C. Mesa, F. Garcés-Pineda, M. García‐Tecedor, J. Yu, B. Khezri, S. Plana-Ruiz, B. López, R. Iturbe, N. López, S. Gimenez, J. Galán‐Mascarós
The use of magnetic fields as external stimuli to improve the kinetics of electrochemical reactions is attracting substantial attention, given their potential to reduce energy losses. Despite recent reports showing a positive effect on catalytic performance upon applying a magnetic field to a working electrode, there are still many uncertainties and a lack of experimental evidence correlating the presence of the magnetic field to the electrocatalytic performance. Here, we present a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic tools that demonstrate how the presence of an external magnetic field alters the reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), accelerating the overall performance of a Ni4FeOx electrode. Complementary experimental evidence has been gathered supporting the participation of this microscopic magnetic field effect. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) points to a speed-up of the intrinsic reaction kinetics, independent of other indirect effects. In the same direction, the spectro-electrochemical fingerprint of the intermediate species that appear during the electrocatalytic cycle, as detected under operando conditions, indicates a change in the order of the reaction as a function of hole accumulation. All these experimental data confirm the direct influence of an external magnetic field on the reaction mechanism at the origin of the magnetically enhanced electrocatalytic OER.
鉴于磁场具有减少能量损失的潜力，利用磁场作为外部刺激来改善电化学反应的动力学正引起广泛关注。尽管最近有报告显示，在工作电极上施加磁场会对催化性能产生积极影响，但仍存在许多不确定性，而且缺乏实验证据证明磁场的存在与电催化性能之间存在关联。在此，我们结合电化学和光谱学工具，展示了外部磁场的存在如何改变电催化氧进化反应（OER）的反应机制，从而加速 Ni4FeOx 电极的整体性能。已收集的补充实验证据支持这种微观磁场效应的参与。电化学阻抗光谱（EIS）表明，内在反应动力学速度加快，与其他间接效应无关。同样，在操作条件下检测到的电催化循环过程中出现的中间物种的光谱电化学指纹表明，反应顺序的变化是空穴积累的函数。所有这些实验数据都证实了外部磁场对反应机制的直接影响，而这正是磁增强电催化 OER 的起源。
{"title":"Experimental evidences of the direct influence of external magnetic fields on the mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"C. Mesa, F. Garcés-Pineda, M. García‐Tecedor, J. Yu, B. Khezri, S. Plana-Ruiz, B. López, R. Iturbe, N. López, S. Gimenez, J. Galán‐Mascarós","doi":"10.1063/5.0179761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0179761","url":null,"abstract":"The use of magnetic fields as external stimuli to improve the kinetics of electrochemical reactions is attracting substantial attention, given their potential to reduce energy losses. Despite recent reports showing a positive effect on catalytic performance upon applying a magnetic field to a working electrode, there are still many uncertainties and a lack of experimental evidence correlating the presence of the magnetic field to the electrocatalytic performance. Here, we present a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic tools that demonstrate how the presence of an external magnetic field alters the reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), accelerating the overall performance of a Ni4FeOx electrode. Complementary experimental evidence has been gathered supporting the participation of this microscopic magnetic field effect. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) points to a speed-up of the intrinsic reaction kinetics, independent of other indirect effects. In the same direction, the spectro-electrochemical fingerprint of the intermediate species that appear during the electrocatalytic cycle, as detected under operando conditions, indicates a change in the order of the reaction as a function of hole accumulation. All these experimental data confirm the direct influence of an external magnetic field on the reaction mechanism at the origin of the magnetically enhanced electrocatalytic OER.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139783067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Mesa, F. Garcés-Pineda, M. García‐Tecedor, J. Yu, B. Khezri, S. Plana-Ruiz, B. López, R. Iturbe, N. López, S. Gimenez, J. Galán‐Mascarós
The use of magnetic fields as external stimuli to improve the kinetics of electrochemical reactions is attracting substantial attention, given their potential to reduce energy losses. Despite recent reports showing a positive effect on catalytic performance upon applying a magnetic field to a working electrode, there are still many uncertainties and a lack of experimental evidence correlating the presence of the magnetic field to the electrocatalytic performance. Here, we present a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic tools that demonstrate how the presence of an external magnetic field alters the reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), accelerating the overall performance of a Ni4FeOx electrode. Complementary experimental evidence has been gathered supporting the participation of this microscopic magnetic field effect. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) points to a speed-up of the intrinsic reaction kinetics, independent of other indirect effects. In the same direction, the spectro-electrochemical fingerprint of the intermediate species that appear during the electrocatalytic cycle, as detected under operando conditions, indicates a change in the order of the reaction as a function of hole accumulation. All these experimental data confirm the direct influence of an external magnetic field on the reaction mechanism at the origin of the magnetically enhanced electrocatalytic OER.
