Siri H. Helland-Riise, L. Nadler, M. Vindas, E. Bengston, A. Turner, I. B. Johansen, K. Weinersmith, R. Hechinger, Ø. Øverli
Some parasite species alter the behavior of intermediate hosts to promote transmission to the next host in the parasite's life cycle. This is the case for Euhaplorchis californiensis, a brain-encysting trematode parasite that causes behavioral changes in the California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis). These manipulations increase predation by the parasite's final host, piscivorous marsh birds. The mechanisms by which E. californiensis achieves this manipulation remain poorly understood. As E. californiensis cysts reside on the surface of the killifish's brain, discerning regional differences in parasite distribution could indicate mechanisms for host control. In this study, we developed a method for repeated experimental infections. In addition, we measured brain-region specific density using a novel methodology to locate and quantify parasite infection. We show that E. californiensis cysts are non-randomly distributed on the fish brain, aggregating on the diencephalon/mesencephalon region (a brain area involved in controlling reproduction and stress coping) and the rhombencephalon (an area involved in controlling locomotion and basal physiology). Determining causal mechanisms behind this pattern of localization will guide future research examining the neurological mechanisms of parasite-induced host manipulation. These findings suggest that parasites are likely targeting the reproductive, monoaminergic, and locomotor systems to achieve host behavioral manipulation.
一些寄生虫物种改变中间宿主的行为，以促进寄生虫生命周期中向下一个宿主的传播。这就是加利福尼亚鳉鱼(Euhaplorchis California ensis)的情况，这是一种脑部寄生的吸虫寄生虫，会导致加利福尼亚鳉鱼(Fundulus parvipinnis)的行为改变。这些操作增加了寄生虫的最终宿主——食鱼沼泽鸟的捕食。加利福尼亚鳗实现这种操纵的机制仍然知之甚少。由于加利福尼亚棘球蚴寄生在鳉鱼的大脑表面，辨别寄生虫分布的区域差异可能表明宿主控制的机制。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种重复实验感染的方法。此外，我们使用一种新的方法测量脑区域特定密度来定位和量化寄生虫感染。我们发现加利福尼亚棘鱼的囊肿在鱼的大脑中是非随机分布的，聚集在间脑/中脑区(一个控制繁殖和应激应对的大脑区域)和菱形脑区(一个控制运动和基础生理的区域)。确定这种定位模式背后的因果机制将指导未来研究寄生虫诱导宿主操纵的神经机制。这些发现表明寄生虫可能针对生殖系统、单胺系统和运动系统来实现宿主行为操纵。
{"title":"Regional Distribution of a Brain-Encysting Parasite Provides Insight on Parasite-Induced Host Behavioral Manipulation.","authors":"Siri H. Helland-Riise, L. Nadler, M. Vindas, E. Bengston, A. Turner, I. B. Johansen, K. Weinersmith, R. Hechinger, Ø. Øverli","doi":"10.1645/19-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-86","url":null,"abstract":"Some parasite species alter the behavior of intermediate hosts to promote transmission to the next host in the parasite's life cycle. This is the case for Euhaplorchis californiensis, a brain-encysting trematode parasite that causes behavioral changes in the California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis). These manipulations increase predation by the parasite's final host, piscivorous marsh birds. The mechanisms by which E. californiensis achieves this manipulation remain poorly understood. As E. californiensis cysts reside on the surface of the killifish's brain, discerning regional differences in parasite distribution could indicate mechanisms for host control. In this study, we developed a method for repeated experimental infections. In addition, we measured brain-region specific density using a novel methodology to locate and quantify parasite infection. We show that E. californiensis cysts are non-randomly distributed on the fish brain, aggregating on the diencephalon/mesencephalon region (a brain area involved in controlling reproduction and stress coping) and the rhombencephalon (an area involved in controlling locomotion and basal physiology). Determining causal mechanisms behind this pattern of localization will guide future research examining the neurological mechanisms of parasite-induced host manipulation. These findings suggest that parasites are likely targeting the reproductive, monoaminergic, and locomotor systems to achieve host behavioral manipulation.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"38 1","pages":"188-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75485420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salmincola californiensis (Dana, 1853) (Subclass Copepoda: Family Lernaeopodidae) is known to parasitize salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus including Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon), and Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon). These 3 salmonids have been introduced to the Great Lakes intermittently since the mid-1800s. As we demonstrate here, the introduction of these salmonids to the Great Lakes was followed, at some point, by the introduction of their parasitic gill copepod, S. californiensis. Given anecdotal accounts of S. californiensis in introduced salmonids in Lake Ontario since 2012, we chose to conduct a survey to formally