Specimens of 3 species of Neoechinorhynchus Stiles and Hassall, 1905, were collected from a number of species of marine fish along the Pacific coast of Vietnam. New information is added to the descriptions of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) longnucleatus Amin, Ha, and Ha, 2011, and its wider host and geographical distribution are reported. Similarly, more descriptive information and host and geographical records are added to our knowledge of Neoechinorhynchus (Hebosoma) manubrianus Amin, Ha, and Ha, 2011, and Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) dimorphospinus Amin and Sey, 1996 . The latter species was previously known only from the Persian Gulf. The presence of the para-receptacle structure was documented in all 3 species of Neoechinorhynchus reported. The molecular characterization of N. dimorphospinus was carried out using a partial 18S rDNA sequence. The phylogenetic analysis showed that most species of Neoechinorhynchus are very closely related, while N. dimorphospinus was distinct from others in the tree. Metal analysis of hooks of N. dimorphospinus using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis also distinguished its characteristic finger print of high phosphorus and calcium and low sulfur levels.
本文于1905年在越南太平洋沿岸的多种海鱼中采集了3种新石器鸟(neechinorhynchus Stiles and Hassall)标本。本文对Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) longnucleatus Amin, Ha, and Ha, 2011的描述进行了补充，并报道了其更广泛的寄主和地理分布。同样，我们对neechinorhynchus (Hebosoma) manubrianus Amin, Ha, and Ha(2011)和neechinorhynchus (neechinorhynchus) dimorphospinus Amin and Sey(1996)的认识也增加了更多的描述性信息以及宿主和地理记录。后一种以前只在波斯湾发现。所报道的3种新颈喙鸟均有鼻托旁结构的存在。利用部分18S rDNA序列对二morphospinus进行了分子鉴定。系统发育分析表明，大多数新棘喙龙种的亲缘关系非常近，而二morphospinus种与其他种的亲缘关系不同。利用能量色散x射线分析方法对二morphospinus钩进行金属分析，发现其高磷、高钙、低硫的特征指纹。
{"title":"On Three Species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from the Pacific Ocean off Vietnam with the Molecular Description of Neoechinorhynchus (N.) dimorphospinus Amin and Sey, 1996.","authors":"O. Amin, M. Sharifdini, R. Heckmann, N. V. Ha","doi":"10.1645/19-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-29","url":null,"abstract":"Specimens of 3 species of Neoechinorhynchus Stiles and Hassall, 1905, were collected from a number of species of marine fish along the Pacific coast of Vietnam. New information is added to the descriptions of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) longnucleatus Amin, Ha, and Ha, 2011, and its wider host and geographical distribution are reported. Similarly, more descriptive information and host and geographical records are added to our knowledge of Neoechinorhynchus (Hebosoma) manubrianus Amin, Ha, and Ha, 2011, and Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) dimorphospinus Amin and Sey, 1996 . The latter species was previously known only from the Persian Gulf. The presence of the para-receptacle structure was documented in all 3 species of Neoechinorhynchus reported. The molecular characterization of N. dimorphospinus was carried out using a partial 18S rDNA sequence. The phylogenetic analysis showed that most species of Neoechinorhynchus are very closely related, while N. dimorphospinus was distinct from others in the tree. Metal analysis of hooks of N. dimorphospinus using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis also distinguished its characteristic finger print of high phosphorus and calcium and low sulfur levels.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"13 1","pages":"606-618"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81470953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eutrophication of aquatic habitats has become a global problem, with implications for host-parasite dynamics. Blooms of certain cyanobacteria are associated with cyanotoxins, particularly microcystins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR). These potent toxins have been shown to adversely affect freshwater fauna and can increase host susceptibility to parasite infection. However, to understand how cyanotoxins influence infection outcomes in nature, it is necessary to investigate whether free-living parasite infectious stages, such as that of trematode cercariae, are also affected given their demonstrated sensitivity to various contaminants. Here we examined the effects of environmentally relevant levels of MC-LR representing relatively high (82 μg/L) and low (11 μg/L) concentrations on the activity and survival of four different types of cercariae ( Echinostoma sp., Cephalogonimus sp., Alaria sp., and an unidentified strigeid type) over 24 hr. Exposure to MC-LR did not affect the activity of any cercarial type, nor was survival reduced. In fact, the strigeid-type cercariae had significantly increased longevity if exposed to either MC-LR solution, with the greatest longevity in the highest concentration. Our results indicate that MC-LR may have opposing effects on aquatic parasites and their hosts, potentially increasing host susceptibility but having a neutral or positive effect on motile infectious stages such as cercariae. Cyanobacterial blooms could thus enhance trematode transmission; however, the effects of other cyanotoxins must be studied, as well as a broader range of host and parasite species.