鉴于磁场具有减少能量损失的潜力，利用磁场作为外部刺激来改善电化学反应的动力学正引起广泛关注。尽管最近有报告显示，在工作电极上施加磁场会对催化性能产生积极影响，但仍存在许多不确定性，而且缺乏实验证据证明磁场的存在与电催化性能之间存在关联。在此，我们结合电化学和光谱学工具，展示了外部磁场的存在如何改变电催化氧进化反应（OER）的反应机制，从而加速 Ni4FeOx 电极的整体性能。已收集的补充实验证据支持这种微观磁场效应的参与。电化学阻抗光谱（EIS）表明，内在反应动力学速度加快，与其他间接效应无关。同样，在操作条件下检测到的电催化循环过程中出现的中间物种的光谱电化学指纹表明，反应顺序的变化是空穴积累的函数。所有这些实验数据都证实了外部磁场对反应机制的直接影响，而这正是磁增强电催化 OER 的起源。
{"title":"Experimental evidences of the direct influence of external magnetic fields on the mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"C. Mesa, F. Garcés-Pineda, M. García‐Tecedor, J. Yu, B. Khezri, S. Plana-Ruiz, B. López, R. Iturbe, N. López, S. Gimenez, J. Galán‐Mascarós","doi":"10.1063/5.0179761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0179761","url":null,"abstract":"The use of magnetic fields as external stimuli to improve the kinetics of electrochemical reactions is attracting substantial attention, given their potential to reduce energy losses. Despite recent reports showing a positive effect on catalytic performance upon applying a magnetic field to a working electrode, there are still many uncertainties and a lack of experimental evidence correlating the presence of the magnetic field to the electrocatalytic performance. Here, we present a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic tools that demonstrate how the presence of an external magnetic field alters the reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), accelerating the overall performance of a Ni4FeOx electrode. Complementary experimental evidence has been gathered supporting the participation of this microscopic magnetic field effect. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) points to a speed-up of the intrinsic reaction kinetics, independent of other indirect effects. In the same direction, the spectro-electrochemical fingerprint of the intermediate species that appear during the electrocatalytic cycle, as detected under operando conditions, indicates a change in the order of the reaction as a function of hole accumulation. All these experimental data confirm the direct influence of an external magnetic field on the reaction mechanism at the origin of the magnetically enhanced electrocatalytic OER.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"136 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139842761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriel R. McAndrews, Boyu Guo, Daniel A. Morales, A. Amassian, M. McGehee
Metal halide perovskites have the potential to contribute to renewable energy needs as a high efficiency, low-cost alternative for photovoltaics. Initial power conversion efficiencies are superb, but improvements to the operational stability of perovskites are needed to enable extensive deployment. Mechanical stress is an important, but often misunderstood factor impacting chemical degradation and reliability during thermal cycling of perovskites. In this manuscript, we find that a commonly used equation based on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between perovskite and substrate fails to accurately predict residual stress following solution-based film formation. For example, despite similar CTEs there is a 60 MPa stress difference between narrow bandgap “SnPb perovskite” Cs0.25FA0.75Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 and “triple cation perovskite” Cs0.05MA0.16FA0.79Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3. A combination of in situ absorbance and substrate curvature measurements are used to demonstrate that partial attachment prior to the anneal can reduce residual stress and explain wide stress variations in perovskites.