document the occurrence of this introduced species. Our survey took place during spring, summer, and fall of 2018 and during spring of 2019 at the south-eastern side of Lake Ontario. Prevalence of S. californiensis was 69, with a mean intensity of 2.7 in 61 rainbow trout examined in 2018. In 2019, prevalence of S. californiensis was 71, with a mean intensity of 3.6 in 59 rainbow trout examined. The prevalence of S. californiensis was 39, with a mean intensity of 1.6 in 223 chinook salmon examined in 2018. No specimens of S. californiensis were found in the 100 coho salmon examined in 2018. The prevalence of S. californiensis in rainbow trout is of great concern considering that it is double that found in rainbow trout in the native range (69 [in 2018] and 71 [in 2019] vs. 35). This is the first formal documentation of the invasion of S. californiensis in Lake Ontario. Future fisheries management decisions in Lake Ontario and its tributaries should take into account these data.
{"title":"High Prevalence of the Copepod Salmincola californiensis in Steelhead Trout in Lake Ontario Following its Recent Invasion.","authors":"Brian Mullin, F. Reyda","doi":"10.1645/19-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-121","url":null,"abstract":"Salmincola californiensis (Dana, 1853) (Subclass Copepoda: Family Lernaeopodidae) is known to parasitize salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus including Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon), and Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon). These 3 salmonids have been introduced to the Great Lakes intermittently since the mid-1800s. As we demonstrate here, the introduction of these salmonids to the Great Lakes was followed, at some point, by the introduction of their parasitic gill copepod, S. californiensis. Given anecdotal accounts of S. californiensis in introduced salmonids in Lake Ontario since 2012, we chose to conduct a survey to formally document the occurrence of this introduced species. Our survey took place during spring, summer, and fall of 2018 and during spring of 2019 at the south-eastern side of Lake Ontario. Prevalence of S. californiensis was 69, with a mean intensity of 2.7 in 61 rainbow trout examined in 2018. In 2019, prevalence of S. californiensis was 71, with a mean intensity of 3.6 in 59 rainbow trout examined. The prevalence of S. californiensis was 39, with a mean intensity of 1.6 in 223 chinook salmon examined in 2018. No specimens of S. californiensis were found in the 100 coho salmon examined in 2018. The prevalence of S. californiensis in rainbow trout is of great concern considering that it is double that found in rainbow trout in the native range (69 [in 2018] and 71 [in 2019] vs. 35). This is the first formal documentation of the invasion of S. californiensis in Lake Ontario. Future fisheries management decisions in Lake Ontario and its tributaries should take into account these data.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"28 1","pages":"198-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82942891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four new species of Paraorygmatobothrium are described from carcharhinid shark species from the Gulf of Mexico and the U.S. coast of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Paraorygmatobothrium bullardi n. sp. is described from Carcharhinus brevipinna as its type host, and from Carcharhinus acronotus and Carcharhinus limbatus. Paraorygmatobothrium campbelli n. sp. is described from Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. Paraorygmatobothrium deburonae n. sp. is described from Carcharhinus isodon as its type host, as well as from C. brevipinna, C. limbatus, and R. terraenovae. Paraorygmatobothrium mattisi n. sp. is described from R. terraenovae as its type host, and from C. brevipinna and C. limbatus. These 4 species differ from other species of Paraorygmatobothrium and from each other in bothridial microthrix shape, and in various combinations of features such as the total length of the worm, apical sucker size, bothridial musculature, proglottid number, testes number, and genital pore position. Difficulty in differentiating these 4 species from one another, and from other species of Paraorygmatobothrium, points to limitations in the use of morphology alone to recognize species diversity in this genus. A phylogenetic analysis of Paraorygmatobothrium and related genera, based on partial (D1-D3) 28S rDNA sequence data, confirms that the genus is not monophyletic. Genetic distances of COI revealed that sequence divergence between species of Paraorygmatobothrium is generally at least an order of magnitude larger than COI divergence within a species. Patterns of host use for 3 of the new species are consistent with previous findings that point to a lack of host specificity in Paraorygmatobothrium.