水生生境的富营养化已成为一个全球性问题，对宿主-寄生虫动力学具有影响。某些蓝藻的大量繁殖与蓝藻毒素有关，特别是微囊藻毒素，如微囊藻毒素- lr (MC-LR)。这些强效毒素已被证明对淡水动物产生不利影响，并可增加宿主对寄生虫感染的易感性。然而，为了了解蓝藻毒素在自然界中如何影响感染结果，有必要调查自由生活的寄生虫(如吸虫尾蚴)的感染阶段是否也受到影响，因为它们对各种污染物表现出敏感性。本文研究了环境相关浓度的MC-LR(高浓度(82 μg/L)和低浓度(11 μg/L)对四种不同类型尾蚴(棘球蚴、头尾虫、Alaria sp.和一种未识别的棘球蚴)24小时内活性和存活率的影响。暴露于MC-LR不影响任何子宫颈类型的活性，也没有减少存活。事实上，暴露在MC-LR溶液中的尾尾蚴寿命显著增加，且浓度最高时寿命最长。我们的研究结果表明，MC-LR可能对水生寄生虫及其宿主具有相反的作用，可能增加宿主的易感性，但对尾蚴等运动感染阶段具有中性或积极的作用。因此，蓝藻华可以增强吸虫的传播;然而，必须研究其他蓝藻毒素的影响，以及更广泛的宿主和寄生虫物种。
{"title":"Effects of a Cyanobacterial Toxin on Trematode Cercariae.","authors":"M. Milotic, D. Milotic, J. Koprivnikar","doi":"10.1645/18-170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/18-170","url":null,"abstract":"Eutrophication of aquatic habitats has become a global problem, with implications for host-parasite dynamics. Blooms of certain cyanobacteria are associated with cyanotoxins, particularly microcystins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR). These potent toxins have been shown to adversely affect freshwater fauna and can increase host susceptibility to parasite infection. However, to understand how cyanotoxins influence infection outcomes in nature, it is necessary to investigate whether free-living parasite infectious stages, such as that of trematode cercariae, are also affected given their demonstrated sensitivity to various contaminants. Here we examined the effects of environmentally relevant levels of MC-LR representing relatively high (82 μg/L) and low (11 μg/L) concentrations on the activity and survival of four different types of cercariae ( Echinostoma sp., Cephalogonimus sp., Alaria sp., and an unidentified strigeid type) over 24 hr. Exposure to MC-LR did not affect the activity of any cercarial type, nor was survival reduced. In fact, the strigeid-type cercariae had significantly increased longevity if exposed to either MC-LR solution, with the greatest longevity in the highest concentration. Our results indicate that MC-LR may have opposing effects on aquatic parasites and their hosts, potentially increasing host susceptibility but having a neutral or positive effect on motile infectious stages such as cercariae. Cyanobacterial blooms could thus enhance trematode transmission; however, the effects of other cyanotoxins must be studied, as well as a broader range of host and parasite species.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"8 1","pages":"598-605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82085389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chitoshi Sato, M. Sasaki, H. Nabeta, Masae Tomioka, S. Uga, M. Nakao
Philophthalmid eyeflukes are cosmopolitan parasites of birds and occasionally of mammals, including humans. A gravid adult of Philophthalmus sp. was found from the bulbar conjunctiva of a 64-yr-old woman in Japan, who was diagnosed with acute conjunctivitis. The parasite was morphologically most similar to Philophthalmus hegeneri, but distinctive in lacking an esophagus and in having clearly lobed testes. The DNA sequence analysis of genes for nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 supported the identification at generic level. The morphological and molecular analyses strongly suggest that the eyefluke from a human in Japan should be treated as an undescribed species of Philophthalmus. The occurrence of human philophthalmosis is very rare. As far as we know, a total of 11 human cases have been reported worldwide to date.
