Pub Date : 2024-08-31DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02157-x
Petr Kubík, František Šebek, Mojtaba Hassan Vand, Martin Brabec, Jan Tippner
Hardwood has become widespread in European forests. The strongest factor is climate change and damage to conifers by the bark beetle. The effort to study hardwoods grows with increasing volume of applications. Therefore, European beech wood was investigated under two impact loads in two material directions, resulting in four unique combinations supplemented by the measurement of the friction coefficient. Then, it was computationally simulated to reproduce the cracking, while the material model reflected the orthotropic behaviour in elasticity, plasticity and failure. The model was coded using the user subroutine in Abaqus to initiate and propagate the crack using the element deletion. The resulting reaction forces were in good agreement with those from the experiments. Cracking was numerically simulated in three of four cases as experimentally observed, however, upon larger deflections. Therefore, the model is applicable for further investigations.
{"title":"Fracture predictions in impact three-point bending test of European beech","authors":"Petr Kubík, František Šebek, Mojtaba Hassan Vand, Martin Brabec, Jan Tippner","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02157-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02157-x","url":null,"abstract":"Hardwood has become widespread in European forests. The strongest factor is climate change and damage to conifers by the bark beetle. The effort to study hardwoods grows with increasing volume of applications. Therefore, European beech wood was investigated under two impact loads in two material directions, resulting in four unique combinations supplemented by the measurement of the friction coefficient. Then, it was computationally simulated to reproduce the cracking, while the material model reflected the orthotropic behaviour in elasticity, plasticity and failure. The model was coded using the user subroutine in Abaqus to initiate and propagate the crack using the element deletion. The resulting reaction forces were in good agreement with those from the experiments. Cracking was numerically simulated in three of four cases as experimentally observed, however, upon larger deflections. Therefore, the model is applicable for further investigations.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"172 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02156-y
SunJae Moon, Yuya Kawasaki, Hisayoshi Kofujita
Condensed tannins exhibit diverse bioactivities that render them promising for applications in the food and medical fields. For the analysis and monitoring of condensed tannins, 13C-labeled derivatives would provide a useful tool. In this study, condensed tannin polymers regioselectively labeled with a stable isotope were synthesized using 13C-labeled acetic acid or 13C-labeled dimethylformamide as the starting material. The resulting synthetic polymers were labeled with 13C at the C-4 or C-2 positions. A GPC analysis revealed that all model polymers comprised mainly tetramer to hexamer structures. According to the 13C-NMR data of the synthetic tannin models and natural condensed tannin obtained from sugi bark, the chemical structure of both compounds was very similar. Furthermore, compared with the natural condensed tannin and unlabeled synthetic polymer, the labeled compound showed more intense C-4 and C-2 13C signals, indicating that the 13C labeling proceeded regioselectively. These compounds are useful for analyzing the chemical reactions of condensed tannins and monitoring structural transformation processes in vivo.