从墨西哥湾和西北大西洋美国海岸的狐尾鲨物种中描述了四种新的副巨齿鲨。bullardi parorygmatobothrium n. sp.是由其类型寄主Carcharhinus brevipinna, Carcharhinus acronotus和Carcharhinus limbatus描述的。本文描述了一种由陆生根腐菌(Rhizoprionodon terraenovae)所产生的坎贝尔副瘤菌。deburonae parorygmatobothrium deburonae n. sp.是由Carcharhinus isodon, C. brevipinna, C. limbatus和R. terraenovae作为其类型宿主描述的。mattisi parorygmatobothrium mattis n. sp.是由terraenovae, C. brevipinna和C. limbatus作为其类型寄主描述的。这4种不同于其他种类的旁腺孢子虫，也不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫，不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫，不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫，不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫，不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫，不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫，不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫，也不同于其他种类的双侧微孢子虫。很难区分这4种，以及从parorygmatobothrium的其他物种，指出了仅使用形态学来识别该属物种多样性的局限性。基于部分(D1-D3) 28S rDNA序列数据，对parorygmatobothrium及其相关属进行系统发育分析，证实该属不是单系的。COI的遗传距离表明，副巨舌菌种间序列差异通常比种内COI差异至少大一个数量级。其中3个新物种的宿主使用模式与先前的发现一致，即指出副巨噬菌缺乏宿主特异性。
{"title":"Four New Species of Paraorygmatobothrium (Eucestoda: Phyllobothriidea) From Sharks of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, with Comments on Their Host Specificity.","authors":"T. Ruhnke, V. Daniel, K. Jensen","doi":"10.1645/19-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-129","url":null,"abstract":"Four new species of Paraorygmatobothrium are described from carcharhinid shark species from the Gulf of Mexico and the U.S. coast of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Paraorygmatobothrium bullardi n. sp. is described from Carcharhinus brevipinna as its type host, and from Carcharhinus acronotus and Carcharhinus limbatus. Paraorygmatobothrium campbelli n. sp. is described from Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. Paraorygmatobothrium deburonae n. sp. is described from Carcharhinus isodon as its type host, as well as from C. brevipinna, C. limbatus, and R. terraenovae. Paraorygmatobothrium mattisi n. sp. is described from R. terraenovae as its type host, and from C. brevipinna and C. limbatus. These 4 species differ from other species of Paraorygmatobothrium and from each other in bothridial microthrix shape, and in various combinations of features such as the total length of the worm, apical sucker size, bothridial musculature, proglottid number, testes number, and genital pore position. Difficulty in differentiating these 4 species from one another, and from other species of Paraorygmatobothrium, points to limitations in the use of morphology alone to recognize species diversity in this genus. A phylogenetic analysis of Paraorygmatobothrium and related genera, based on partial (D1-D3) 28S rDNA sequence data, confirms that the genus is not monophyletic. Genetic distances of COI revealed that sequence divergence between species of Paraorygmatobothrium is generally at least an order of magnitude larger than COI divergence within a species. Patterns of host use for 3 of the new species are consistent with previous findings that point to a lack of host specificity in Paraorygmatobothrium.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"137 1","pages":"133-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75522309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. M. Rindoria, Q. D. Dos Santos, A. Avenant‐Oldewage
This study provides additional taxonomic features based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular data for Paracamallanus cyathopharynx ( Baylis, 1923 ) (Nematoda: Camallanidae). Parasites were collected from the posterior end of the intestine of cultured freshwater Sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from Kibos fish farm, Kisumu County, Kenya, from December 2017 to March 2018. Additional taxonomic features recorded for P. cyathopharynx include the occurrence of 4-5 equal length digitate processes on the caudal end of the female, 4 processes (2 smaller and 2 larger) on the male caudal end, and a description of the shape of the distal tip of the right spicule. The study provides SEM images of the exposed sclerotized buccal capsule. This gives more information on the tridents, the sclerotized plate that extends laterally from the buccal capsule, and the narrow isthmus separating the anterior buccal capsule from the posterior. The prevalence, intensity, mean intensity, and mean abundance was 52.91%, 2-38, 12.37 and 6.54, respectively. 18S rDNA fragments were amplified, sequenced, and compared to other camallanid taxa, and 18S data confirmed the identity of the newly obtained sequences (MN396556) as that of P. cyathopharynx, being identical to sequence DQ813445 from Tanzania. This represents the first geographical record of P. cyathopharynx in Kenya.
