansem, Laura Kuhl, Laurent Frapaise","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3333173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3333173","url":null,"abstract":"Current financial assistance for energy and climate-related projects is concentrated in just three of Haiti’s twenty-three articulated priorities for combatting climate change: food security, renewables, and integrated water resource management. In addition, disaster risk reduction receives significant funding, which is indirectly related to climate change. With the concentration of resources and projects in these four categories, many of the Haitian priorities appear to be relatively neglected, including agricultural adaptation, afforestation, agroforestry, coastal-zone management, capacity building, development of a bio-economy, institutional strengthening, mangrove protection, and waste management.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126955046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.82.1
J. Eze, U. Aliyu, Abdulmalik Alhaji-Baba, M. Alfa
This research evaluates the farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in Niger State. Strategies for reducing the effect of climate change have regularly been made without experimental foundations and adequate information on farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in the study area. Thus, integrated farmers’ vulnerability assessment approach was employed by classifying socioeconomic and biophysical indicators of vulnerability into adaptive capacity, sensitivity and exposure to determine the farmers’ vulnerability to climate change. This is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s definition of vulnerability. The study adopted a survey design and the method utilized for the study was questionnaire administered to 400 households in the study area. The results indicate that the farmers’ vulnerability was low in zone A with a mean index of 2.86, very low in zone B with a mean index of 3.74, and high in zone C with a mean index of 1.95 (the higher the value of the index the lower the vulnerability of farmers). It is recommended that measures should be taken to integrate climate change adaptation into Niger State development process. These measures should include improvement in adoption of good agricultural practices (GAP).
{"title":"Analysis of Farmers’ Vulnerability to Climate Change in Niger State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Eze, U. Aliyu, Abdulmalik Alhaji-Baba, M. Alfa","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.82.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.82.1","url":null,"abstract":"This research evaluates the farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in Niger State. Strategies for reducing the effect of climate change have regularly been made without experimental foundations and adequate information on farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in the study area. Thus, integrated farmers’ vulnerability assessment approach was employed by classifying socioeconomic and biophysical indicators of vulnerability into adaptive capacity, sensitivity and exposure to determine the farmers’ vulnerability to climate change. This is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s definition of vulnerability. The study adopted a survey design and the method utilized for the study was questionnaire administered to 400 households in the study area. The results indicate that the farmers’ vulnerability was low in zone A with a mean index of 2.86, very low in zone B with a mean index of 3.74, and high in zone C with a mean index of 1.95 (the higher the value of the index the lower the vulnerability of farmers). It is recommended that measures should be taken to integrate climate change adaptation into Niger State development process. These measures should include improvement in adoption of good agricultural practices (GAP).","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114730656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is one of the world's greatest and most urgent challenges. It also offers an opportunity to redesign the way of our thinking and organize our lives. Green or sustainable buildings are characterized by reducing operation energy and minimizing life-cycle costs. Pollution of the waste material and gases emitted during industrial process represent the major challenge for Climate change. Cement industry is one of these challenges, since each produce ton of cement emitted approximately one ton of CO2. This work succeeded to overcome the negative impacts of cement industry through decreasing the CO2 emission and energy consumed during its process by using waste material. Energy efficiency of building material industry and recycling of waste material are tipping points in the any rating system determining the compliance of the constructed building to be Eco-Building.
{"title":"Eco-Cement with Low Carbon Dioxide Emission and Less Operation Energy","authors":"A. A. Abd Elrazek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3163314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3163314","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of the world's greatest and most urgent challenges. It also offers an opportunity to redesign the way of our thinking and organize our lives. Green or sustainable buildings are characterized by reducing operation energy and minimizing life-cycle costs. Pollution of the waste material and gases emitted during industrial process represent the major challenge for Climate change. Cement industry is one of these challenges, since each produce ton of cement emitted approximately one ton of CO2. This work succeeded to overcome the negative impacts of cement industry through decreasing the CO2 emission and energy consumed during its process by using waste material. Energy efficiency of building material industry and recycling of waste material are tipping points in the any rating system determining the compliance of the constructed building to be Eco-Building.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133403738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes a decentralized solution towards capping greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing blockchain-based technology that will allow teams of academics to issue carbon credits as cryptocurrency. Ideally, these "Crypto Carbon Credits" will be issued to individuals and organizations that verifiably cap greenhouse gas emissions anywhere in the world. The issued Credits can then be sold to businesses and nations that wish to offset their greenhouse gas emissions. This will have the effect of creating a decentralized emissions market.