{"title":"Synthesis of condensed tannin model compounds regioselectively labeled with a 13C-stable isotope","authors":"SunJae Moon, Yuya Kawasaki, Hisayoshi Kofujita","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02156-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02156-y","url":null,"abstract":"Condensed tannins exhibit diverse bioactivities that render them promising for applications in the food and medical fields. For the analysis and monitoring of condensed tannins, 13C-labeled derivatives would provide a useful tool. In this study, condensed tannin polymers regioselectively labeled with a stable isotope were synthesized using 13C-labeled acetic acid or 13C-labeled dimethylformamide as the starting material. The resulting synthetic polymers were labeled with 13C at the C-4 or C-2 positions. A GPC analysis revealed that all model polymers comprised mainly tetramer to hexamer structures. According to the 13C-NMR data of the synthetic tannin models and natural condensed tannin obtained from sugi bark, the chemical structure of both compounds was very similar. Furthermore, compared with the natural condensed tannin and unlabeled synthetic polymer, the labeled compound showed more intense C-4 and C-2 13C signals, indicating that the 13C labeling proceeded regioselectively. These compounds are useful for analyzing the chemical reactions of condensed tannins and monitoring structural transformation processes in vivo.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02153-1
Angelo Mammoliti, Maria Francesca Cataldo, Salvatore Francesco Papandrea, Andrea Rosario Proto
There is currently a strong interest in wood and the demand for this material is expected to grow significantly worldwide. Consequently, market demand for wood from fruit orchards is growing as an additional source of supply. For these reasons, several studies were conducted to evaluate the properties of wood derived by orchard pruning or dismantling. Despite the abundance of raw materials from pruning, the mechanical properties of olive wood have not been studied completely by the scientific community, so the woody material obtained is usually considered waste or firewood. In fact, there is still a lack of knowledge about olive wood characteristics and considering the valuable role of olive species in the Mediterranean area, the current study aimed to determine and compare the physical and mechanical properties of branches and stem wood of two olive tree cultivars, “Sinopolese” and “Ottobratica”, to provide information on this wood species. These two olive cultivars are commonly cultivated in the Calabria region (Southern Italy) for the extraction of oil from drupes, but large masses of wood are derived from their pruning. For the choice of parts, the stem was considered to become a branch when, above each branch intersection, it changed in diameter and direction of growth. The branches with a diameter lower than 20 cm were excluded. The tests conducted for this purpose were: Roughness profile; Impact wave; Vibrational analysis; Static modulus of elasticity; Bending strength; Abrasion resistance; Static hardness; Footprints; Compression strength; Screw withdrawal resistance parallel to grain; Screw withdrawal resistance perpendicular to grain. A MANOVA analysis was conducted between the Cultivar-Tree part and the physical and mechanical properties. The results showed some differences between the two cultivars principally related to mechanical properties such as moduli of elasticity and rupture, footprint, compression strength, and screw withdrawal resistances, where in general, the “Sinopolese” cultivar showed higher values than the “Ottobratica”. Between the tree parts (stem and branches) within the same cultivars, branches demonstrated higher results in the majority of the tests, but highlighting statistical differences only in terms of static modulus of elasticity, bending strength, static hardness and screw withdrawal resistances depending on the cultivar. This result suggests that the branch wood, with its characteristics, could be valorized in the commercial utilization representing a valid opportunity for the local rural economy, even considering the conspicuous amount of wood obtained from olive pruning activity. Expanding knowledge about olive wood in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics could increase its use in multiple sectors and ensure a more aware use of the application of the wood resources by supporting the decision on its best end use.
{"title":"Mechanical properties of branch and stem wood for two Mediterranean cultivars of olive tree","authors":"Angelo Mammoliti, Maria Francesca Cataldo, Salvatore Francesco Papandrea, Andrea Rosario Proto","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02153-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02153-1","url":null,"abstract":"There is currently a strong interest in wood and the demand for this material is expected to grow significantly worldwide. Consequently, market demand for wood from fruit orchards is growing as an additional source of supply. For these reasons, several studies were conducted to evaluate the properties of wood derived by orchard pruning or dismantling. Despite the abundance of raw materials from pruning, the mechanical properties of olive wood have not been studied completely by the scientific community, so the woody material obtained is usually considered waste or firewood. In fact, there is still a lack of knowledge about olive wood characteristics and considering the valuable role of olive species in the Mediterranean area, the current study aimed to determine and compare the physical and mechanical properties of branches and stem wood of two olive tree cultivars, “Sinopolese” and “Ottobratica”, to provide information on this wood species. These two olive cultivars are commonly cultivated in the Calabria region (Southern Italy) for the extraction of oil from drupes, but large masses of wood are derived from their pruning. For the choice of parts, the stem was considered to become a branch when, above each branch intersection, it changed in diameter and direction of growth. The branches with a diameter lower than 20 cm were excluded. The tests conducted for this purpose were: Roughness profile; Impact wave; Vibrational analysis; Static modulus of elasticity; Bending strength; Abrasion resistance; Static hardness; Footprints; Compression strength; Screw withdrawal resistance parallel to grain; Screw withdrawal