{"title":"How the dynamics of attachment to the substrate influence stress in metal halide perovskites","authors":"Gabriel R. McAndrews, Boyu Guo, Daniel A. Morales, A. Amassian, M. McGehee","doi":"10.1063/5.0177697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0177697","url":null,"abstract":"Metal halide perovskites have the potential to contribute to renewable energy needs as a high efficiency, low-cost alternative for photovoltaics. Initial power conversion efficiencies are superb, but improvements to the operational stability of perovskites are needed to enable extensive deployment. Mechanical stress is an important, but often misunderstood factor impacting chemical degradation and reliability during thermal cycling of perovskites. In this manuscript, we find that a commonly used equation based on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between perovskite and substrate fails to accurately predict residual stress following solution-based film formation. For example, despite similar CTEs there is a 60 MPa stress difference between narrow bandgap “SnPb perovskite” Cs0.25FA0.75Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 and “triple cation perovskite” Cs0.05MA0.16FA0.79Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3. A combination of in situ absorbance and substrate curvature measurements are used to demonstrate that partial attachment prior to the anneal can reduce residual stress and explain wide stress variations in perovskites.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":" 68","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138620556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jay N. Mishra, P. Jha, P. Jha, Parvin K. Singh, Suman Roy Choudhary, Prabhakar Singh
Electrocatalytic proton exchange membranes (PEMs) represent a promising avenue for advancing the field of electrochemical energy conversion and storage by combining the proton-conducting function of PEMs with enhanced catalytic activity by incorporation of metal ions. Here, we systematically studied the ZnO-based metal-organic framework (MOF) and found the introduction of pegylated ZnO to the (diethyl methylamine)/(H2PO4) matrix to form the p-type conducting MOF membrane with a bandgap of 3.67 eV. This membrane not only has a high protonic conductivity of 0.027 S/cm at 300 K with a transference number >0.99 but also possesses high activity (Tafel slope ∼36 mV/decade). The high reaction kinetics supported by finite element modeling simulations shows its ability to produce efficient and sustainable hydrogen. Our results suggest high current density of 1.52 mA/cm2, a turn over frequency [H2 (s−1)] ∼0.474×1018s−1, and a stability of 168 h in neutral medium (pH = 7). This work will enhance new strategies for fabricating membranes with ionic liquid in order to get membranes with protonic conductivity along with high activity for large-scale water electrolysis.
电催化质子交换膜（PEM）将质子交换膜的质子传导功能与通过加入金属离子而增强的催化活性相结合，是推动电化学能量转换和存储领域发展的一条大有可为的途径。在此，我们系统地研究了氧化锌基金属有机框架（MOF），发现在（二乙基甲胺）/（H2PO4）基质中引入聚合氧化锌可形成带隙为 3.67 eV 的 p 型导电 MOF 膜。这种膜不仅在 300 K 时具有 0.027 S/cm 的高质子电导率，转移数大于 0.99，而且还具有高活性（Tafel 斜率∼36 mV/decade）。有限元建模模拟支持的高反应动力学表明，它有能力生产高效、可持续的氢气。我们的研究结果表明，其电流密度高达 1.52 mA/cm2，翻转频率 [H2 (s-1)] ∼ 0.474×1018s-1，在中性介质（pH = 7）中的稳定性达 168 h。这项工作将为利用离子液体制造膜提供新的策略，从而获得具有质子电导率和高活性的膜，用于大规模水电解。
{"title":"ZnO incorporated hybrid catalytic proton exchange membrane for H2 generation","authors":"Jay N. Mishra, P. Jha, P. Jha, Parvin K. Singh, Suman Roy Choudhary, Prabhakar Singh","doi":"10.1063/5.0166260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166260","url":null,"abstract":"Electrocatalytic proton exchange membranes (PEMs) represent a promising avenue for advancing the field of electrochemical energy conversion and storage by combining the proton-conducting function of PEMs with enhanced catalytic activity by incorporation of metal ions. Here, we systematically studied the ZnO-based metal-organic framework (MOF) and found the introduction of pegylated ZnO to the (diethyl methylamine)/(H2PO4) matrix to form the p-type conducting MOF membrane with a bandgap of 3.67 eV. This membrane not only has a high protonic conductivity of 0.027 S/cm at 300 K with a transference number >0.99 but also possesses high activity (Tafel slope ∼36 mV/decade). The high reaction kinetics supported by finite element modeling simulations shows its ability to produce efficient and sustainable hydrogen. Our results suggest high current density of 1.52 mA/cm2, a turn over frequency [H2 (s−1)] ∼0.474×1018s−1, and a stability of 168 h in neutral medium (pH = 7). This work will enhance new strategies for fabricating membranes with ionic liquid in order to get membranes with protonic conductivity along with high activity for large-scale water electrolysis.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139200435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Algueró, Layiq Zia, Ricardo Jiménez, H. Amorín, Í. Bretos, Adriana Barreto, G. H. Jaffari, E. Rodríguez-Castellón, Pablo Ramos, M. Calzada
Simple and cost-effective procedures for the direct integration of ferroelectric perovskite oxides into Ni structures are necessary to realize related multifunctional metallic microelectromechanical systems, such as dual-source energy harvesters. This is especially difficult in the case of lead-containing morphotropic phase boundary materials for high piezoelectric response because the two components are thermodynamically incompatible and the formation of NiOx or perovskite oxide reduction takes place depending on the processing conditions. We show here that low-temperature solution processing is an effective means to kinetically limit nickel oxidation, capable of providing BiFeO3–PbTiO3 films on Ni plates at only 500 °C. Bulk-like ferroelectric properties and a distinctive magnetoelectric response were attained. This perovskite system, not explored before on Ni, has a much larger switchable polarization than the widely studied Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, and it is shown here to present an excellent downscaling behavior of ferroelectric properties until the verge of the nanoscale.
