Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.30
Emma Cardeli, Seethalakshmi Davis, B. H. Ellis
Vulnerable populations have unique issues that need to be considered in the development and delivery of prevention and early intervention models. For these individuals, social context or stressors and support within their social environments may be particularly critical to consider in the wake of a traumatic exposure. In this chapter, the authors use a socioecological model based on Bronfennbrenner’s ecology of human development, dividing an individual’s environment into progressively broader levels, here focusing primarily on the microsystem. They discuss some of the environmental factors that are important to consider when planning and implementing prevention and early-intervention programs for vulnerable populations, including an exploration of these factors in the case of refugee children.
{"title":"Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Vulnerable Populations","authors":"Emma Cardeli, Seethalakshmi Davis, B. H. Ellis","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"Vulnerable populations have unique issues that need to be considered in the development and delivery of prevention and early intervention models. For these individuals, social context or stressors and support within their social environments may be particularly critical to consider in the wake of a traumatic exposure. In this chapter, the authors use a socioecological model based on Bronfennbrenner’s ecology of human development, dividing an individual’s environment into progressively broader levels, here focusing primarily on the microsystem. They discuss some of the environmental factors that are important to consider when planning and implementing prevention and early-intervention programs for vulnerable populations, including an exploration of these factors in the case of refugee children.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127685867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.19
R. Bryant
Since the acute stress disorder (ASD) diagnosis was introduced in the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), there has been considerable research on and clinical attention to the role of acute traumatic stress responses. This chapter commences with an overview of the history of ASD, including its rationale and its initial diagnostic definition. It provides an outline of findings accrued since ASD’s introduction, and particularly regarding the structure of ASD, its relationship to subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the evidence regarding the role of dissociation. The changes to the conceptualization and definition of ASD in DSM-5 are outlined. The available measurement tools for acute stress reactions are then discussed, although at the current time these have not yet been validated for the DSM-5 criteria. Additional important evidence regarding acute traumatic stress is also reviewed, including how biological and cognitive factors need to be considered when conducting an assessment of people in the acute period after trauma exposure.
{"title":"Assessing Acute Stress Symptoms","authors":"R. Bryant","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Since the acute stress disorder (ASD) diagnosis was introduced in the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), there has been considerable research on and clinical attention to the role of acute traumatic stress responses. This chapter commences with an overview of the history of ASD, including its rationale and its initial diagnostic definition. It provides an outline of findings accrued since ASD’s introduction, and particularly regarding the structure of ASD, its relationship to subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the evidence regarding the role of dissociation. The changes to the conceptualization and definition of ASD in DSM-5 are outlined. The available measurement tools for acute stress reactions are then discussed, although at the current time these have not yet been validated for the DSM-5 criteria. Additional important evidence regarding acute traumatic stress is also reviewed, including how biological and cognitive factors need to be considered when conducting an assessment of people in the acute period after trauma exposure.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115867815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.4
N. Feeny, A. Klein, Kathy Benhamou
This chapter reviews current diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), including changes to the criteria from DSM-IV. PTSD frequently co-occurs and shares symptoms with other conditions, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Research suggests that syndromally indistinct symptoms are not sufficient to explain comorbidity and may be central to the PTSD diagnosis. The diagnostic utility and specificity of individual symptoms is discussed as is the latent structure of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. The chapter then discusses boundaries between PTSD and other commonly comorbid conditions, with an emphasis on borderline personality disorder, complicated grief, and a discussion of childhood trauma and complex PTSD. Recent evidence regarding the construct of complex PTSD is also discussed. Finally, the cross-cultural validity of the PTSD diagnosis is reviewed.
{"title":"Classification of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"N. Feeny, A. Klein, Kathy Benhamou","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews current diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), including changes to the criteria from DSM-IV. PTSD frequently co-occurs and shares symptoms with other conditions, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Research suggests that syndromally indistinct symptoms are not sufficient to explain comorbidity and may be central to the PTSD diagnosis. The diagnostic utility and specificity of individual symptoms is discussed as is the latent structure of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. The chapter then discusses boundaries between PTSD and other commonly comorbid conditions, with an emphasis on borderline personality disorder, complicated grief, and a discussion of childhood trauma and complex PTSD. Recent evidence regarding the construct of complex PTSD is also discussed. Finally, the cross-cultural validity of the PTSD diagnosis is reviewed.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132749077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.2
D. Kilpatrick
The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis was introduced 40 years ago in DSM-III, and controversy has existed ever since over what constitutes a criterion A stressor or a potentially traumatic event (PTE). This controversy was compounded by the radically different approach taken by the World Health Organization in defining PTSD and complex PTSD in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. These PTE definitions have considerable research, clinical, and legal implications because exposure to a qualifying PTE is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. This chapter reviews the history of criterion A, essential elements of assessing PTE exposure, conditional risk of PTSD associated with specific PTEs, and situational and demographic variables likely to increase risk of PTSD. Significant attention is given to controversies surrounding criterion A and qualifying PTEs, as well as limitations of extant research. Recommendations are included for future research and clinical assessment with particular emphasis on the importance of comprehensive assessment that maximizes detection of criterion A PTE exposure and PTSD assessment strategies that capture the effects of exposure to more than one criterion A stressor.