resistance perpendicular to grain. A MANOVA analysis was conducted between the Cultivar-Tree part and the physical and mechanical properties. The results showed some differences between the two cultivars principally related to mechanical properties such as moduli of elasticity and rupture, footprint, compression strength, and screw withdrawal resistances, where in general, the “Sinopolese” cultivar showed higher values than the “Ottobratica”. Between the tree parts (stem and branches) within the same cultivars, branches demonstrated higher results in the majority of the tests, but highlighting statistical differences only in terms of static modulus of elasticity, bending strength, static hardness and screw withdrawal resistances depending on the cultivar. This result suggests that the branch wood, with its characteristics, could be valorized in the commercial utilization representing a valid opportunity for the local rural economy, even considering the conspicuous amount of wood obtained from olive pruning activity. Expanding knowledge about olive wood in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics could increase its use in multiple sectors and ensure a more aware use of the application of the wood resources by supporting the decision on its best end use.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-15DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02152-2
Mojtaba Hassan Vand, Jan Tippner
The material properties of sapwood and heartwood vary within various wood species and even they can show significant differences within a single tree. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), a species that plays a crucial role in timber production for joinery and building construction applications, is among those that show a notable distinction between its heartwood and sapwood. To examine the influence of moisture content (MC) on the impact behaviour of the sapwood and heartwood of pine, we tested specimens with two distinct moisture levels: a low moisture content (LMC) group with 12% MC and a high moisture content (HMC) group with 45% MC. In our study, we investigated deflection, normal strain and force development of the specimens during the short period of an impact, and also calculated the impact bending strength (IBS) of samples, using an impact testing machine equipped with a high-speed camera and digital image correlation method. Our results indicate that the differences between sapwood and heartwood at LMC were insignificant in the case of maximum deflection and normal strain, thus there is no need for differentiation; however, these differences became more pronounced, and non-negligible, with an increase in MC. We also evaluated the IBS of both heartwood and sapwood and found that, at LMC, heartwood had greater impact bending strength than sapwood, making it a preferable choice as a material subjected to impact loadings. Conversely, at HMC, both heartwood and sapwood would be equally strong against impacts, indicating that pine green wood shows no sensitivity to the ratio of sapwood to heartwood in the tree.
{"title":"Effects of moisture content on the behaviour of Scots pine heartwood and sapwood under impact","authors":"Mojtaba Hassan Vand, Jan Tippner","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02152-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02152-2","url":null,"abstract":"The material properties of sapwood and heartwood vary within various wood species and even they can show significant differences within a single tree. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), a species that plays a crucial role in timber production for joinery and building construction applications, is among those that show a notable distinction between its heartwood and sapwood. To examine the influence of moisture content (MC) on the impact behaviour of the sapwood and heartwood of pine, we tested specimens with two distinct moisture levels: a low moisture content (LMC) group with 12% MC and a high moisture content (HMC) group with 45% MC. In our study, we investigated deflection, normal strain and force development of the specimens during the short period of an impact, and also calculated the impact bending strength (IBS) of samples, using an impact testing machine equipped with a high-speed camera and digital image correlation method. Our results indicate that the differences between sapwood and heartwood at LMC were insignificant in the case of maximum deflection and normal strain, thus there is no need for differentiation; however, these differences became more pronounced, and non-negligible, with an increase in MC. We also evaluated the IBS of both heartwood and sapwood and found that, at LMC, heartwood had greater impact bending strength than sapwood, making it a preferable choice as a material subjected to impact loadings. Conversely, at HMC, both heartwood and sapwood would be equally strong against impacts, indicating that pine green wood shows no sensitivity to the ratio of sapwood to heartwood in the tree.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02151-3
Miroslav Gašparík, Aleš Zeidler, Eva Výbohová, Danica Kačíková, František Kačík
This work deals with the influence of different heat treatment temperatures (140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, and 210 °C) on changes in sapwood and red heartwood of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). According to the results of wet chemistry methods, HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEC (size exclusion chromatography), the wood constituents in sapwood and red heartwood behaved similarly to heat treatment, but the individual proportions were different. The loss of hemicelluloses and the increase in extractives with increasing temperature were more pronounced in sapwood. The amount of cellulose in sapwood and red heartwood showed similar behaviour with increasing temperature. Thermal treatment causes changes in cellulose crystallinity, and the formation of aromatic structures, mainly in beech sapwood. However, the increase in the lignin content of red heartwood was significantly lower than that of sapwood due to its auto condensation, and formation of pseudo-lignin. Among the carbohydrates, the most significant changes were observed in xylose content, which was almost twice as high in red heartwood as in sapwood. Other carbohydrates (glucose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose) reached similar values in sapwood and red heartwood.
