Choosing antimicrobial therapy in resource-limited settings is challenging because of the lack of advanced diagnostics and limited treatment options. Furthermore, since most international guidelines do not account for settings with high antimicrobial resistance, it is difficult for primary care physicians to choose the right antibiotic. This review, therefore, attempts to summarise the principles of antimicrobial therapy in such settings through six hypothetical case scenarios.
{"title":"Antimicrobial therapy in resource-limited settings with high antimicrobial resistance: a case-based approach.","authors":"Nitin Gupta","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-8","url":null,"abstract":"Choosing antimicrobial therapy in resource-limited settings is challenging because of the lack of advanced diagnostics and limited treatment options. Furthermore, since most international guidelines do not account for settings with high antimicrobial resistance, it is difficult for primary care physicians to choose the right antibiotic. This review, therefore, attempts to summarise the principles of antimicrobial therapy in such settings through six hypothetical case scenarios.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"156 1","pages":"73-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75972774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Formenti, N. Gregori, Verena Crosato, V. Marchese, L. Tomasoni, F. Castelli
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately impacted global human health, economy, and security. Because of weaker health-care systems, existing comorbidities burden (HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and non-communicable conditions), and poor socioeconomic determinants, initial predictive models had forecast a disastrous impact of COVID-19 in Africa in terms of transmission, severity, and deaths. Nonetheless, current epidemiological data seem not to have matched expectations, showing lower SARS-CoV-2 infection and fatality rates compared to Europe, the Americas and Asia. However, only few studies were conducted in low- and middle-income African settings where high poverty and limited access to health services worsen underlying health conditions, including endemic chronic infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. Furthermore, limited, and heterogeneous research was conducted to evaluate the indirect impact of the pandemic on general health services and on major diseases across African countries. International mitigation measures, such as resource reallocation, lockdowns, social restrictions, and fear from the population have had multi-sectoral impacts on various aspects of everyday life, that shaped the general health response. Despite the vast heterogeneity of data across African countries, available evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the control and prevention programs, the diagnosis capacity and the adherence to treatment of major infectious diseases (HIV, TB, and Malaria) - including neglected diseases - and non-communicable diseases. Future research and efforts are essential to deeply assess the medium- and long-term impact of the pandemic, and to implement tailored interventions to mitigate the standstill on decades of improvement on public health programs.
{"title":"The impact of COVID-19 on communicable and non-communicable diseases in Africa: a narrative review.","authors":"B. Formenti, N. Gregori, Verena Crosato, V. Marchese, L. Tomasoni, F. Castelli","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-4","url":null,"abstract":"The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately impacted global human health, economy, and security. Because of weaker health-care systems, existing comorbidities burden (HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and non-communicable conditions), and poor socioeconomic determinants, initial predictive models had forecast a disastrous impact of COVID-19 in Africa in terms of transmission, severity, and deaths. Nonetheless, current epidemiological data seem not to have matched expectations, showing lower SARS-CoV-2 infection and fatality rates compared to Europe, the Americas and Asia. However, only few studies were conducted in low- and middle-income African settings where high poverty and limited access to health services worsen underlying health conditions, including endemic chronic infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. Furthermore, limited, and heterogeneous research was conducted to evaluate the indirect impact of the pandemic on general health services and on major diseases across African countries. International mitigation measures, such as resource reallocation, lockdowns, social restrictions, and fear from the population have had multi-sectoral impacts on various aspects of everyday life, that shaped the general health response. Despite the vast heterogeneity of data across African countries, available evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the control and prevention programs, the diagnosis capacity and the adherence to treatment of major infectious diseases (HIV, TB, and Malaria) - including neglected diseases - and non-communicable diseases. Future research and efforts are essential to deeply assess the medium- and long-term impact of the pandemic, and to implement tailored interventions to mitigate the standstill on decades of improvement on public health programs.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"16 1","pages":"30-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85965204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Boglione, S. Corcione, Nour Shbaklo, Tiziana Rosso, T. Lupia, S. M. Pinna, S. Scabini, G. Ciccone, I. De Benedetto, S. Borrè, F. D. De Rosa
Introduction liver abnormalities are common in COVID-19 patients and associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate clinical significance and effect on the mortality of abnormal liver function tests (ALFTs) in COVID-19 patients. Methods we retrospectively evaluated in a multicentre study all patients admitted with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Results 434 patients were included in this analysis. Among overall patients, 311 (71.6%) had normal baseline ALT levels. 123 patients showed overall abnormal liver function tests (ALFTs) at baseline [101 ALFTs <2x UNL and 22 ≥2 UNL]. Overall in-hospital mortality was 14% and mean duration of hospitalization was 10.5 days. Hypertension (50.5%), cardiovascular diseases (39.6%), diabetes (23%) were frequent comorbidities and 53.7% of patients had ARDS. At multivariate analysis, the presence of ARDS at baseline (OR=6.11; 95% CI: 3.03-12.32; p<0.000); cardiovascular diseases (OR=4; 95% CI: 2.05-7.81; p<0.000); dementia (OR=3.93; 95%CI:1.87-8.26; p<0.000) and no smoking (OR=4.6; 95% CI: 1.45-14.61; p=0.010) resulted significantly predictive of in-hospital mortality. The presence of ALFTs at baseline was not significantly associated with mortality (OR=3.44; 95% CI=0.81-14.58; p=0.094). Conclusion ALFTs was frequently observed in COVID-19 patients, but the overall in-hospital mortality was mainly determined by the severity of illness, comorbidities and presence of ARDS.