{"title":"Additional Morphological Features and Molecular Data of Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (Nematoda: Camallanidae) Infecting Clarias gariepinus (Actinopterygii: Clariidae) in Kenya.","authors":"N. M. Rindoria, Q. D. Dos Santos, A. Avenant‐Oldewage","doi":"10.1645/19-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-62","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides additional taxonomic features based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular data for Paracamallanus cyathopharynx ( Baylis, 1923 ) (Nematoda: Camallanidae). Parasites were collected from the posterior end of the intestine of cultured freshwater Sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from Kibos fish farm, Kisumu County, Kenya, from December 2017 to March 2018. Additional taxonomic features recorded for P. cyathopharynx include the occurrence of 4-5 equal length digitate processes on the caudal end of the female, 4 processes (2 smaller and 2 larger) on the male caudal end, and a description of the shape of the distal tip of the right spicule. The study provides SEM images of the exposed sclerotized buccal capsule. This gives more information on the tridents, the sclerotized plate that extends laterally from the buccal capsule, and the narrow isthmus separating the anterior buccal capsule from the posterior. The prevalence, intensity, mean intensity, and mean abundance was 52.91%, 2-38, 12.37 and 6.54, respectively. 18S rDNA fragments were amplified, sequenced, and compared to other camallanid taxa, and 18S data confirmed the identity of the newly obtained sequences (MN396556) as that of P. cyathopharynx, being identical to sequence DQ813445 from Tanzania. This represents the first geographical record of P. cyathopharynx in Kenya.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"114 1","pages":"157-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74826019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Seo, Sang-yuck Shim, H. Lee, Yongjun Kim, J. Hong, Ji Eun Kim, J. Chai, D. Shin
Echinostomiasis is prevalent in southeastern as well as northeastern Asian countries. This endemicity notwithstanding, no echinostome egg has as yet been reported by paleoparasitological studies conducted in Asian countries. Recently we analyzed geological-strata specimens retrieved from the ancient capital city of the Baekje Kingdom to uncover clues to the possible prevalence of echinostomiasis among contemporaneous populations of Korea. By means of archaeoparasitological technique, we found ancient Isthmiophora hortensis eggs in the specimens, thus revealing for the first time that ancient Korean people experienced isthmiophoriasis. Our report can be considered to have effectively broadened the spatial and temporal scope of research on echinostomiasis in human history.