{"title":"Chemical changes of polysaccharides in heat-treated European beech wood","authors":"Miroslav Gašparík, Aleš Zeidler, Eva Výbohová, Danica Kačíková, František Kačík","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02151-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02151-3","url":null,"abstract":"This work deals with the influence of different heat treatment temperatures (140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, and 210 °C) on changes in sapwood and red heartwood of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). According to the results of wet chemistry methods, HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEC (size exclusion chromatography), the wood constituents in sapwood and red heartwood behaved similarly to heat treatment, but the individual proportions were different. The loss of hemicelluloses and the increase in extractives with increasing temperature were more pronounced in sapwood. The amount of cellulose in sapwood and red heartwood showed similar behaviour with increasing temperature. Thermal treatment causes changes in cellulose crystallinity, and the formation of aromatic structures, mainly in beech sapwood. However, the increase in the lignin content of red heartwood was significantly lower than that of sapwood due to its auto condensation, and formation of pseudo-lignin. Among the carbohydrates, the most significant changes were observed in xylose content, which was almost twice as high in red heartwood as in sapwood. Other carbohydrates (glucose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose) reached similar values in sapwood and red heartwood.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02147-z
Florian Brandstätter, Maximilian Autengruber, Markus Lukacevic, Josef Füssl
Wood constantly interacts with the surrounding, locally varying climate, leading to changes in the moisture content. Advanced simulation tools can predict the two-dimensional moisture distributions caused by these changing climate conditions within wood cross sections over time. However, there is a notable absence of systematic simulation results for diverse climatic conditions and various wood cross sections. This study seeks to bridge this gap in research. Here, we present moisture fields in three solid timber and three glued laminated timber cross sections in Austria and show the effect of the location and the altitude on the moisture content distribution. The results reveal decreasing influence of the location on the moisture content development with increasing cross section size, and primarily the altitude affecting the moisture content. In addition, the results are compared with the standard for the design of timber–concrete composite structures (ONR CEN/TS 19103), revealing appropriate values in most of the cases. Only for cross sections with a width of 14 cm and larger, assigned to a specific region, the standard value is assumed underestimated. Furthermore, the distribution of moisture gradients, which are related to the crack depth development, are analyzed for Austria, demonstrating the influence of mountain areas in the moisture gradient development.
{"title":"The influence of geographical location on moisture distribution in wood cross sections: a numerical simulation study using Austria as an example","authors":"Florian Brandstätter, Maximilian Autengruber, Markus Lukacevic, Josef Füssl","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02147-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02147-z","url":null,"abstract":"Wood constantly interacts with the surrounding, locally varying climate, leading to changes in the moisture content. Advanced simulation tools can predict the two-dimensional moisture distributions caused by these changing climate conditions within wood cross sections over time. However, there is a notable absence of systematic simulation results for diverse climatic conditions and various wood cross sections. This study seeks to bridge this gap in research. Here, we present moisture fields in three solid timber and three glued laminated timber cross sections in Austria and show the effect of the location and the altitude on the moisture content distribution. The results reveal decreasing influence of the location on the moisture content development with increasing cross section size, and primarily the altitude affecting the moisture content. In addition, the results are compared with the standard for the design of timber–concrete composite structures (ONR CEN/TS 19103), revealing appropriate values in most of the cases. Only for cross sections with a width of 14 cm and larger, assigned to a specific region, the standard value is assumed underestimated. Furthermore, the distribution of moisture gradients, which are related to the crack depth development, are analyzed for Austria, demonstrating the influence of mountain areas in the moisture gradient development.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02149-x
Ke Luo, Taiki Nishimoto, Yasuyuki Matsushita
The impact of 2-ethylanthraquinone (2-EAQ) on alkaline cooking of Eucalyptus pellita wood was examined by analyzing pulp yield, kappa number, the structure and weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) of dissolved lignin in black liquor and residual lignin in pulp (RL). During soda cooking under 23% of active alkaline (AA) condition, adding 0.06% 2-EAQ reduced the kappa number by 12 points compared to cooking without it. The addition of 0.06% 2-EAQ to kraft cooking increased pulp yield by about 4% at about 19 of kappa number compared to the no addition. The analysis of lignin structure by using semiquantitative heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR) showed that the addition of 2-EAQ promoted β-ether cleavage during alkaline cooking and reduced peeling reaction of polysaccharides and prevention of the elimination of γ-OH of lignin to form enol ethers and stilbenes. Overall, the addition of 2-EAQ promoted the degradation of lignin to lower molecular weight compounds, with a more pronounced effect observed in soda cooking than in kraft cooking. Under optimal conditions, the delignification efficiency and pulp yield of soda-EAQ pulping were comparable to kraft cooking.