{"title":"Liver involvement and mortality in COVID-19: A retrospective analysis from the CORACLE study group.","authors":"L. Boglione, S. Corcione, Nour Shbaklo, Tiziana Rosso, T. Lupia, S. M. Pinna, S. Scabini, G. Ciccone, I. De Benedetto, S. Borrè, F. D. De Rosa","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-9","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000liver abnormalities are common in COVID-19 patients and associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate clinical significance and effect on the mortality of abnormal liver function tests (ALFTs) in COVID-19 patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000we retrospectively evaluated in a multicentre study all patients admitted with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000434 patients were included in this analysis. Among overall patients, 311 (71.6%) had normal baseline ALT levels. 123 patients showed overall abnormal liver function tests (ALFTs) at baseline [101 ALFTs <2x UNL and 22 ≥2 UNL]. Overall in-hospital mortality was 14% and mean duration of hospitalization was 10.5 days. Hypertension (50.5%), cardiovascular diseases (39.6%), diabetes (23%) were frequent comorbidities and 53.7% of patients had ARDS. At multivariate analysis, the presence of ARDS at baseline (OR=6.11; 95% CI: 3.03-12.32; p<0.000); cardiovascular diseases (OR=4; 95% CI: 2.05-7.81; p<0.000); dementia (OR=3.93; 95%CI:1.87-8.26; p<0.000) and no smoking (OR=4.6; 95% CI: 1.45-14.61; p=0.010) resulted significantly predictive of in-hospital mortality. The presence of ALFTs at baseline was not significantly associated with mortality (OR=3.44; 95% CI=0.81-14.58; p=0.094).\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000ALFTs was frequently observed in COVID-19 patients, but the overall in-hospital mortality was mainly determined by the severity of illness, comorbidities and presence of ARDS.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"46 1","pages":"80-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90762470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Rachiotis, D. Papagiannis, T. Dardavesis, P. Behrakis
Greece has been severely damaged by the Second World War and the subsequent military occupation of the country by the Axis forces headed by Nazi Germany. The Greek society and economy were dislocated as a result of plundering of the country's vital resources, as well as enforced payments, instead paid to the occupying forces. The dramatic food shortages and famine appeared plaguing especially large cities. There is very limited information on the trends of mortality and morbidity (1941-1944) at a national level. The morbidity and mortality statistics of the General Statistical Service of Greece were assessed and the incidence morbidity and mortality rates have been calculated. As denominator population we used the population of Greece according to 1940 census. The morbidity due to exanthematic typhus, typhoid fever, dysentery and meningitis has been elevated over the period 1940-1944. An elevated specific mortality due to tuberculosis, malaria and typhoid fever was observed over the period 1940-1941. Regarding non-communicable diseases, the mortality due to hemorrhagic stroke was increased after 1940. In conclusion, we found that the Axis/Nazi military occupation of Greece had considerable health effects on infectious diseases and hemorrhagic stroke mortality. Deaths ostensibly due to infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis or malaria), were expedited by the hunger famine of the period under investigation. With regard to the elevated mortality due to hemorrhagic stroke, we believe that the stressful events of occupation and famine have triggered increased psychosocial stress which in turn may have increased the risk of hemorrhagic stroke mortality during the period of Axis/Nazi occupation of Greece.