{"title":"Defining Potentially Traumatic Events","authors":"D. Kilpatrick","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis was introduced 40 years ago in DSM-III, and controversy has existed ever since over what constitutes a criterion A stressor or a potentially traumatic event (PTE). This controversy was compounded by the radically different approach taken by the World Health Organization in defining PTSD and complex PTSD in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. These PTE definitions have considerable research, clinical, and legal implications because exposure to a qualifying PTE is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. This chapter reviews the history of criterion A, essential elements of assessing PTE exposure, conditional risk of PTSD associated with specific PTEs, and situational and demographic variables likely to increase risk of PTSD. Significant attention is given to controversies surrounding criterion A and qualifying PTEs, as well as limitations of extant research. Recommendations are included for future research and clinical assessment with particular emphasis on the importance of comprehensive assessment that maximizes detection of criterion A PTE exposure and PTSD assessment strategies that capture the effects of exposure to more than one criterion A stressor.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128681760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.22
B. Hall
Assessment of mental ill health among non-Western populations provides a critical pathway to culturally relevant and appropriate models of treatment. Assessment within diverse cultural groups is complicated by a number of factors including differing illness beliefs, idioms of distress, and validity of assessment instruments. Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in diverse populations requires cultural awareness, humility, and respect for alternative conceptualizations of suffering. Although PTSD is a commonly experienced disorder following traumatic exposure, for some populations, it may not be the essential diagnosis, or the most appropriate illness concept to capture posttraumatic reactions. This chapter highlights significant guideposts in the field of cross-cultural assessment that can encourage clinicians and researchers to adapt to the changing landscape of trauma assessment globally. A particular emphasis is given to cross-cultural scale adaptation, and how the dominant diagnostic systems incorporate culture.
{"title":"Assessment of PTSD in Non-Western Cultures","authors":"B. Hall","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of mental ill health among non-Western populations provides a critical pathway to culturally relevant and appropriate models of treatment. Assessment within diverse cultural groups is complicated by a number of factors including differing illness beliefs, idioms of distress, and validity of assessment instruments. Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in diverse populations requires cultural awareness, humility, and respect for alternative conceptualizations of suffering. Although PTSD is a commonly experienced disorder following traumatic exposure, for some populations, it may not be the essential diagnosis, or the most appropriate illness concept to capture posttraumatic reactions. This chapter highlights significant guideposts in the field of cross-cultural assessment that can encourage clinicians and researchers to adapt to the changing landscape of trauma assessment globally. A particular emphasis is given to cross-cultural scale adaptation, and how the dominant diagnostic systems incorporate culture.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115889973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.14
Peter C Tappenden, Laura C. Pratchett, R. Yehuda
Although the majority of the world’s population will be exposed to trauma, only a small minority will subsequently develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Efforts to distinguish those at risk for long-term symptoms have identified several neuroanatomical and biological characteristics as well as peritraumatic responses as candidate indicators. Recent advances in analyzing molecular and genetic contributions to risk and data from prospective longitudinal cohort studies have further contributed to our evolving understanding of risk factors for the development of PTSD and longer-term outcomes. This chapter will discuss key findings from research on pre-, peri-, and posttrauma exposure biological contributions to PTSD.
{"title":"Biological Contributions to PTSD","authors":"Peter C Tappenden, Laura C. Pratchett, R. Yehuda","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"Although the majority of the world’s population will be exposed to trauma, only a small minority will subsequently develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Efforts to distinguish those at risk for long-term symptoms have identified several neuroanatomical and biological characteristics as well as peritraumatic responses as candidate indicators. Recent advances in analyzing molecular and genetic contributions to risk and data from prospective longitudinal cohort studies have further contributed to our evolving understanding of risk factors for the development of PTSD and longer-term outcomes. This chapter will discuss key findings from research on pre-, peri-, and posttrauma exposure biological contributions to PTSD.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121153631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.29
L. Brown, E. Foa
A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter discusses prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a structured treatment program that uses in vivo exposure and imaginal exposure/processing as the core treatment elements. The chapter provides a description of the treatment program. It also discusses emotional processing theory (EPT) and underlying mechanisms of PE, including fear activation and modification of dysfunctional beliefs. The chapter then reviews empirical studies that demonstrated the efficacy of PE across trauma types, treatment settings, and cultures. Finally, limitations and future research directions are discussed.
{"title":"Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments","authors":"L. Brown, E. Foa","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter discusses prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a structured treatment program that uses in vivo exposure and imaginal exposure/processing as the core treatment elements. The chapter provides a description of the treatment program. It also discusses emotional processing theory (EPT) and underlying mechanisms of PE, including fear activation and modification of dysfunctional beliefs. The chapter then reviews empirical studies that demonstrated the efficacy of PE across trauma types, treatment settings, and cultures. Finally, limitations and future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122946659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.1
J. Beck, D. Sloan
The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have long been recognized in medicine, history, literature, and philosophy. This chapter provides an introduction and overview to this handbook, focusing on the historical context that underlies current issues within the trauma literature. This handbook contains eight parts, focusing on classification and phenomenology; epidemiology and special populations; contributions from theory, assessment, prevention, and early intervention; treatment; and dissemination/implementation and ending with a chapter highlighting future directions. The historical underpinnings of each area are delineated, with attention to their linkage with current research. The hope for this revised edition of the Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders is to facilitate linkages among cross-cutting areas of study and clinical application, while providing concise, up-to-date reviews of current knowledge.
