Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0001
P. Helliwell
Musculoskeletal disorders contribute significantly to the global burden of disease and rank alongside mental health disorders in their impact on society. Nevertheless, there are large gaps in our knowledge of prevalence and impact of these disorders worldwide. The majority of musculoskeletal disorders are non-inflammatory (osteoarthritis and low back pain), yet inflammatory disorders receive a disproportionate share of the attention, possibly because of their wider impact within the patient. Major advances in the understanding and treatment of inflammatory diseases have occurred in the past 20 years and these are now being echoed in other fields, such as the management of foot health conditions. New paradigms of treatment are emerging, with the emphasis on early intervention, and the evidence base for non-pharmacological treatments is improving. This chapter will reflect on these changes and the likely future delivery of care for rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders.
{"title":"Current concepts in rheumatology","authors":"P. Helliwell","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Musculoskeletal disorders contribute significantly to the global burden of disease and rank alongside mental health disorders in their impact on society. Nevertheless, there are large gaps in our knowledge of prevalence and impact of these disorders worldwide. The majority of musculoskeletal disorders are non-inflammatory (osteoarthritis and low back pain), yet inflammatory disorders receive a disproportionate share of the attention, possibly because of their wider impact within the patient. Major advances in the understanding and treatment of inflammatory diseases have occurred in the past 20 years and these are now being echoed in other fields, such as the management of foot health conditions. New paradigms of treatment are emerging, with the emphasis on early intervention, and the evidence base for non-pharmacological treatments is improving. This chapter will reflect on these changes and the likely future delivery of care for rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124124354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0011
L. Cherry, L. Gates, C. Bowen
This chapter provides an overview of the importance and process for clinical assessment of the foot and ankle in rheumatology. A reference guide for obtaining a clinical history is provided, in addition to recommendations about considering psychosocial and footwear history. An overview of common screening techniques is provided, with particular reference to common serological and musculoskeletal assessment approaches. Specific examples of movement assessment are considered and the importance of clinical observation and palpation in rheumatic disease is noted in addition to the importance of understanding the complex and changing presentation of pain. Finally, insight about future research directions is provided. Overall, it is intended that readers of this chapter will find useful guidance and practical tips for use in a clinical environment.
{"title":"Clinical assessment","authors":"L. Cherry, L. Gates, C. Bowen","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the importance and process for clinical assessment of the foot and ankle in rheumatology. A reference guide for obtaining a clinical history is provided, in addition to recommendations about considering psychosocial and footwear history. An overview of common screening techniques is provided, with particular reference to common serological and musculoskeletal assessment approaches. Specific examples of movement assessment are considered and the importance of clinical observation and palpation in rheumatic disease is noted in addition to the importance of understanding the complex and changing presentation of pain. Finally, insight about future research directions is provided. Overall, it is intended that readers of this chapter will find useful guidance and practical tips for use in a clinical environment.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130234758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0012
E. Rowbotham, R. Wakefield, A. Grainger
This chapter discusses imaging of the foot and ankle in rheumatological disease, including the advantages and disadvantages of specific techniques by disease. Conventional radiology remains the mainstay for radiological investigation, and a systematic approach to viewing the plain film radiographs is covered. Findings by imaging technique and disease are described. Computerized tomography, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound are all analysed.
{"title":"Imaging of arthritis in the foot and ankle","authors":"E. Rowbotham, R. Wakefield, A. Grainger","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses imaging of the foot and ankle in rheumatological disease, including the advantages and disadvantages of specific techniques by disease. Conventional radiology remains the mainstay for radiological investigation, and a systematic approach to viewing the plain film radiographs is covered. Findings by imaging technique and disease are described. Computerized tomography, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound are all analysed.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133788408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0009
K. Landorf, A. Keenan, R. Kearney
This chapter covers soft-tissue disorders, a common occurrence in rheumatology. There is a brief overview of 10 of the most common soft-tissue disorders of the foot in rheumatology, including Achilles tendinopathy, ankle sprains, retrocalcaneal bursitis, tarsal tunnel syndrome, peroneal tendinopathy, tibialis posterior tendinopathy, plantar heel pain, and more. For each disorder, presentation, signs, and management are discussed.
{"title":"Soft-tissue disorders","authors":"K. Landorf, A. Keenan, R. Kearney","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers soft-tissue disorders, a common occurrence in rheumatology. There is a brief overview of 10 of the most common soft-tissue disorders of the foot in rheumatology, including Achilles tendinopathy, ankle sprains, retrocalcaneal bursitis, tarsal tunnel syndrome, peroneal tendinopathy, tibialis posterior tendinopathy, plantar heel pain, and more. For each disorder, presentation, signs, and management are discussed.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114381189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0008
B. Alcacer-Pitarch, E. Vital, M. Buch
This chapter will briefly cover the epidemiology and pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and, to a larger extent, their pathological effect on the lower limb. It will also discuss current evidence for foot pathology management with reference to potential risks and imaging strategies.
{"title":"Autoimmune connective tissue diseases","authors":"B. Alcacer-Pitarch, E. Vital, M. Buch","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will briefly cover the epidemiology and pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and, to a larger extent, their pathological effect on the lower limb. It will also discuss current evidence for foot pathology management with reference to potential risks and imaging strategies.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127349364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0002
D. Roberts, J. Pickering, J. Fletcher
The human foot and ankle are uniquely adapted to support the entire weight of the body and provide a platform through which propulsive forces are transmitted to the ground beneath. Far from being passive elements, however, the foot and ankle together represent a dynamic, reactive, and force-generating structure containing a complex arrangement of bones held in inherently unstable configurations by an array of ligaments and muscle tendons. This anatomical complexity, together with the biomechanical demands placed on them, make the foot and ankle particularly susceptible to a variety of injuries and disease processes. This chapter covers the anatomy of the human foot and ankle, including illustrative figures.