{"title":"Influences of 2-ethylanthraquinone on lignin degradation in alkaline cooking of Eucalyptus pellita wood","authors":"Ke Luo, Taiki Nishimoto, Yasuyuki Matsushita","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02149-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02149-x","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of 2-ethylanthraquinone (2-EAQ) on alkaline cooking of Eucalyptus pellita wood was examined by analyzing pulp yield, kappa number, the structure and weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) of dissolved lignin in black liquor and residual lignin in pulp (RL). During soda cooking under 23% of active alkaline (AA) condition, adding 0.06% 2-EAQ reduced the kappa number by 12 points compared to cooking without it. The addition of 0.06% 2-EAQ to kraft cooking increased pulp yield by about 4% at about 19 of kappa number compared to the no addition. The analysis of lignin structure by using semiquantitative heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR) showed that the addition of 2-EAQ promoted β-ether cleavage during alkaline cooking and reduced peeling reaction of polysaccharides and prevention of the elimination of γ-OH of lignin to form enol ethers and stilbenes. Overall, the addition of 2-EAQ promoted the degradation of lignin to lower molecular weight compounds, with a more pronounced effect observed in soda cooking than in kraft cooking. Under optimal conditions, the delignification efficiency and pulp yield of soda-EAQ pulping were comparable to kraft cooking.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141784170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1186/s10086-024-02148-y
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, René López-Camacho, María C. González, Osnaider J. Castillo, Martha Cervantes-Díaz, Marcela Celis
Lauraceae is a family of woody plants of economic importance mainly for their commercial exploitation as timber, as well as spices/food. Nonetheless, overexploitation is causing a decline in both the population and the associated ecosystems due to the lack of sustainability strategies and knowledge of alternative ways of utilization. The focus of this research was to determine if the secondary metabolites found/identified in the volatile fractions/ethyl acetate extracts of Aniba panurensis, Nectandra cuspidata, Ocotea cymbarum and O. myriantha from the Amazon region of Colombia (Departamento de Caquetá) would be promising/interesting for industry, so that uses/exploitation other than timber could be recommended. In this work, the chemical compositions by GC–FID/MS of the volatile fractions/total extracts (by HS–SPME/SDE/maceration) of the trunk wood of these trees were determined. The results were: (i) the volatile fractions/extracts of A. panurensis were composed of 88–94% benzenoid-type aromatic esters (benzyl salicylate and benzoate); (ii) N. cuspidata contained 95% sesquiterpenes (α-copaene and α-cubebene/germacrene D) by HS–SPME, 89% oxygenated and hydrocarbonated sesquiterpenes (τ-cadinol and δ-cadinene) by SDE, and 87% sesquiterpenes and aporphine alkaloids (α-copaene/germacrene D/δ-cadinene/α-cubebene and dicentrine/dehydrodicentrine) by solvent extraction; (iii) O. cymbarum contained mainly 63% sesquiterpenes and monoterpene ethers (α-copaene/trans-calamenene and eucalyptol) by HS–SPME, 63–85% of monoterpene alcohols (α-terpineol/borneol)/hydrocarbons (α-/β-pinenes)/ethers (eucalyptol) and phenylpropanoid ethers (methyleugenol) by SDE/solvent extraction; and (iv) for O. myriantha, the constituents per family were 91% sesquiterpenes (bicyclogermacrene/germacrene D)—HS–SPME, 72% sesquiterpene alcohols and sesquiterpenes/monoterpenes (spathulenol and bicyclogermacrene/δ-3-carene)—SDE, and 69% benzenoid-type aromatic esters and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons/alcohols (benzyl salicylate and bicyclogermacrene/α-cadinol)—solvent extraction. In conclusion, the main constituents identified in the woods (volatile fractions/extracts) of the species could be isolated and sustainably used/exploitated due to their bioproperties, as well as for their fragrant properties, some of which could be harnessed by different sectors/types of industries.