{"title":"A Philophthalmid Eyefluke from a Human in Japan.","authors":"Chitoshi Sato, M. Sasaki, H. Nabeta, Masae Tomioka, S. Uga, M. Nakao","doi":"10.1645/19-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-53","url":null,"abstract":"Philophthalmid eyeflukes are cosmopolitan parasites of birds and occasionally of mammals, including humans. A gravid adult of Philophthalmus sp. was found from the bulbar conjunctiva of a 64-yr-old woman in Japan, who was diagnosed with acute conjunctivitis. The parasite was morphologically most similar to Philophthalmus hegeneri, but distinctive in lacking an esophagus and in having clearly lobed testes. The DNA sequence analysis of genes for nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 supported the identification at generic level. The morphological and molecular analyses strongly suggest that the eyefluke from a human in Japan should be treated as an undescribed species of Philophthalmus. The occurrence of human philophthalmosis is very rare. As far as we know, a total of 11 human cases have been reported worldwide to date.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"13 1","pages":"619-623"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85785203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Myagmarsuren, T. Sivakumar, Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan, Batdorj Davaasuren, Myagmar Zoljargal, S. Narantsatsral, Batbold Davkharbayar, B. Mungun-Ochir, B. Battur, N. Inoue, I. Igarashi, B. Battsetseg, N. Yokoyama
Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an economically important disease with a worldwide distribution. The objective of the present study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of T. equi and B. caballi in horses reared in various Mongolian provinces. Serum samples prepared from blood collected from horses in 19 Mongolian provinces were screened for antibodies specific to T. equi and B. caballi using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant forms of T. equi merozoite antigen-2 and the B. caballi 48-kDa merozoite rhoptry protein, respectively. Of 1,282 horses analyzed, 423 (33%) and 182 (14.2%) were sero-positive for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. Additionally, 518 (40.4%) were positive for at least 1 parasite species, of which 87 (16.8%) were co-infected with both parasites. Both T. equi and B. caballi were detected in all surveyed provinces, and on a per province basis the positive rates ranged from 19.0 to 74.2% and 4.5 to 39.8%, respectively. Theileria equi- and B. caballi-positive rates were comparable between male horses (31.9 and 14.1%, respectively) and female horses (34.5 and 14.3%, respectively). However, the positive rates were higher in the >3-yr-old age group (37.7 and 15.6%, respectively) compared with the 1-3-yr-old age group (19.4 and 10.0%, respectively). These findings confirmed that T. equi and B. caballi infections are widespread among horses all over Mongolia, and that horse age is a risk factor for infection in this country. Our results will be useful for designing appropriate control measures to minimize T. equi and B. caballi infections among Mongolian horses.