要实现相关的多功能金属微机电系统（如双源能量收集器），就必须采用简单且具有成本效益的程序，将铁电渗晶石氧化物直接集成到镍结构中。这对于实现高压电响应的含铅各向异性相界材料来说尤其困难，因为这两种成分在热力学上是不相容的，根据加工条件的不同，会形成氧化镍或包晶氧化物还原。我们在此表明，低温溶液处理是限制镍氧化的有效方法，只需 500 °C 就能在镍板上形成 BiFeO3-PbTiO3 薄膜。这种薄膜具有类似于块状铁电体的特性和独特的磁电响应。与广泛研究的 Pb(Zr,Ti)O3相比，这种以前从未在镍上探索过的包晶体系具有更大的可切换极化，而且它在纳米尺度边缘的铁电特性具有极佳的降尺度特性。
{"title":"Bulk-like ferroelectricity and magnetoelectric response of low-temperature solution-processed BiFeO3–PbTiO3 films on Ni for metallic MEMS","authors":"M. Algueró, Layiq Zia, Ricardo Jiménez, H. Amorín, Í. Bretos, Adriana Barreto, G. H. Jaffari, E. Rodríguez-Castellón, Pablo Ramos, M. Calzada","doi":"10.1063/5.0172616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172616","url":null,"abstract":"Simple and cost-effective procedures for the direct integration of ferroelectric perovskite oxides into Ni structures are necessary to realize related multifunctional metallic microelectromechanical systems, such as dual-source energy harvesters. This is especially difficult in the case of lead-containing morphotropic phase boundary materials for high piezoelectric response because the two components are thermodynamically incompatible and the formation of NiOx or perovskite oxide reduction takes place depending on the processing conditions. We show here that low-temperature solution processing is an effective means to kinetically limit nickel oxidation, capable of providing BiFeO3–PbTiO3 films on Ni plates at only 500 °C. Bulk-like ferroelectric properties and a distinctive magnetoelectric response were attained. This perovskite system, not explored before on Ni, has a much larger switchable polarization than the widely studied Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, and it is shown here to present an excellent downscaling behavior of ferroelectric properties until the verge of the nanoscale.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"58 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139251542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carl Gotzmer, Louis F. DeChiaro, Kenneth Conley, Marc Litz, Marshall Millett, Jesse Ewing, L. Forsley, Karen J. Long, William A. Wichart, P. Mosier-Boss, John Sullivan, Efrem Perry, O. Barham
In 2013, the U.S. Navy disclosed an electrochemistry procedure intended to produce MeV-energy nuclear particles, based on eV-energy electrical inputs, which may be indicative of a new scientific phenomenon. This work is based on the 2013 disclosure and shows initial evidence validating the prior claims of nuclear particle generation. Additionally, several variations on the 2013 electrochemical recipe are made in order to find a highly repeatable recipe for future replications by other teams. The experiments described here produced dense collections of tracks in solid-state nuclear track detectors, radio frequency (RF) emissions, and anomalous heat flux, which are indicative of potential nuclear, or unusual chemical, reactions. Experimental results include tracks in solid-state nuclear track detectors similar in size to tracks produced by 4.7 MeV alpha particles on identical detectors exposed to radioactive Th-230; RF pulses up to 6 dB above the noise floor, which indicate that these signals were likely not background noise and not caused by known chemical reactions; and heat flux of 10 s of kJ, measured to 6σ significance, over and above input electrical energy, indicative of unknown exothermic reactions. Six out of six nuclear track detectors, utilized in experiments and interrogated for tracks post-experiment, produced positive results that our team attributes to thousands of individual particle impacts in dense clusters, likely with energies between 0.1 and 20 MeV. Similar nuclear particle, thermal, and RF results have separately appeared in prior reports, but in this work, all three categories of anomalous behavior are reported. Results indicate that the 2013 procedure may be a useful guide toward a set of highly repeatable reference experiments, showing initial but not overwhelming evidence of a new scientific phenomenon. Repeatable recipes are shared so that other groups may replicate and extend the present work.