{"title":"Mortality and morbidity from infectious and non-communicable diseases in Greece during Axis/Nazi military occupation (1941-1944).","authors":"G. Rachiotis, D. Papagiannis, T. Dardavesis, P. Behrakis","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-20","url":null,"abstract":"Greece has been severely damaged by the Second World War and the subsequent military occupation of the country by the Axis forces headed by Nazi Germany. The Greek society and economy were dislocated as a result of plundering of the country's vital resources, as well as enforced payments, instead paid to the occupying forces. The dramatic food shortages and famine appeared plaguing especially large cities. There is very limited information on the trends of mortality and morbidity (1941-1944) at a national level. The morbidity and mortality statistics of the General Statistical Service of Greece were assessed and the incidence morbidity and mortality rates have been calculated. As denominator population we used the population of Greece according to 1940 census. The morbidity due to exanthematic typhus, typhoid fever, dysentery and meningitis has been elevated over the period 1940-1944. An elevated specific mortality due to tuberculosis, malaria and typhoid fever was observed over the period 1940-1941. Regarding non-communicable diseases, the mortality due to hemorrhagic stroke was increased after 1940. In conclusion, we found that the Axis/Nazi military occupation of Greece had considerable health effects on infectious diseases and hemorrhagic stroke mortality. Deaths ostensibly due to infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis or malaria), were expedited by the hunger famine of the period under investigation. With regard to the elevated mortality due to hemorrhagic stroke, we believe that the stressful events of occupation and famine have triggered increased psychosocial stress which in turn may have increased the risk of hemorrhagic stroke mortality during the period of Axis/Nazi occupation of Greece.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"44 1","pages":"150-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80048213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Staffolani, Valentina Iencinella, Matteo Cimatti, M. Tavio
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected in the last two years a large number of subjects, with a high cost in terms of morbidity and mortality. The scientific community made progress in understanding risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the last months, another condition has become evident and caught the attention of the scientific community: the so-called long COVID syndrome. The pathophysiology of this condition is not known, even if some hypothesis have been made but not demonstrated yet. Long COVID is characterized by a very heterogeneous group of subacute and/or chronic symptoms and signs that follow the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection and have a very variable duration. The presence of this syndrome in an individual is not dependent from the severity of the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Because of the extreme clinical heterogeneity, and also due to the lack of a shared and specific definition of the disease, it is very difficult to know the real prevalence and incidence of this condition. Some risk factors for the development of the disease have been identified: advanced age, elevated body mass index, comorbidities, specific symptoms of acute COVID-19 (in particular dyspnea), number of symptoms in the acute phase and female sex. The number of individuals affected by long COVID is high, even if it occurs only in a part of the subjects who had COVID-19. Therefore, long COVID constitutes now a major health issue and has to be managed in order to ensure an adequate access to care for all the people that need it. "Post COVID" clinics have been created in various countries, especially in Europe, for the management of people affected by long COVID syndrome. Guidelines have been written to help clinicians. An important role in the management of long COVID patients is played by the general practitioner, directly or indirectly linked to post COVID hospital clinics. The extreme heterogeneity of clinical presentation needs a patient-tailored, multidisciplinary approach. As NHS guidelines say, the three principal of care for long COVID patients are personalized care, multidisciplinary support and rehabilitation. More studies are needed in order to know better the pathophysiology of the disease. It is also necessary to create standardized and shared definitions of the disease, in order to better understand the epidemiology, the diagnostic criteria and to offer the right treatment to all the individuals who need it, without social or economic diffeences.