月桂科（Lauraceae）是一个木本植物家族，具有重要的经济价值，主要用于木材和香料/食品的商业开发。然而，由于缺乏可持续发展战略和替代利用方式的知识，过度开发正导致其数量和相关生态系统的减少。本研究的重点是确定在哥伦比亚亚马逊地区（Departamento de Caquetá）的 Aniba panurensis、Nectandra cuspidata、Ocotea cymbarum 和 O. myriantha 的挥发性馏分/乙酸乙酯提取物中发现/鉴定的次生代谢物是否具有工业前景/意义，以便推荐木材以外的用途/开发。在这项工作中，通过 GC-FID/MS，对这些树木树干木材的挥发性馏分/总提取物（通过 HS-SPME/SDE/浸渍法）的化学成分进行了测定。结果如下(i) A. panurensis 的挥发性馏分/萃取物由 88-94% 的苯类芳香酯（水杨酸苄酯和苯甲酸苄酯）组成；(ii) N. cuspidata 的挥发性馏分/萃取物由 95% 的芝麻酯（水杨酸苄酯和苯甲酸苄酯）组成。(ii) N. cuspidata 含有 95% 的倍半萜类化合物（α-罂粟碱和 α-古柯烯/月桂烯 D）（HS-SPME），89% 的含氧和烃化倍半萜类化合物（τ-cadinol 和 δ-cadinene）（SDE），87% 的倍半萜类化合物和卟吩生物碱（α-罂粟碱/月桂烯 D/δ-cadinene/α-cubebene 和双缩戊烯/脱氢双缩戊烯）（溶剂萃取）；(iii) O.(iii) 用 HS-SPME 法提取的 O. cymbarum 主要含有 63%的倍半萜和单萜醚（α-槐 烯/反式菖蒲烯和桉叶油醇），用 SDE/溶剂萃取法提取的单萜醇（α-松油醇/ 松油醇）/烃（α-/β-蒎烯）/醚（桉叶油醇）和苯丙醚（甲基丁香酚）；以及 (iv) 用 SPME 法提取的 O. myriantha，其每个科的成分含量为 0.5%。myriantha，每个科的成分为：91%倍半萜类（双环割棉烯/割棉烯 D）-HS-SPME，72%倍半萜醇和倍半萜类/单萜烯类（鞘氨醇和双环割棉烯/δ-3-蒈烯）-SDE、和 69% 的类苯类芳香酯和倍半萜烃/醇（水杨酸苄酯和双环马可烯/α-蒈烯醇）-溶剂萃取。总之，从这些物种的木材（挥发性馏分/萃取物）中鉴定出的主要成分，由于其生物特性和芳香特性，可以分离出来并进行可持续利用/开发，其中一些成分可被不同行业/类型的产业所利用。
{"title":"Prospecting for non-timber forest products by chemical analysis of four species of Lauraceae from the Amazon region of Colombia","authors":"Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, René López-Camacho, María C. González, Osnaider J. Castillo, Martha Cervantes-Díaz, Marcela Celis","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02148-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02148-y","url":null,"abstract":"Lauraceae is a family of woody plants of economic importance mainly for their commercial exploitation as timber, as well as spices/food. Nonetheless, overexploitation is causing a decline in both the population and the associated ecosystems due to the lack of sustainability strategies and knowledge of alternative ways of utilization. The focus of this research was to determine if the secondary metabolites found/identified in the volatile fractions/ethyl acetate extracts of Aniba panurensis, Nectandra cuspidata, Ocotea cymbarum and O. myriantha from the Amazon region of Colombia (Departamento de Caquetá) would be promising/interesting for industry, so that uses/exploitation other than timber could be recommended. In this work, the chemical compositions by GC–FID/MS of the volatile fractions/total extracts (by HS–SPME/SDE/maceration) of the trunk wood of these trees were determined. The results were: (i) the volatile fractions/extracts of A. panurensis were composed of 88–94% benzenoid-type aromatic esters (benzyl salicylate and benzoate); (ii) N. cuspidata contained 95% sesquiterpenes (α-copaene and α-cubebene/germacrene D) by HS–SPME, 89% oxygenated and hydrocarbonated sesquiterpenes (τ-cadinol and