Views on the use of Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) diverge but the strategic implications figure prominently in the debate. In this paper I examine how BCA policy design affects government incentives to regulate emissions and trade in a strategic setting. In particular, the paper examines if, and how, the importer can use BCA to induce a tightening of unilateral climate policy at home and abroad. Using a standard one-sector, two-country partial equilibrium model with climate damages from emissions, I examine BCA in a game where the emission taxes of the importer and exporter are chosen endogenously. I show that the impact of a BCA is not necessarily the adoption of more stringent climate policy. The outcome is determined by the extent trade is restricted by the BCA, the level at which trade partners set their respective emission taxes, and the effectiveness of the BCA in addressing both foreign and home's leakage. The paper also identifies the difference between a BCA and a carbon tariff in terms of their ability to leverage climate policy in a strategic setting.
{"title":"Border Carbon Adjustments","authors":"Mark Sanctuary","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2205549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2205549","url":null,"abstract":"Views on the use of Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) diverge but the strategic implications figure prominently in the debate. In this paper I examine how BCA policy design affects government incentives to regulate emissions and trade in a strategic setting. In particular, the paper examines if, and how, the importer can use BCA to induce a tightening of unilateral climate policy at home and abroad. Using a standard one-sector, two-country partial equilibrium model with climate damages from emissions, I examine BCA in a game where the emission taxes of the importer and exporter are chosen endogenously. I show that the impact of a BCA is not necessarily the adoption of more stringent climate policy. The outcome is determined by the extent trade is restricted by the BCA, the level at which trade partners set their respective emission taxes, and the effectiveness of the BCA in addressing both foreign and home's leakage. The paper also identifies the difference between a BCA and a carbon tariff in terms of their ability to leverage climate policy in a strategic setting.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132262009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Texaco oil company has long been accused of creating an environmental and human rights catastrophe while conducting oil operations in the Ecuadorian Amazon over a number of decades to 1990. Plaintiffs from the area, largely Indigenous people, have sought compensation via litigation for nearly twenty years, first against Texaco, then against the merged successor company ChevronTexaco (now known as ‘Chevron’). This article tells the tale (so far) of that litigation, which has wound its way from the United States to Ecuador and back again. The plaintiffs won an US18 billion dollar judgment in Ecuador in early 2011, though an appeal is pending. Furthermore, related litigation remains ongoing in the US as well as in the Hague in the Netherlands. This story of protracted and ongoing ‘lawfare’ reveals just how difficult it can be to hold major multinational corporations accountable for environmental and human rights harms when those harms have taken place in a weak developing State in a virtual regulatory vacuum.
{"title":"Protracted Lawfare: The Tale of Chevron Texaco in the Amazon","authors":"S. Joseph","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2305057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2305057","url":null,"abstract":"The Texaco oil company has long been accused of creating an environmental and human rights catastrophe while conducting oil operations in the Ecuadorian Amazon over a number of decades to 1990. Plaintiffs from the area, largely Indigenous people, have sought compensation via litigation for nearly twenty years, first against Texaco, then against the merged successor company ChevronTexaco (now known as ‘Chevron’). This article tells the tale (so far) of that litigation, which has wound its way from the United States to Ecuador and back again. The plaintiffs won an US18 billion dollar judgment in Ecuador in early 2011, though an appeal is pending. Furthermore, related litigation remains ongoing in the US as well as in the Hague in the Netherlands. This story of protracted and ongoing ‘lawfare’ reveals just how difficult it can be to hold major multinational corporations accountable for environmental and human rights harms when those harms have taken place in a weak developing State in a virtual regulatory vacuum.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114524778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the impact of education on the growth of carbon dioxide emissions per capita over the period 1970-2004 in 85 countries. Using panel data and applying GMM-System estimations, our results suggest that education has no impact on the growth of air pollution for the whole sample. Nonetheless, this effect is sensitive to the sampling of countries according to their level of development. Indeed, while the effect remains insignificant in the developing countries sub-sample, education does matter for air pollution growth in the developed countries. More interestingly, when controlling for the quality of political institutions, the positive effect of education on air pollution growth is mitigated in the developed countries while being insignificant in the developing countries.
{"title":"Does Education Really Matter for Environmental Quality?","authors":"S. Kinda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2714320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2714320","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of education on the growth of carbon dioxide emissions per capita over the period 1970-2004 in 85 countries. Using panel data and applying GMM-System estimations, our results suggest that education has no impact on the growth of air pollution for the whole sample. Nonetheless, this effect is sensitive to the sampling of countries according to their level of development. Indeed, while the effect remains insignificant in the developing countries sub-sample, education does matter for air pollution growth in the developed countries. More interestingly, when controlling for the quality of political institutions, the positive effect of education on air pollution growth is mitigated in the developed countries while being insignificant in the developing countries.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128268176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5040/9781635577068-0706
Jason J. Czarnezki, Elisa Prescott
This article, focusing on produce and grain, discusses the environmental and climate change impacts of food production, processing, packaging, and distribution, which ultimately contributes to both economic and social costs. The article addresses environmental energy costs in the food supply.
{"title":"Food Court","authors":"Jason J. Czarnezki, Elisa Prescott","doi":"10.5040/9781635577068-0706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9781635577068-0706","url":null,"abstract":"This article, focusing on produce and grain, discusses the environmental and climate change impacts of food production, processing, packaging, and distribution, which ultimately contributes to both economic and social costs. The article addresses environmental energy costs in the food supply.","PeriodicalId":176183,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Energy & Climate Change (Sub-Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125194036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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