{"title":"Ancient Echinostome Eggs Discovered in Archaeological Strata Specimens from a Baekje Capital Ruins of South Korea.","authors":"M. Seo, Sang-yuck Shim, H. Lee, Yongjun Kim, J. Hong, Ji Eun Kim, J. Chai, D. Shin","doi":"10.1645/19-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-55","url":null,"abstract":"Echinostomiasis is prevalent in southeastern as well as northeastern Asian countries. This endemicity notwithstanding, no echinostome egg has as yet been reported by paleoparasitological studies conducted in Asian countries. Recently we analyzed geological-strata specimens retrieved from the ancient capital city of the Baekje Kingdom to uncover clues to the possible prevalence of echinostomiasis among contemporaneous populations of Korea. By means of archaeoparasitological technique, we found ancient Isthmiophora hortensis eggs in the specimens, thus revealing for the first time that ancient Korean people experienced isthmiophoriasis. Our report can be considered to have effectively broadened the spatial and temporal scope of research on echinostomiasis in human history.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"209 1","pages":"184-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77590832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quill mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata) are permanent ectoparasites that live inside the hollow quills of feathers and use their long chelicerae to pierce the quill wall to feed on living tissue of the quill follicle. Ovenbirds (Parulidae: Seiurus aurocapilla (Linnaeus)) are host to the quill mite Betasyringophiloidus seiuri (Clark), which has been previously reported to infest only 5.1% of this host's tail feathers; however, this species has also been reported to inhabit the wing feathers of ovenbirds, but without any data on prevalence or intensity. We examined all 1,008 flight feathers from 21 dead ovenbirds from Canada for quill mites and calculated infestation parameters per feather location. Nine of the 21 birds were infested with mites (prevalence of 42.9%). Feathers with the highest prevalence were Primaries 1 and 2 and Secondaries 1, 2, and 5. Only 2 of the 9 infested birds had mites in their tail feathers; in each case, only a single feather was infested. Mean intensity was 28.4 mites/feather with a range of 2-135.6, and ∼88% of the adult mites were female. To determine if quill volume and quill wall thickness correlated with mite presence and abundance, we took quill measurements from the flight feathers of 3 additional ovenbirds. There was a strong positive correlation between quill volume and mean mite intensity. Feathers that had quill walls thicker in some areas than the mites' extended chelicerae had lower prevalences than did feathers with walls consistently thinner than the length of the chelicerae. We conclude that B. seiuri is much more likely to be found in wing than in tail feathers and that it has greater reproductive success in quills with both large volumes and thin walls; however, whether foundress mites preferentially choose to colonize these feathers requires more study.
{"title":"The Distribution of Quill Mites (Betasyringophiloidus seiuri) Among Flight Feathers of the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla).","authors":"Alexandra A. Grossi, H. Proctor","doi":"10.1645/18-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/18-160","url":null,"abstract":"Quill mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata) are permanent ectoparasites that live inside the hollow quills of feathers and use their long chelicerae to pierce the quill wall to feed on living tissue of the quill follicle. Ovenbirds (Parulidae: Seiurus aurocapilla (Linnaeus)) are host to the quill mite Betasyringophiloidus seiuri (Clark), which has been previously reported to infest only 5.1% of this host's tail feathers; however, this species has also been reported to inhabit the wing feathers of ovenbirds, but without any data on prevalence or intensity. We examined all 1,008 flight feathers from 21 dead ovenbirds from Canada for quill mites and calculated infestation parameters per feather location. Nine of the 21 birds were infested with mites (prevalence of 42.9%). Feathers with the highest prevalence were Primaries 1 and 2 and Secondaries 1, 2, and 5. Only 2 of the 9 infested birds had mites in their tail feathers; in each case, only a single feather was infested. Mean intensity was 28.4 mites/feather with a range of 2-135.6, and ∼88% of the adult mites were female. To determine if quill volume and quill wall thickness correlated with mite presence and abundance, we took quill measurements from the flight feathers of 3 additional ovenbirds. There was a strong positive correlation between quill volume and mean mite intensity. Feathers that had quill walls thicker in some areas than the mites' extended chelicerae had lower prevalences than did feathers with walls consistently thinner than the length of the chelicerae. We conclude that B. seiuri is much more likely to be found in wing than in tail feathers and that it has greater reproductive success in quills with both large volumes and thin walls; however, whether foundress mites preferentially choose to colonize these feathers requires more study.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"386 ","pages":"82-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91452254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The order Crocodylia (suborder Eusuchia) includes 27 species of alligators, caimans, crocodiles, and gharials that are cosmopolitan in distribution, inhabiting subtropical and tropical locations. Numerous surveys (many of them trivial, with small sample sizes) have reported a wide variety of blood and intestinal apicomplexans from 17/27 (63%) crocodilian hosts, but neither a summation for the group nor a revisionary systematic approach to species evaluation has ever been provided. Herein, we summarize information on the 16 species of apicomplexans that we consider to be valid, including 8 Eimeria, 1 Haemogregarina (that eventually may be transferred to Hepatozoon), 4 Hepatozoon, 2 Isospora, and 1 Progarnia species. In addition, there are 46 apicomplexan forms that we have relegated to species inquirendae and/or only partially identified forms that await further study. We hope this review provides a foundation for future research between parasitologists and herpetologists on parasitism of all reptiles and their relatives. Since many apicomplexans seem to be reasonably host-specific, knowledge of shared species and/or genera may assist herpetologists to better understand the phylogenetic relationships among the New World crocodilians and the direction of their dispersal in the New World.