{"title":"A Seroepidemiological Survey of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Horses in Mongolia.","authors":"P. Myagmarsuren, T. Sivakumar, Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan, Batdorj Davaasuren, Myagmar Zoljargal, S. Narantsatsral, Batbold Davkharbayar, B. Mungun-Ochir, B. Battur, N. Inoue, I. Igarashi, B. Battsetseg, N. Yokoyama","doi":"10.1645/18-189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/18-189","url":null,"abstract":"Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an economically important disease with a worldwide distribution. The objective of the present study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of T. equi and B. caballi in horses reared in various Mongolian provinces. Serum samples prepared from blood collected from horses in 19 Mongolian provinces were screened for antibodies specific to T. equi and B. caballi using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant forms of T. equi merozoite antigen-2 and the B. caballi 48-kDa merozoite rhoptry protein, respectively. Of 1,282 horses analyzed, 423 (33%) and 182 (14.2%) were sero-positive for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. Additionally, 518 (40.4%) were positive for at least 1 parasite species, of which 87 (16.8%) were co-infected with both parasites. Both T. equi and B. caballi were detected in all surveyed provinces, and on a per province basis the positive rates ranged from 19.0 to 74.2% and 4.5 to 39.8%, respectively. Theileria equi- and B. caballi-positive rates were comparable between male horses (31.9 and 14.1%, respectively) and female horses (34.5 and 14.3%, respectively). However, the positive rates were higher in the >3-yr-old age group (37.7 and 15.6%, respectively) compared with the 1-3-yr-old age group (19.4 and 10.0%, respectively). These findings confirmed that T. equi and B. caballi infections are widespread among horses all over Mongolia, and that horse age is a risk factor for infection in this country. Our results will be useful for designing appropriate control measures to minimize T. equi and B. caballi infections among Mongolian horses.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"2039 1","pages":"580-586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91320123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna J. Phillips, Ricardo Salas-Montiel, S. Kvist, A. Oceguera-Figueroa
A new species of medicinal leech, Macrobdella mimicus n. sp., is described from specimens collected in Maryland; this is the first description of a North American macrobdellid since 1975. Superficially, the new species resembles the well-known Macrobdella decora, as both species possess 4 accessory pores arranged symmetrically on the ventral surface, yet the new species is distinguished from M. decora in possessing 4-4½ annuli (rather than 3½) between the gonopores and 4 annuli (rather than 5 annuli) between the female gonopore and the first pair of accessory pores. Phylogenetic analyses, based on 2 mitochondrial and 2 nuclear loci for a set of closely related taxa, confirms the placement of the new species within the family Macrobdellidae and places it as the sister taxon to M. decora and M. diplotertia.
{"title":"Phylogenetic Position and Description of a New Species of Medicinal Leech from the Eastern United States.","authors":"Anna J. Phillips, Ricardo Salas-Montiel, S. Kvist, A. Oceguera-Figueroa","doi":"10.1645/18-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/18-119","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of medicinal leech, Macrobdella mimicus n. sp., is described from specimens collected in Maryland; this is the first description of a North American macrobdellid since 1975. Superficially, the new species resembles the well-known Macrobdella decora, as both species possess 4 accessory pores arranged symmetrically on the ventral surface, yet the new species is distinguished from M. decora in possessing 4-4½ annuli (rather than 3½) between the gonopores and 4 annuli (rather than 5 annuli) between the female gonopore and the first pair of accessory pores. Phylogenetic analyses, based on 2 mitochondrial and 2 nuclear loci for a set of closely related taxa, confirms the placement of the new species within the family Macrobdellidae and places it as the sister taxon to M. decora and M. diplotertia.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"14 1","pages":"587-597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84499028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Albino strains of Biomphalaria glabrata that are compatible with Schistosoma mansoni are commonly used to investigate snail-schistosome interactions, but whether they are all equally compatible is not known. In this study, compatibility with the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) strain of S. mansoni was compared among 3 widely used albino strains: NMRI (the normal laboratory host for NMRI S. mansoni), M line, and University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML). Compatibility was assessed on the basis of infection prevalence following exposure to miracidia, the histological fate of sporocysts, and mitotic response in the snail amebocyte-producing organ (APO), a component of the internal defense system (IDS). Infection prevalence in UML was nearly identical to that in NMRI but was significantly lower in M line. Although the APO of UML showed no response to infection over the course of 9 days, mitotic activity was elevated in the APO of NMRI and M line, with that in M line being higher and more prolonged than in the APO of resistant BS-90 snails. Finally, hemocyte responses against some small primary sporocysts occurred at 1 and 3 days post-exposure (DPE) in all 3 strains, but in 2 of 5 M line a response also occurred against large primary sporocysts at 6 DPE. Thus, based on infection prevalence and tissue responses, compatibility with NMRI S. mansoni is lowest in M line, whereas UML and NMRI show the same degree of compatibility, despite decades of maintenance of this parasite strain in NMRI snails. The elevated mitotic response in the APO of M line and NMRI snails suggests that a response of the IDS can occur even in a compatible host-parasite relationship.