δ-cadinene) by SDE, and 87% sesquiterpenes and aporphine alkaloids (α-copaene/germacrene D/δ-cadinene/α-cubebene and dicentrine/dehydrodicentrine) by solvent extraction; (iii) O. cymbarum contained mainly 63% sesquiterpenes and monoterpene ethers (α-copaene/trans-calamenene and eucalyptol) by HS–SPME, 63–85% of monoterpene alcohols (α-terpineol/borneol)/hydrocarbons (α-/β-pinenes)/ethers (eucalyptol) and phenylpropanoid ethers (methyleugenol) by SDE/solvent extraction; and (iv) for O. myriantha, the constituents per family were 91% sesquiterpenes (bicyclogermacrene/germacrene D)—HS–SPME, 72% sesquiterpene alcohols and sesquiterpenes/monoterpenes (spathulenol and bicyclogermacrene/δ-3-carene)—SDE, and 69% benzenoid-type aromatic esters and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons/alcohols (benzyl salicylate and bicyclogermacrene/α-cadinol)—solvent extraction. In conclusion, the main constituents identified in the woods (volatile fractions/extracts) of the species could be isolated and sustainably used/exploitated due to their bioproperties, as well as for their fragrant properties, some of which could be harnessed by different sectors/types of industries.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents an experimental and numerical comparison between the mechanical performance of a lightweight corrugated sandwich panel based on the tea oil camellia shell (TOCS). Hence, TOCS was mixed in two groups with Poplar particles and fibers. After that, in the experimental part, the conventional mechanical tests, including the 3-point bending test, flatwise compression, dowel bearing, and screw resistance, and in the numerical part, finite element analysis (FEA), including the normal, maximum principal, and equivalent (von Mises) stress by Ansys Mechanical software carried out. The specimens for experimental and numerical tests were prepared in transverse and longitudinal directions. Before that, the engineering data (shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio) for improving the FEA simulation were obtained from TOCS-based flat panels fabricated with a mixture of Poplar particles and fibers. The results of FEA are used to compare the mechanical behavior and failure mechanism with the results of experimental tests. According to the mean values of bending stiffness and maximum bending moment, sandwich panels made with 100% particles demonstrated an advantage in both directions. Nevertheless, the compression strength and screw resistance showed the same trend, but the dowel bearing showed higher values for panels made with fibers. The observed results of equivalent (von Mises) stress indicated a coloration with the results of failure mechanisms.