{"title":"The Coccidia (Apicomplexa) of the Archosauria (Crocodylia: Eusuchia) of the World.","authors":"D. Duszynski, C. T. McAllister, Marisa Tellez","doi":"10.1645/19-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-73","url":null,"abstract":"The order Crocodylia (suborder Eusuchia) includes 27 species of alligators, caimans, crocodiles, and gharials that are cosmopolitan in distribution, inhabiting subtropical and tropical locations. Numerous surveys (many of them trivial, with small sample sizes) have reported a wide variety of blood and intestinal apicomplexans from 17/27 (63%) crocodilian hosts, but neither a summation for the group nor a revisionary systematic approach to species evaluation has ever been provided. Herein, we summarize information on the 16 species of apicomplexans that we consider to be valid, including 8 Eimeria, 1 Haemogregarina (that eventually may be transferred to Hepatozoon), 4 Hepatozoon, 2 Isospora, and 1 Progarnia species. In addition, there are 46 apicomplexan forms that we have relegated to species inquirendae and/or only partially identified forms that await further study. We hope this review provides a foundation for future research between parasitologists and herpetologists on parasitism of all reptiles and their relatives. Since many apicomplexans seem to be reasonably host-specific, knowledge of shared species and/or genera may assist herpetologists to better understand the phylogenetic relationships among the New World crocodilians and the direction of their dispersal in the New World.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"60 1","pages":"90-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85870224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An unusual coccidian parasite was described previously from the prostate of a male Antechinus flavipes (family: Dasyuridae; common name: yellow-footed antechinus). Morphometrics and a partial nuclear 18S small subunit rDNA (18S rDNA) sequence were used to assign this parasite to the genus Eimeria; it was named Eimeria taggarti. We generated full nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial genome sequences from this parasite and used the newly completed 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences to perform a more in-depth phylogenetic analysis. The parasite clustered closely with Choleoeimeria spp. and Acroeimeria spp. infecting herptiles in a well-supported clade that was the sister lineage to the Eimeriidae sensu stricto. The mitochondrial genome of this parasite contained 2 inverted segments compared to mitochondrial genomes from parasites in the Eimeriidae sensu stricto (i.e., Stieda body-possessing coccidia with 4 dizoic sporocysts); this mitochondrial genome arrangement was shared with the only Choleoeimeria species for which sequence data were available publicly. Examination of histological preparations and TEM images uncovered bivalvate sporocysts and otherwise confirmed previously described morphological features of the parasite. Based on our phylogenetic analyses and histological observations, we propose the generic reclassification of E. taggarti to Choleoeimeria taggarti n. comb.