与曼氏血吸虫相容的光秃生物phalaria白化菌株通常用于研究蜗牛-血吸虫的相互作用，但它们是否同样相容尚不清楚。本研究比较了3种广泛使用的白化菌株:NMRI (NMRI S. mansoni的正常实验室宿主)、M系和马萨诸塞大学洛厄尔分校(UML)与美国海军医学研究所(NMRI)菌株的相容性。相容性的评估依据是暴露于miracidia后的感染发生率、孢子囊的组织学命运以及蜗牛内部防御系统(IDS)组成部分——变形虫产生器官(APO)的有丝分裂反应。UML感染流行率与NMRI几乎相同，但M线明显低于NMRI。虽然UML的APO在9天内对感染没有反应，但NMRI和M系的APO有丝分裂活性升高，且M系的APO比耐药BS-90钉螺的APO更高，时间更长。最后，在暴露后1天和3天，所有3个菌株都出现了对一些小的初代孢子囊的血细胞反应，但在5 M系中，有2个菌株在暴露后6天也出现了对大的初代孢子囊的反应。因此，基于感染流行率和组织反应，M系与NMRI曼氏梭菌的相容性最低，而UML和NMRI显示出相同程度的相容性，尽管这种寄生虫菌株在NMRI蜗牛中维持了数十年。M系和NMRI钉螺APO有丝分裂反应的升高表明，即使在相容的寄主-寄生虫关系中，IDS的反应也可能发生。
{"title":"Comparison of NMRI Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Three Susceptible Laboratory Albino Strains of Biomphalaria glabrata.","authors":"J. Sullivan","doi":"10.1645/19-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-23","url":null,"abstract":"Albino strains of Biomphalaria glabrata that are compatible with Schistosoma mansoni are commonly used to investigate snail-schistosome interactions, but whether they are all equally compatible is not known. In this study, compatibility with the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) strain of S. mansoni was compared among 3 widely used albino strains: NMRI (the normal laboratory host for NMRI S. mansoni), M line, and University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML). Compatibility was assessed on the basis of infection prevalence following exposure to miracidia, the histological fate of sporocysts, and mitotic response in the snail amebocyte-producing organ (APO), a component of the internal defense system (IDS). Infection prevalence in UML was nearly identical to that in NMRI but was significantly lower in M line. Although the APO of UML showed no response to infection over the course of 9 days, mitotic activity was elevated in the APO of NMRI and M line, with that in M line being higher and more prolonged than in the APO of resistant BS-90 snails. Finally, hemocyte responses against some small primary sporocysts occurred at 1 and 3 days post-exposure (DPE) in all 3 strains, but in 2 of 5 M line a response also occurred against large primary sporocysts at 6 DPE. Thus, based on infection prevalence and tissue responses, compatibility with NMRI S. mansoni is lowest in M line, whereas UML and NMRI show the same degree of compatibility, despite decades of maintenance of this parasite strain in NMRI snails. The elevated mitotic response in the APO of M line and NMRI snails suggests that a response of the IDS can occur even in a compatible host-parasite relationship.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"30 1","pages":"576-579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89546413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction of ticks into the United States that can carry disease-causing pathogens to humans, companion animals, and wildlife has accelerated in recent years, mostly due to globalization, frequency of travel, and a rise in legal and illegal animal trades. We hereby report for the first time introduction of a live fully engorged Amblyomma coelebs feeding on a human into the United States from Central America. Amblyomma coelebs is geographically distributed in the Neotropical region and reaches the southern states of Mexico. This species is capable of transmitting a number of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance including spotted fever group rickettsiae, raising concern that A. coelebs, if it became established in the United States, might also be able to carry these pathogens. Considering the risks of exotic ticks as vectors of numerous pathogens and their potential to establish new populations under conducive climatic and habitat conditions, rigorous inspection practices of imported livestock and pet animals at ports of entry are vital. It is also important for travelers and practitioners to develop a heightened awareness of the public health risks associated with the unintended importation of exotic ticks and the potential such parasites have for breaching United States biosecurity defenses.