{"title":"Developing the Crypto Carbon Credit on Ethereum's Blockchain","authors":"Robert R. Leonhard","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3000472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3000472","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a decentralized solution towards capping greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing blockchain-based technology that will allow teams of academics to issue carbon credits as cryptocurrency. Ideally, these \"Crypto Carbon Credits\" will be issued to individuals and organizations that verifiably cap greenhouse gas emissions anywhere in the world. The issued Credits can then be sold to businesses and nations that wish to offset their greenhouse gas emissions. This will have the effect of creating a decentralized emissions market.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132647336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Peetz, G. Murray, I. Lowe, Christopher M. Wright
How do capitalist formations affect the climate crisis; are there inconsistencies between corporations and industry associations in the extent to which they engage with climate change issues; and if so, what purposes do industry associations and related think tanks serve? We outline the nature of the climate crisis and the problems arising from lack of adequate action and develop a model of capitalism and the carbon economy that distinguishes between corporations engaged in ‘blue’ and ‘brown’ capitalist accumulation, and locate divisions within capital within this framework. We show that industry associations and think tanks, while sometimes representing the interests of corporations as a whole, will, on average, also take positions that are more supportive of climate denial than many corporations themselves. This discrepancy between the positioning of corporations and industry associations appears to be greatest in North America and least in Asia. Finally, we conclude with an elaboration of how these concepts relate. One possible explanation for the discrepancy between industry associations and individual corporations is that the latter’s behaviour become responsive to and dominated by the target corporations with the most to lose from responding to the climate crisis. A second possibility is that industry associations are reflecting the true interests of their members, providing ‘distancing’ of controversial ideas from the corporations that constitute them, enabling corporations to pretend to support climate change action but fund activities against it. In all likelihood, they are a combination of both. In doing so, industry associations also become independent actors themselves, influencing the practices and ideologies of corporations, the state and the public.
{"title":"Corporations, Their Associations and Climate Action","authors":"D. Peetz, G. Murray, I. Lowe, Christopher M. Wright","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2952336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2952336","url":null,"abstract":"How do capitalist formations affect the climate crisis; are there inconsistencies between corporations and industry associations in the extent to which they engage with climate change issues; and if so, what purposes do industry associations and related think tanks serve? We outline the nature of the climate crisis and the problems arising from lack of adequate action and develop a model of capitalism and the carbon economy that distinguishes between corporations engaged in ‘blue’ and ‘brown’ capitalist accumulation, and locate divisions within capital within this framework. We show that industry associations and think tanks, while sometimes representing the interests of corporations as a whole, will, on average, also take positions that are more supportive of climate denial than many corporations themselves. This discrepancy between the positioning of corporations and industry associations appears to be greatest in North America and least in Asia. Finally, we conclude with an elaboration of how these concepts relate. One possible explanation for the discrepancy between industry associations and individual corporations is that the latter’s behaviour become responsive to and dominated by the target corporations with the most to lose from responding to the climate crisis. A second possibility is that industry associations are reflecting the true interests of their members, providing ‘distancing’ of controversial ideas from the corporations that constitute them, enabling corporations to pretend to support climate change action but fund activities against it. In all likelihood, they are a combination of both. In doing so, industry associations also become independent actors themselves, influencing the practices and ideologies of corporations, the state and the public.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128325022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One way of reducing carbon emissions is to reduce carbon emissions from consumption. Quantitative information about these emissions helps to better understand the reduction potential. This article aims to provide carbon footprint data for students of the University of Applied Science in Konstanz, Germany. The study includes almost 10% of the University’s students. Data on emission patterns was collected via questionnaires and calculated by a web-based carbon calculator. The study analyses personal carbon footprints and, more detailed, carbon emissions from consumption categories heating, electricity, mobility (land travel and aviation) and food. The findings show average students’ annual carbon footprint to be10.9t CO2eq and in the same order of magnitude as the German average. While students cause less emissions through heating because of smaller living space per person, they cause significantly more emissions by aviation. Female students tend to have higher emissions from aviation, instead male students have higher emissions from food (due to more meat in their diet). Business students have higher emissions than others, mainly because they are tending to fly more. The student carbon footprint is far above climate protection goals formulated for 2050.