一种不同寻常的球虫寄生虫曾在一只雄性黄斑拟蚊的前列腺中被发现。俗名:黄足前棘。形态计量学和部分核18S小亚基rDNA (18S rDNA)序列鉴定该寄生虫属于艾美耳球虫属;它被命名为塔格蒂艾美利亚。我们从该寄生虫获得了完整的核18S rDNA和线粒体基因组序列，并使用新完成的18S rDNA和线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I (COI)序列进行了更深入的系统发育分析。该寄生虫与胆美拉虫属和肢端美拉虫属密切聚集在一个支持良好的分支中，该分支是严格感艾美拉虫科的姐妹谱系。该寄生虫线粒体基因组包含2个倒置片段，与严格艾默虫科(即带4个二代孢子囊的Stieda体球虫)的线粒体基因组相比;这种线粒体基因组排列与唯一可公开获得序列数据的胆囊虫物种共享。组织学检查和TEM图像发现了双valvalate孢子囊，并证实了先前描述的寄生虫形态特征。在系统发育分析和组织学观察的基础上，我们提出了将taggarti E. taggarti n. comb重新分类为Choleoeimeria taggarti n. comb。
{"title":"Full Mitochondrial Genome and Nuclear 18S rDNA Sequences Refine the Taxonomic Placement of Choleoeimeria taggarti n. comb. from the Prostate of Antechinus flavipes (Yellow-Footed Antechinus).","authors":"P. Kruth, C. Michel, J. Amery-Gale, John R Barta","doi":"10.1645/19-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-57","url":null,"abstract":"An unusual coccidian parasite was described previously from the prostate of a male Antechinus flavipes (family: Dasyuridae; common name: yellow-footed antechinus). Morphometrics and a partial nuclear 18S small subunit rDNA (18S rDNA) sequence were used to assign this parasite to the genus Eimeria; it was named Eimeria taggarti. We generated full nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial genome sequences from this parasite and used the newly completed 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences to perform a more in-depth phylogenetic analysis. The parasite clustered closely with Choleoeimeria spp. and Acroeimeria spp. infecting herptiles in a well-supported clade that was the sister lineage to the Eimeriidae sensu stricto. The mitochondrial genome of this parasite contained 2 inverted segments compared to mitochondrial genomes from parasites in the Eimeriidae sensu stricto (i.e., Stieda body-possessing coccidia with 4 dizoic sporocysts); this mitochondrial genome arrangement was shared with the only Choleoeimeria species for which sequence data were available publicly. Examination of histological preparations and TEM images uncovered bivalvate sporocysts and otherwise confirmed previously described morphological features of the parasite. Based on our phylogenetic analyses and histological observations, we propose the generic reclassification of E. taggarti to Choleoeimeria taggarti n. comb.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"10 1","pages":"71-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83269330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Amin, R. Heckmann, S. Dallarés, M. Constenla, Nguyen Van Ha
Rhadinorhynchus hiansi Soota and Bhattacharya, 1981 , has remained unknown since its original incomplete description from 2 male specimens collected from the flat needlefish Ablennes hians Valenciennes (Belonidae) off Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Recent collections of fishes along the Pacific coast of Vietnam in 2016 and 2017 produced many specimens of the same species from the striped bonito Sarda orientalis Temminck and Schlegel (Scombridae) off the southern Pacific coast of Vietnam at Nha Trang. We describe females for the first time, assign a female allotype status, and provide an expanded description of males from a larger collection completing missing information on hooks and hook roots, receptacle, lemnisci, cement glands, Saefftigen's pouch, and trunk spines. Specimens of R. hiansi characteristically have no dorsal spines in the posterior field of trunk spines and a long proboscis with 36-48 dorso-ventrally differentiated proboscis hooks per row becoming progressively smaller posteriorly then increasing in size near the posterior end to a maximum at the posterior-most ring. Trunk, testes, and lemnisci in our specimens were considerably larger than those reported in the original description, but the proboscis was relatively smaller. The females had long reproductive system and corrugated elliptic eggs without polar prolongation of fertilization membrane. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXA) demonstrates high levels of calcium and phosphorus in large gallium cut hooks and high levels of sulfur in tip cuts of large and small hooks and in spines. This EDXA pattern is a characteristic fingerprint of R. hiansi. The molecular profile of R. hiansi is described from 18S rDNA and COI genes, and phylogenetic relationships with most closely related species are discussed.