{"title":"First Report of the Introduction of an Exotic Tick, Amblyomma coelebs (Acari: Ixodidae), Feeding on a Human Traveler Returning to the United States from Central America.","authors":"Goudarz Molaei, Sandor E. Karpathy, T. Andreadis","doi":"10.1645/19-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-74","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction of ticks into the United States that can carry disease-causing pathogens to humans, companion animals, and wildlife has accelerated in recent years, mostly due to globalization, frequency of travel, and a rise in legal and illegal animal trades. We hereby report for the first time introduction of a live fully engorged Amblyomma coelebs feeding on a human into the United States from Central America. Amblyomma coelebs is geographically distributed in the Neotropical region and reaches the southern states of Mexico. This species is capable of transmitting a number of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance including spotted fever group rickettsiae, raising concern that A. coelebs, if it became established in the United States, might also be able to carry these pathogens. Considering the risks of exotic ticks as vectors of numerous pathogens and their potential to establish new populations under conducive climatic and habitat conditions, rigorous inspection practices of imported livestock and pet animals at ports of entry are vital. It is also important for travelers and practitioners to develop a heightened awareness of the public health risks associated with the unintended importation of exotic ticks and the potential such parasites have for breaching United States biosecurity defenses.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"28 1","pages":"571-575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80300583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We describe the thin and ultra-thin structures of the envelopes surrounding the cystacanth of Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904, in its intermediate host. A total of 4,357 amphipods from 2 species were examined: Locustogammarus locustoides (Brandt, 1851) and Spinulogammarus ochotensis (Brandt, 1851). Eleven corynosome cystacanths were found in 6 S. ochotensis specimens. Three were enclosed in acellular cysts originating from the parasite. Three other cystacanths were also encysted and were surrounded by a lighter capsule consisting of the host's hemocytes. Five cystacanths were enclosed in a cyst and a darker capsule, in which both the acanthocephalans and their surrounding envelopes were destroyed. We suggest that the cystacanth's cyst is a protective barrier against the host's cellular response, while the lighter and darker capsules represent different stages of parasite degeneration.
{"title":"Encapsulation of the Acanthocephalan Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) LÜHE, 1904, in the Intermediate Host Spinulogammarus ochotensis.","authors":"E. Skorobrekhova, V. Nikishin","doi":"10.1645/19-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-22","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the thin and ultra-thin structures of the envelopes surrounding the cystacanth of Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904, in its intermediate host. A total of 4,357 amphipods from 2 species were examined: Locustogammarus locustoides (Brandt, 1851) and Spinulogammarus ochotensis (Brandt, 1851). Eleven corynosome cystacanths were found in 6 S. ochotensis specimens. Three were enclosed in acellular cysts originating from the parasite. Three other cystacanths were also encysted and were surrounded by a lighter capsule consisting of the host's hemocytes. Five cystacanths were enclosed in a cyst and a darker capsule, in which both the acanthocephalans and their surrounding envelopes were destroyed. We suggest that the cystacanth's cyst is a protective barrier against the host's cellular response, while the lighter and darker capsules represent different stages of parasite degeneration.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"35 1","pages":"567-570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90881567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.445
Md Atique Ahmed, Hae-Ji Kang, F. Quan
Human infections due to the monkey malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is increasingly being reported from most Southeast Asian countries specifically Malaysia. The parasite causes severe and fatal malaria thus there is a need for urgent measures for its control. In this study, the level of polymorphisms, haplotypes and natural selection of full-length pkmsp8 in 37 clinical samples from Malaysian Borneo along with 6 lab-adapted strains were investigated. Low levels of polymorphism were observed across the full-length gene, the double epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains were mostly conserved, and non-synonymous substitutions were absent. Evidence of strong negative selection pressure in the non-EGF regions were found indicating functional constrains acting at different domains. Phylogenetic haplotype network analysis identified shared haplotypes and indicated geographical clustering of samples originating from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. This is the first study to genetically characterize the full-length msp8 gene from clinical isolates of P. knowlesi from Malaysia; however, further functional characterization would be useful for future rational vaccine design.