{"title":"Li–Pd–Rh-D2O electrochemistry experiments at elevated voltage","authors":"Carl Gotzmer, Louis F. DeChiaro, Kenneth Conley, Marc Litz, Marshall Millett, Jesse Ewing, L. Forsley, Karen J. Long, William A. Wichart, P. Mosier-Boss, John Sullivan, Efrem Perry, O. Barham","doi":"10.1063/5.0153487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0153487","url":null,"abstract":"In 2013, the U.S. Navy disclosed an electrochemistry procedure intended to produce MeV-energy nuclear particles, based on eV-energy electrical inputs, which may be indicative of a new scientific phenomenon. This work is based on the 2013 disclosure and shows initial evidence validating the prior claims of nuclear particle generation. Additionally, several variations on the 2013 electrochemical recipe are made in order to find a highly repeatable recipe for future replications by other teams. The experiments described here produced dense collections of tracks in solid-state nuclear track detectors, radio frequency (RF) emissions, and anomalous heat flux, which are indicative of potential nuclear, or unusual chemical, reactions. Experimental results include tracks in solid-state nuclear track detectors similar in size to tracks produced by 4.7 MeV alpha particles on identical detectors exposed to radioactive Th-230; RF pulses up to 6 dB above the noise floor, which indicate that these signals were likely not background noise and not caused by known chemical reactions; and heat flux of 10 s of kJ, measured to 6σ significance, over and above input electrical energy, indicative of unknown exothermic reactions. Six out of six nuclear track detectors, utilized in experiments and interrogated for tracks post-experiment, produced positive results that our team attributes to thousands of individual particle impacts in dense clusters, likely with energies between 0.1 and 20 MeV. Similar nuclear particle, thermal, and RF results have separately appeared in prior reports, but in this work, all three categories of anomalous behavior are reported. Results indicate that the 2013 procedure may be a useful guide toward a set of highly repeatable reference experiments, showing initial but not overwhelming evidence of a new scientific phenomenon. Repeatable recipes are shared so that other groups may replicate and extend the present work.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefan Zeiske, P. Meredith, Ardalan Armin, Gregory Burwell
Indoor photovoltaic (IPV) devices are poised to make a significant contribution to the proliferation of the “Internet of Things” (IoT). For the accurate intercomparison of IPVs (and, hence, to advance the rational development of the technology), lighting conditions representative of those in typical indoor settings must be created reproducibly. As indoor lighting is invariably broadband, this will typically require the use of optical attenuation to achieve varying irradiance conditions at the device under test location. However, most forms of optical attenuation will suffer from some degree of spectral dispersion, creating sources of uncertainty for key figures of merit, such as power conversion efficiency. In this work, we examine the contribution of the mode of optical attenuation to the accurate characterization of IPV systems. We discuss requirements for broadband light source attenuation for the accurate characterization of photovoltaic devices under indoor illumination and consider the importance of using suitable reference devices for light intensity calibration. Furthermore, we experimentally verify attenuation methods typically used, including power control of the light source itself, use of neutral density filters, and advanced attenuation based on tandem prism attenuators. Finally, spectral shape alteration-induced uncertainties in performance parameter determination of photovoltaic cells under indoor illumination are quantified for three common broadband light attenuation methods, where we found ∼2%, ∼6%, and up to ∼15% ambiguity in photovoltaic device efficiency when using LED power control, prism attenuators, and neutral density filter-based broadband light attenuation, respectively.