Rhadinorhynchus hiansi Soota and Bhattacharya, 1981年，在印度喀拉拉邦Trivandrum附近采集的2个扁平针鱼(Belonidae)雄性标本中，对其最初不完整的描述一直不为人所知。最近在2016年和2017年在越南南太平洋海岸芽庄的越南太平洋沿岸收集的鱼类中，从条纹鲣Sarda orientalis Temminck和Schlegel (Scombridae)中获得了许多相同物种的标本。我们首次描述了雌性，分配了雌性异型状态，并从更大的收集中提供了对雄性的扩展描述，补充了关于钩和钩根、花托、囊、水泥腺、Saefftigen's袋和干棘的缺失信息。猕猴猴标本的特征是在干棘的后场没有背棘，长喙，每排有36-48个背腹分化的吻钩，后端逐渐变小，后端逐渐增大，在最后环处最大。我们标本的躯干、睾丸和鼻窦比原始描述的要大得多，但长鼻相对较小。雌虫生殖系统长，卵呈波纹状椭圆形，受精膜无极延长。能量色散x射线分析(EDXA)表明，在大的镓切割钩中含有高水平的钙和磷，在大钩和小钩的尖端切割和刺中含有高水平的硫。该EDXA指纹图谱是麻蝇的特征指纹图谱。本文从18S rDNA和COI基因两个方面描述了该植物的分子结构，并对其与大多数近缘种的系统发育关系进行了讨论。
{"title":"Morphological and Molecular Description of Rhadinorhynchus hiansi Soota and Bhattacharya, 1981 (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) from Marine Fish off the Pacific Coast of Vietnam.","authors":"O. Amin, R. Heckmann, S. Dallarés, M. Constenla, Nguyen Van Ha","doi":"10.1645/19-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-97","url":null,"abstract":"Rhadinorhynchus hiansi Soota and Bhattacharya, 1981 , has remained unknown since its original incomplete description from 2 male specimens collected from the flat needlefish Ablennes hians Valenciennes (Belonidae) off Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Recent collections of fishes along the Pacific coast of Vietnam in 2016 and 2017 produced many specimens of the same species from the striped bonito Sarda orientalis Temminck and Schlegel (Scombridae) off the southern Pacific coast of Vietnam at Nha Trang. We describe females for the first time, assign a female allotype status, and provide an expanded description of males from a larger collection completing missing information on hooks and hook roots, receptacle, lemnisci, cement glands, Saefftigen's pouch, and trunk spines. Specimens of R. hiansi characteristically have no dorsal spines in the posterior field of trunk spines and a long proboscis with 36-48 dorso-ventrally differentiated proboscis hooks per row becoming progressively smaller posteriorly then increasing in size near the posterior end to a maximum at the posterior-most ring. Trunk, testes, and lemnisci in our specimens were considerably larger than those reported in the original description, but the proboscis was relatively smaller. The females had long reproductive system and corrugated elliptic eggs without polar prolongation of fertilization membrane. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXA) demonstrates high levels of calcium and phosphorus in large gallium cut hooks and high levels of sulfur in tip cuts of large and small hooks and in spines. This EDXA pattern is a characteristic fingerprint of R. hiansi. The molecular profile of R. hiansi is described from 18S rDNA and COI genes, and phylogenetic relationships with most closely related species are discussed.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"64 1","pages":"56-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88371300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new species of monogenean, Dactylogyrus pisolabrae n. sp., was found parasitizing the gills of the Pealip Redhorse, Moxostoma pisolabrum, from Oklahoma. Dactylogyrus pisolabrae is morphologically similar to Dactylogyrus apos, Dactylogyrus atripinnei, Dactylogyrus duquesnei, and Dactylogyrus niger, all parasitizing other species of suckers, by possessing a robust, sickle-shaped male copulatory organ, but differs from these and all other species of North American Dactylogyrus by possessing 2 unique wing-like projections opposite each other on the proximal portion of the accessory piece. Dactylogyrus pisolabrae represents the first monogenean reported from the Pealip Redhorse.
{"title":"Dactylogyrus pisolabrae n. sp. (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) Parasitizing the Pealip Redhorse, Moxostoma pisolabrum (Teleostei: Catostomidae), from Oklahoma, U.S.A.","authors":"D. Cloutman, C. T. McAllister, H. Robison","doi":"10.1645/19-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/19-133","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of monogenean, Dactylogyrus pisolabrae n. sp., was found parasitizing the gills of the Pealip Redhorse, Moxostoma pisolabrum, from Oklahoma. Dactylogyrus pisolabrae is morphologically similar to Dactylogyrus apos, Dactylogyrus atripinnei, Dactylogyrus duquesnei, and Dactylogyrus niger, all parasitizing other species of suckers, by possessing a robust, sickle-shaped male copulatory organ, but differs from these and all other species of North American Dactylogyrus by possessing 2 unique wing-like projections opposite each other on the proximal portion of the accessory piece. Dactylogyrus pisolabrae represents the first monogenean reported from the Pealip Redhorse.","PeriodicalId":17889,"journal":{"name":"Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":"53-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86519909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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