{"title":"Traumatic Stress Disorders","authors":"J. Beck, D. Sloan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have long been recognized in medicine, history, literature, and philosophy. This chapter provides an introduction and overview to this handbook, focusing on the historical context that underlies current issues within the trauma literature. This handbook contains eight parts, focusing on classification and phenomenology; epidemiology and special populations; contributions from theory, assessment, prevention, and early intervention; treatment; and dissemination/implementation and ending with a chapter highlighting future directions. The historical underpinnings of each area are delineated, with attention to their linkage with current research. The hope for this revised edition of the Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders is to facilitate linkages among cross-cutting areas of study and clinical application, while providing concise, up-to-date reviews of current knowledge.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128254799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.34
Monika M. Stojek, Andrew M. Sherrill, Trevor M. Stevens, B. Rothbaum
Trauma-focused therapies, particularly prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy, are recommended as first-line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a subset of patients refuse, fail to respond, or respond only partially to these interventions. This chapter outlines numerous promising adaptions of and augmentation methods for existing evidence-based PTSD treatments in an effort to improve outcomes for all treatment seekers. These include couple- and family-based adaptions of PTSD treatment, augmenting psychotherapy with pharmacological and neurostimulation interventions, the use of Internet-based and smartphone-based platforms to deliver PTSD treatment, and the use of complementary and integrative medicine approaches to supplement evidence-based psychotherapy. Also reviewed is the evidence for using complementary and integrative medicine approaches to target sleep disturbances. Although many of these approaches are in preliminary stages of development and require further study, they represent important progress in helping clinicians better serve the many needs of individuals with PTSD.
{"title":"Promising Psychological Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"Monika M. Stojek, Andrew M. Sherrill, Trevor M. Stevens, B. Rothbaum","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"Trauma-focused therapies, particularly prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy, are recommended as first-line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a subset of patients refuse, fail to respond, or respond only partially to these interventions. This chapter outlines numerous promising adaptions of and augmentation methods for existing evidence-based PTSD treatments in an effort to improve outcomes for all treatment seekers. These include couple- and family-based adaptions of PTSD treatment, augmenting psychotherapy with pharmacological and neurostimulation interventions, the use of Internet-based and smartphone-based platforms to deliver PTSD treatment, and the use of complementary and integrative medicine approaches to supplement evidence-based psychotherapy. Also reviewed is the evidence for using complementary and integrative medicine approaches to target sleep disturbances. Although many of these approaches are in preliminary stages of development and require further study, they represent important progress in helping clinicians better serve the many needs of individuals with PTSD.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132821471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.11
Damion J. Grasso
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to a broad range of events that can reflect physical or psychological threats to safety, as well as deprivation of basic needs, essential resources, or caregiving necessary for children to thrive and attain healthy development. ACEs can constitute potentially traumatic experiences or nontraumatic adversities with the potential to exacerbate trauma-related impairment or compromise trauma recovery and resilience. This chapter explores ACEs in the context of trauma and trauma-related impairment across the life span. It covers research employing variable- and person-centered analytic strategies for quantifying cumulative and unique constellations of ACEs that probabilistically co-occur, contemporaneously or across development, to influence risk and resilience. Studies examining intergenerational patterns and biological correlates are introduced and progress toward delineating causal risk mechanisms discussed. In addition, several existing tools and methods for assessing ACEs in young and school-age children, adolescents, and adults are summarized. Clinical and public health implications of ACE screening in healthcare, schools, and other settings are considered, as is the clinical application of research on ACEs in trauma-specific prevention and treatment. The chapter concludes with a focus on future research priorities.
{"title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences and Traumatic Stress Disorders","authors":"Damion J. Grasso","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190088224.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to a broad range of events that can reflect physical or psychological threats to safety, as well as deprivation of basic needs, essential resources, or caregiving necessary for children to thrive and attain healthy development. ACEs can constitute potentially traumatic experiences or nontraumatic adversities with the potential to exacerbate trauma-related impairment or compromise trauma recovery and resilience. This chapter explores ACEs in the context of trauma and trauma-related impairment across the life span. It covers research employing variable- and person-centered analytic strategies for quantifying cumulative and unique constellations of ACEs that probabilistically co-occur, contemporaneously or across development, to influence risk and resilience. Studies examining intergenerational patterns and biological correlates are introduced and progress toward delineating causal risk mechanisms discussed. In addition, several existing tools and methods for assessing ACEs in young and school-age children, adolescents, and adults are summarized. Clinical and public health implications of ACE screening in healthcare, schools, and other settings are considered, as is the clinical application of research on ACEs in trauma-specific prevention and treatment. The chapter concludes with a focus on future research priorities.","PeriodicalId":177564,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorders, Second Edition","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131081595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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