{"title":"Importance of spectrally invariant broadband attenuation of light in indoor photovoltaic characterization","authors":"Stefan Zeiske, P. Meredith, Ardalan Armin, Gregory Burwell","doi":"10.1063/5.0159289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0159289","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor photovoltaic (IPV) devices are poised to make a significant contribution to the proliferation of the “Internet of Things” (IoT). For the accurate intercomparison of IPVs (and, hence, to advance the rational development of the technology), lighting conditions representative of those in typical indoor settings must be created reproducibly. As indoor lighting is invariably broadband, this will typically require the use of optical attenuation to achieve varying irradiance conditions at the device under test location. However, most forms of optical attenuation will suffer from some degree of spectral dispersion, creating sources of uncertainty for key figures of merit, such as power conversion efficiency. In this work, we examine the contribution of the mode of optical attenuation to the accurate characterization of IPV systems. We discuss requirements for broadband light source attenuation for the accurate characterization of photovoltaic devices under indoor illumination and consider the importance of using suitable reference devices for light intensity calibration. Furthermore, we experimentally verify attenuation methods typically used, including power control of the light source itself, use of neutral density filters, and advanced attenuation based on tandem prism attenuators. Finally, spectral shape alteration-induced uncertainties in performance parameter determination of photovoltaic cells under indoor illumination are quantified for three common broadband light attenuation methods, where we found ∼2%, ∼6%, and up to ∼15% ambiguity in photovoltaic device efficiency when using LED power control, prism attenuators, and neutral density filter-based broadband light attenuation, respectively.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131059812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sean Peedle, Damilola Adeleye, Sudhanshu Shukla, S. Siebentritt, R. Oliver, Gunnar Kusch
As Si-based solar cell technologies approach their theoretical efficiency limits, alternative photovoltaic systems, such as tandem solar cells, are gathering increased attention due to their potential to reach higher efficiencies by better use of the solar spectrum. Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) is a promising material for the top cell due to its large, tunable bandgap energy (Eg), stability, and already established high efficiencies. However, the deficit in open circuit voltage is still large; therefore, an improved understanding of the efficiency losses is required. Scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence was used to study the role of the polycrystalline nature for radiative recombination in CIGS samples of varying Cu-content. Considerable differences between neighboring grains were observed in the emission energy and the emission intensity, with significant drops in emission energy at the grain boundaries. Lateral homogeneity in the near band edge (NBE) energy was found to reduce for samples with Cu-poor compositions, with its standard deviation halving (σNBE ∼ 20 meV) compared to the more stoichiometric films (σNBE ∼ 50 meV), which corresponds to an open circuit voltage loss contribution that is nearly an order of magnitude lower. Such inhomogeneities can be attributed mainly to local variations of the Ga concentration. Hence, the differences between the samples could be explained by the different deposition times at elevated temperature allowing for different extents of homogeneity. Thus, Cu-poor films are not only favorable because of lower concentrations of deep defects but also because of reduced bandgap variations.
{"title":"Role of nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities in limiting the open circuit voltage in Cu(In,Ga)S2 solar cells","authors":"Sean Peedle, Damilola Adeleye, Sudhanshu Shukla, S. Siebentritt, R. Oliver, Gunnar Kusch","doi":"10.1063/5.0145450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145450","url":null,"abstract":"As Si-based solar cell technologies approach their theoretical efficiency limits, alternative photovoltaic systems, such as tandem solar cells, are gathering increased attention due to their potential to reach higher efficiencies by better use of the solar spectrum. Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) is a promising material for the top cell due to its large, tunable bandgap energy (Eg), stability, and already established high efficiencies. However, the deficit in open circuit voltage is still large; therefore, an improved understanding of the efficiency losses is required. Scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence was used to study the role of the polycrystalline nature for radiative recombination in CIGS samples of varying Cu-content. Considerable differences between neighboring grains were observed in the emission energy and the emission intensity, with significant drops in emission energy at the grain boundaries. Lateral homogeneity in the near band edge (NBE) energy was found to reduce for samples with Cu-poor compositions, with its standard deviation halving (σNBE ∼ 20 meV) compared to the more stoichiometric films (σNBE ∼ 50 meV), which corresponds to an open circuit voltage loss contribution that is nearly an order of magnitude lower. Such inhomogeneities can be attributed mainly to local variations of the Ga concentration. Hence, the differences between the samples could be explained by the different deposition times at elevated temperature allowing for different extents of homogeneity. Thus, Cu-poor films are not only favorable because of lower concentrations of deep defects but also because of reduced bandgap variations.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125893174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabian Schmitz, Ribhu Bhatia, F. Lamberti, Simone Meloni, T. Gatti