{"title":"Low Levels of Polymorphisms and Negative Selection in Plasmodum knowlesi Merozoite Surface Protein 8 in Malaysian Isolates","authors":"Md Atique Ahmed, Hae-Ji Kang, F. Quan","doi":"10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.445","url":null,"abstract":"Human infections due to the monkey malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is increasingly being reported from most Southeast Asian countries specifically Malaysia. The parasite causes severe and fatal malaria thus there is a need for urgent measures for its control. In this study, the level of polymorphisms, haplotypes and natural selection of full-length pkmsp8 in 37 clinical samples from Malaysian Borneo along with 6 lab-adapted strains were investigated. Low levels of polymorphism were observed across the full-length gene, the double epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains were mostly conserved, and non-synonymous substitutions were absent. Evidence of strong negative selection pressure in the non-EGF regions were found indicating functional constrains acting at different domains. Phylogenetic haplotype network analysis identified shared haplotypes and indicated geographical clustering of samples originating from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. This is the first study to genetically characterize the full-length msp8 gene from clinical isolates of P. knowlesi from Malaysia; however, further functional characterization would be useful for future rational vaccine design.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"33 1","pages":"445 - 450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73726164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.417
Su-Min Song, H. Yun, D. VanBik, Hyun-ha Chang, Sang-Ah Lee, S. Kim, N. Ryoo, D. Eun, N. Lee, Y. Goo, Yeonchul Hong, M. Ock, H. Cha, D. Chung
From October 2015 to August 2018, tapeworm proglottids were obtained from 10 patients who were residents of Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces and had a history of raw beef consumption. Most of them had no overseas travel experience. The gravid proglottids obtained from the 10 cases had 15–20 lateral uterine branches. A part of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA of the 10 cases, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AleI restriction enzyme, produced the same band pattern of Taenia saginata, which differentiated from T. asiatica and T. solium. Sequences of ITS1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed higher homology to T. saginata than to T. asiatica and T. solium. Collectively, these 10 cases were identified as T. saginata human infections. As taeniasis is one of the important parasitic diseases in humans, it is necessary to maintain hygienic conditions during livestock farming to avoid public health concerns.
{"title":"Ten Cases of Taenia saginata Infection Confirmed by Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 rDNA Region in the Republic of Korea","authors":"Su-Min Song, H. Yun, D. VanBik, Hyun-ha Chang, Sang-Ah Lee, S. Kim, N. Ryoo, D. Eun, N. Lee, Y. Goo, Yeonchul Hong, M. Ock, H. Cha, D. Chung","doi":"10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.417","url":null,"abstract":"From October 2015 to August 2018, tapeworm proglottids were obtained from 10 patients who were residents of Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces and had a history of raw beef consumption. Most of them had no overseas travel experience. The gravid proglottids obtained from the 10 cases had 15–20 lateral uterine branches. A part of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA of the 10 cases, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AleI restriction enzyme, produced the same band pattern of Taenia saginata, which differentiated from T. asiatica and T. solium. Sequences of ITS1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed higher homology to T. saginata than to T. asiatica and T. solium. Collectively, these 10 cases were identified as T. saginata human infections. As taeniasis is one of the important parasitic diseases in humans, it is necessary to maintain hygienic conditions during livestock farming to avoid public health concerns.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"1983 1","pages":"417 - 422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82226082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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