{"title":"Students As Sustainability Avant-Garde? An Analysis of Student Carbon Footprints at the University of Applied Science in Konstanz, Germany","authors":"Maike Sippel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2914907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2914907","url":null,"abstract":"One way of reducing carbon emissions is to reduce carbon emissions from consumption. Quantitative information about these emissions helps to better understand the reduction potential. This article aims to provide carbon footprint data for students of the University of Applied Science in Konstanz, Germany. The study includes almost 10% of the University’s students. Data on emission patterns was collected via questionnaires and calculated by a web-based carbon calculator. The study analyses personal carbon footprints and, more detailed, carbon emissions from consumption categories heating, electricity, mobility (land travel and aviation) and food. The findings show average students’ annual carbon footprint to be10.9t CO2eq and in the same order of magnitude as the German average. While students cause less emissions through heating because of smaller living space per person, they cause significantly more emissions by aviation. Female students tend to have higher emissions from aviation, instead male students have higher emissions from food (due to more meat in their diet). Business students have higher emissions than others, mainly because they are tending to fly more. The student carbon footprint is far above climate protection goals formulated for 2050.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126434964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are two dimensions of scarcity for exhaustible resources: physical and economic. While there is a general consensus that oil has grown physically scarce overtime, it is less clear whether the same can be said of economic scarcity. We develop a procedure based on evaluating movements in both drilling trends and rents in order to draw more precise inference about economic availability of oil reserves. We apply this method to data on the US oil industry and demonstrate that US crude oil reserves grew economically more abundant between 1955 and 2002, despite increasing physical scarcity.
{"title":"Understanding Oil Scarcity Through Drilling Activity","authors":"Yiyi Bai, S. J. Okullo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2819168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2819168","url":null,"abstract":"There are two dimensions of scarcity for exhaustible resources: physical and economic. While there is a general consensus that oil has grown physically scarce overtime, it is less clear whether the same can be said of economic scarcity. We develop a procedure based on evaluating movements in both drilling trends and rents in order to draw more precise inference about economic availability of oil reserves. We apply this method to data on the US oil industry and demonstrate that US crude oil reserves grew economically more abundant between 1955 and 2002, despite increasing physical scarcity.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132612611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marc A. C. Hafstead, G. Metcalf, Roberton C. Williams
A concern often raised about a carbon tax is that it does not provide any certainty as to the quantity of emission reductions achieved under the policy. We explore in this Issue Brief how greater emission reduction certainty can be built into a carbon tax. We first define a Tax Adjustment Mechanism for Policy Pre-Commitment (TAMPP). A TAMPP is an adjustment mechanism for the tax rate of a carbon tax to ensure that targeted emission reduction milestones are met over the next few decades. We then provide some guidance based on economic principles related to various design considerations that should be incorporated in a cost-effective and politically realistic TAMPP.
{"title":"Adding Quantity Certainty to a Carbon Tax","authors":"Marc A. C. Hafstead, G. Metcalf, Roberton C. Williams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2852003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2852003","url":null,"abstract":"A concern often raised about a carbon tax is that it does not provide any certainty as to the quantity of emission reductions achieved under the policy. We explore in this Issue Brief how greater emission reduction certainty can be built into a carbon tax. We first define a Tax Adjustment Mechanism for Policy Pre-Commitment (TAMPP). A TAMPP is an adjustment mechanism for the tax rate of a carbon tax to ensure that targeted emission reduction milestones are met over the next few decades. We then provide some guidance based on economic principles related to various design considerations that should be incorporated in a cost-effective and politically realistic TAMPP.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133123094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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