The need for self-powered electronics is progressively growing in parallel with the flourishing of the Internet of Things (IoT). Although batteries are dominating as powering devices, other small systems, such as piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic systems, are attracting attention. These last ones can be adapted from their classical outdoor configuration to work preferentially under indoor illumination, i.e., by harvesting the spectrum emitted by LEDs and/or fluorescent lamps. However, crystalline silicon, the classical photovoltaic material for solar panels, has a bandgap not suitable for ensuring good efficiency with such spectra. With wider bandgaps, other semiconductors can come into play for this task. Still, the materials of choice, having to be integrated within households, should also satisfy the criterion of non-toxicity and maintain low-cost production. While lead-based halide perovskites cannot represent a valuable solution for this scope, due to the strong environmental and health concerns associated with the presence of Pb, analogous compounds based on the heaviest pnictogens, i.e., bismuth and antimony, could work as sustainable light-harvesters for indoor photovoltaic devices. In this Review, we focus on reporting the most recent developments of three compounds of this class: The double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 is first chosen as a model system for the other two, which are emerging perovskite-inspired materials, namely, Cs3Sb2I9−xClx and bismuth oxyiodide. We show the potential of these semiconductors to play a crucial role in the future market of self-powering IoT devices, which will become a large class of devices in the electronics industry in the upcoming years.
{"title":"Heavy pnictogens-based perovskite-inspired materials: Sustainable light-harvesters for indoor photovoltaics","authors":"Fabian Schmitz, Ribhu Bhatia, F. Lamberti, Simone Meloni, T. Gatti","doi":"10.1063/5.0161023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0161023","url":null,"abstract":"The need for self-powered electronics is progressively growing in parallel with the flourishing of the Internet of Things (IoT). Although batteries are dominating as powering devices, other small systems, such as piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic systems, are attracting attention. These last ones can be adapted from their classical outdoor configuration to work preferentially under indoor illumination, i.e., by harvesting the spectrum emitted by LEDs and/or fluorescent lamps. However, crystalline silicon, the classical photovoltaic material for solar panels, has a bandgap not suitable for ensuring good efficiency with such spectra. With wider bandgaps, other semiconductors can come into play for this task. Still, the materials of choice, having to be integrated within households, should also satisfy the criterion of non-toxicity and maintain low-cost production. While lead-based halide perovskites cannot represent a valuable solution for this scope, due to the strong environmental and health concerns associated with the presence of Pb, analogous compounds based on the heaviest pnictogens, i.e., bismuth and antimony, could work as sustainable light-harvesters for indoor photovoltaic devices. In this Review, we focus on reporting the most recent developments of three compounds of this class: The double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 is first chosen as a model system for the other two, which are emerging perovskite-inspired materials, namely, Cs3Sb2I9−xClx and bismuth oxyiodide. We show the potential of these semiconductors to play a crucial role in the future market of self-powering IoT devices, which will become a large class of devices in the electronics industry in the upcoming years.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129602893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Marongiu, Stefano Lai, Fang Liu, A. Simbula, F. Quochi, M. Saba, A. Mura, G. Bongiovanni
Lead-free halide double perovskites are stable and versatile materials for a wide range of applications, particularly for lighting, thanks to their very efficient emission of warm white light. Element substitution in halide double perovskite is recognized as a powerful method for tuning the emission wavelength and improve the efficiency. This review provides an overview on composition and recent progress in halide double perovskite with main focus on the synthesis and emission properties of chloride-based compounds.
{"title":"Halide double-perovskites: High efficient light emission and beyond","authors":"D. Marongiu, Stefano Lai, Fang Liu, A. Simbula, F. Quochi, M. Saba, A. Mura, G. Bongiovanni","doi":"10.1063/5.0152473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0152473","url":null,"abstract":"Lead-free halide double perovskites are stable and versatile materials for a wide range of applications, particularly for lighting, thanks to their very efficient emission of warm white light. Element substitution in halide double perovskite is recognized as a powerful method for tuning the emission wavelength and improve the efficiency. This review provides an overview on composition and recent progress in halide double perovskite with main focus on the synthesis and emission properties of chloride-based compounds.","PeriodicalId":178574,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134128080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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