{"title":"Anatomy of the foot and ankle","authors":"D. Roberts, J. Pickering, J. Fletcher","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The human foot and ankle are uniquely adapted to support the entire weight of the body and provide a platform through which propulsive forces are transmitted to the ground beneath. Far from being passive elements, however, the foot and ankle together represent a dynamic, reactive, and force-generating structure containing a complex arrangement of bones held in inherently unstable configurations by an array of ligaments and muscle tendons. This anatomical complexity, together with the biomechanical demands placed on them, make the foot and ankle particularly susceptible to a variety of injuries and disease processes. This chapter covers the anatomy of the human foot and ankle, including illustrative figures.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125138686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0006
M. Backhouse, H. Siddle
In this chapter, we will cover rheumatoid arthritis. First we will describe the epidemiology, aetiology, and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, followed by the histological changes in joints. Clinical features of the disease are described and how it affects the foot and ankle at disease onset and in the early stages. The disability and impact of the disease is considered prior to describing systemic treatment methods. Specific foot disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis is covered, split by area of the foot. Imaging requirements are outlined, including disease-specific considerations, and specific management options are discussed. Finally, clinical trials and the future direction of research are covered.
{"title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","authors":"M. Backhouse, H. Siddle","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we will cover rheumatoid arthritis. First we will describe the epidemiology, aetiology, and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, followed by the histological changes in joints. Clinical features of the disease are described and how it affects the foot and ankle at disease onset and in the early stages. The disability and impact of the disease is considered prior to describing systemic treatment methods. Specific foot disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis is covered, split by area of the foot. Imaging requirements are outlined, including disease-specific considerations, and specific management options are discussed. Finally, clinical trials and the future direction of research are covered.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"2023 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134397702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0014
H. Siddle, G. Hendry
This chapter will provide the reader with current evidence and the clinical strategies to improve the foot health management of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. The education of patients and health professionals will be key to implementing self-management early in the disease, together with the recognition of problems that require clinical intervention to improve the patient’s long-term outcomes. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of evidence to support many specific interventions, particularly for patients with connective tissue diseases. However, we can utilize increased understanding of the effects that these diseases have on the foot, together with clinical expertise, to manage symptoms and prevent damage and deformity.
{"title":"Foot health management","authors":"H. Siddle, G. Hendry","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198734451.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will provide the reader with current evidence and the clinical strategies to improve the foot health management of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. The education of patients and health professionals will be key to implementing self-management early in the disease, together with the recognition of problems that require clinical intervention to improve the patient’s long-term outcomes. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of evidence to support many specific interventions, particularly for patients with connective tissue diseases. However, we can utilize increased understanding of the effects that these diseases have on the foot, together with clinical expertise, to manage symptoms and prevent damage and deformity.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"11964 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122136667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0016
J. McAdam, Maggie Helliwell
Commissioning any service within the National Health Service (NHS) involves planning, agreeing, organizing, and monitoring services. However, this simple statement hides a complex world that is dependent on an understanding of epidemiology of populations, of complex datasets within those populations, health needs assessments, evidence appraisal, and a knowledge of service specification, contracting, negotiating, and procurement. Planning and organizing podiatry care within the UK NHS falls behind such ‘giants’ as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, but slow progress is occurring. This chapter will cover the background to commissioning and organizing care within the NHS with specific reference to the field of podiatry.
{"title":"Organizing care","authors":"J. McAdam, Maggie Helliwell","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Commissioning any service within the National Health Service (NHS) involves planning, agreeing, organizing, and monitoring services. However, this simple statement hides a complex world that is dependent on an understanding of epidemiology of populations, of complex datasets within those populations, health needs assessments, evidence appraisal, and a knowledge of service specification, contracting, negotiating, and procurement. Planning and organizing podiatry care within the UK NHS falls behind such ‘giants’ as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, but slow progress is occurring. This chapter will cover the background to commissioning and organizing care within the NHS with specific reference to the field of podiatry.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115550242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0003
W. Ledoux, Joseph M. Iaquinto
In this chapter, we will begin with a basic overview of the principles of human movement, anatomy, and function, before discussing the foot structure–function relationship. We will then briefly review the principles and techniques of gait analysis, followed by a review of walking and the gait cycle and the response of ankle cartilage during gait. Next, a description of normal movement and foot function, reviewing tissue- and joint-specific function, as well as complex systematic foot function, will be given. Finally, a review of some specialized techniques for studying foot function, including computational modelling, biplane fluoroscopy, and cadaveric gait simulation, will be provided.
{"title":"Normal function and movement","authors":"W. Ledoux, Joseph M. Iaquinto","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734451.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we will begin with a basic overview of the principles of human movement, anatomy, and function, before discussing the foot structure–function relationship. We will then briefly review the principles and techniques of gait analysis, followed by a review of walking and the gait cycle and the response of ankle cartilage during gait. Next, a description of normal movement and foot function, reviewing tissue- and joint-specific function, as well as complex systematic foot function, will be given. Finally, a review of some specialized techniques for studying foot function, including computational modelling, biplane fluoroscopy, and cadaveric gait simulation, will be provided.","PeriodicalId":176554,"journal":{"name":"The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology","volume":"271 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116248549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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