{"title":"Developing a lightweight corrugated sandwich panel based on tea oil camellia shell: correlation of experimental and numerical performance","authors":"Kamran Choupani Chaydarreh, Jingyi Tan, Yonghui Zhou, Yongtao Li, Chuanshuang Hu","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02144-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02144-2","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an experimental and numerical comparison between the mechanical performance of a lightweight corrugated sandwich panel based on the tea oil camellia shell (TOCS). Hence, TOCS was mixed in two groups with Poplar particles and fibers. After that, in the experimental part, the conventional mechanical tests, including the 3-point bending test, flatwise compression, dowel bearing, and screw resistance, and in the numerical part, finite element analysis (FEA), including the normal, maximum principal, and equivalent (von Mises) stress by Ansys Mechanical software carried out. The specimens for experimental and numerical tests were prepared in transverse and longitudinal directions. Before that, the engineering data (shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio) for improving the FEA simulation were obtained from TOCS-based flat panels fabricated with a mixture of Poplar particles and fibers. The results of FEA are used to compare the mechanical behavior and failure mechanism with the results of experimental tests. According to the mean values of bending stiffness and maximum bending moment, sandwich panels made with 100% particles demonstrated an advantage in both directions. Nevertheless, the compression strength and screw resistance showed the same trend, but the dowel bearing showed higher values for panels made with fibers. The observed results of equivalent (von Mises) stress indicated a coloration with the results of failure mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biomass-based adhesives, which are environmentally friendly and sustainable materials enabling low formaldehyde wood composites, have garnered interest. Therefore, palm kernel shells (PKS), available as industrial agricultural residue and rich in lignin, are mixed in form of fine particles with glycerol and citric acid, and tested as a candidate for binder in plywood production. The study focused on examining the effects of two factors: the quantity of adhesive used and the pressing temperature. Glycerol and citric acid are low-cost non-toxic chemicals that activate the functional groups and induce changes in the PKS component during hot pressing. Consequently, the mixtures with PKS as fine particles could cross-link with rubberwood veneer, forming a plywood panel with shear strength and bending strength that meet the requirements outlined in ISO 12466-2: part 2, and in Thai industrial standard (TIS 178-2549) for indoor use. The properties of plywood were primarily influenced by the pressing temperature rather than by the quantity of adhesive. Specifically, the temperatures 180 °C and 200 °C enhanced the extent to which the molten binder penetrated the rubberwood surface, consequently improving the mechanical properties and water resistance of the bonding.
生物质基粘合剂是一种可实现低甲醛木材复合材料的环境友好型可持续材料，已引起人们的兴趣。因此，作为工业农业残留物且富含木质素的棕榈仁壳（PKS）以细小颗粒的形式与甘油和柠檬酸混合，并作为胶合板生产中的候选粘合剂进行测试。该研究重点考察了两个因素的影响：粘合剂的使用量和压制温度。甘油和柠檬酸是低成本的无毒化学品，可在热压过程中激活官能团并诱导 PKS 成分发生变化。因此，含有细颗粒 PKS 的混合物可以与橡胶木单板交联，形成剪切强度和弯曲强度符合 ISO 12466-2：第 2 部分和泰国工业标准（TIS 178-2549）规定的室内用胶合板。胶合板的性能主要受压制温度而非粘合剂用量的影响。具体来说，180 °C 和 200 °C 的温度提高了熔融粘合剂渗透橡胶木表面的程度，从而改善了粘合的机械性能和耐水性。
{"title":"Employing a mixture of fine-particle PKS, glycerol, and citric acid as an eco-friendly binder for plywood production from rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) veneer","authors":"Rattana Choowang, Montri Luengchavanon, Jiraporn Raknarong","doi":"10.1186/s10086-024-02145-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02145-1","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass-based adhesives, which are environmentally friendly and sustainable materials enabling low formaldehyde wood composites, have garnered interest. Therefore, palm kernel shells (PKS), available as industrial agricultural residue and rich in lignin, are mixed in form of fine particles with glycerol and citric acid, and tested as a candidate for binder in plywood production. The study focused on examining the effects of two factors: the quantity of adhesive used and the pressing temperature. Glycerol and citric acid are low-cost non-toxic chemicals that activate the functional groups and induce changes in the PKS component during hot pressing. Consequently, the mixtures with PKS as fine particles could cross-link with rubberwood veneer, forming a plywood panel with shear strength and bending strength that meet the requirements outlined in ISO 12466-2: part 2, and in Thai industrial standard (TIS 178-2549) for indoor use. The properties of plywood were primarily influenced by the pressing temperature rather than by the quantity of adhesive. Specifically, the temperatures 180 °C and 200 °C enhanced the extent to which the molten binder penetrated the rubberwood surface, consequently improving the mechanical properties and water resistance of the bonding.","PeriodicalId":17664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Science","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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