{"title":"Long COVID-19 syndrome as a fourth phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection.","authors":"S. Staffolani, Valentina Iencinella, Matteo Cimatti, M. Tavio","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-3","url":null,"abstract":"The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected in the last two years a large number of subjects, with a high cost in terms of morbidity and mortality. The scientific community made progress in understanding risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the last months, another condition has become evident and caught the attention of the scientific community: the so-called long COVID syndrome. The pathophysiology of this condition is not known, even if some hypothesis have been made but not demonstrated yet. Long COVID is characterized by a very heterogeneous group of subacute and/or chronic symptoms and signs that follow the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection and have a very variable duration. The presence of this syndrome in an individual is not dependent from the severity of the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Because of the extreme clinical heterogeneity, and also due to the lack of a shared and specific definition of the disease, it is very difficult to know the real prevalence and incidence of this condition. Some risk factors for the development of the disease have been identified: advanced age, elevated body mass index, comorbidities, specific symptoms of acute COVID-19 (in particular dyspnea), number of symptoms in the acute phase and female sex. The number of individuals affected by long COVID is high, even if it occurs only in a part of the subjects who had COVID-19. Therefore, long COVID constitutes now a major health issue and has to be managed in order to ensure an adequate access to care for all the people that need it. \"Post COVID\" clinics have been created in various countries, especially in Europe, for the management of people affected by long COVID syndrome. Guidelines have been written to help clinicians. An important role in the management of long COVID patients is played by the general practitioner, directly or indirectly linked to post COVID hospital clinics. The extreme heterogeneity of clinical presentation needs a patient-tailored, multidisciplinary approach. As NHS guidelines say, the three principal of care for long COVID patients are personalized care, multidisciplinary support and rehabilitation. More studies are needed in order to know better the pathophysiology of the disease. It is also necessary to create standardized and shared definitions of the disease, in order to better understand the epidemiology, the diagnostic criteria and to offer the right treatment to all the individuals who need it, without social or economic diffeences.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"50 1","pages":"22-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81941732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bahadoram, A. Saeedi-Boroujeni, M. Mahmoudian-sani, Helai Hussaini, S. Hassanzadeh
Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of people around the world have been affected with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition to the typical symptoms, thrombotic events, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia have been reported in COVID-19 patients. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is one of the thrombotic events that occur in some COVID-19 patients. Hyperinflammation, cytokine storms, and immune dysregulation in some patients are the cause to the main COVID-19 complications such as ALI (acute lung injury), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ failure. Disruption in the differentiation of T-cells, enhanced differentiation of Th17 and Th1, cell death (pyroptosis), hyper-inflammation and dysfunction of inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages, and hyperactivity of NLRP3-inflammasome are among the important factors that may be the cause to COVID-19-induced ITP. This study aimed to give an overview of the findings on the immunopathogenesis of ITP and COVID-19-induced ITP. Further studies are required to better understand the exact immunopathogenesis and effective treatments for ITP, especially in inflammatory disorders.
{"title":"COVID-19-induced immune thrombocytopenic purpura; Immunopathogenesis and clinical implications.","authors":"M. Bahadoram, A. Saeedi-Boroujeni, M. Mahmoudian-sani, Helai Hussaini, S. Hassanzadeh","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-5","url":null,"abstract":"Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of people around the world have been affected with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition to the typical symptoms, thrombotic events, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia have been reported in COVID-19 patients. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is one of the thrombotic events that occur in some COVID-19 patients. Hyperinflammation, cytokine storms, and immune dysregulation in some patients are the cause to the main COVID-19 complications such as ALI (acute lung injury), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ failure. Disruption in the differentiation of T-cells, enhanced differentiation of Th17 and Th1, cell death (pyroptosis), hyper-inflammation and dysfunction of inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages, and hyperactivity of NLRP3-inflammasome are among the important factors that may be the cause to COVID-19-induced ITP. This study aimed to give an overview of the findings on the immunopathogenesis of ITP and COVID-19-induced ITP. Further studies are required to better understand the exact immunopathogenesis and effective treatments for ITP, especially in inflammatory disorders.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"12 1","pages":"41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80832776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the present article is to substantiate the Greek name of Βασíλɛιoς νóσoς (Vasilios nósos) about tuberculosis, with the analysis of what Adamantios Korais mentions about scrofula in his dictionary "Atakta". Korais relates the story of medicinal Royal touch about scrofula connects and identifies the king with the name of the disease.
{"title":"Royal disease (Vasilios nósos): Substantiating one of the names of tuberculosis in Greek, from \"Atakta\" dictionary by Adamantios Korais, (1832-1835).","authors":"Aikaterini A Kazana, K. Gourgoulianis","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-19","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present article is to substantiate the Greek name of Βασíλɛιoς νóσoς (Vasilios nósos) about tuberculosis, with the analysis of what Adamantios Korais mentions about scrofula in his dictionary \"Atakta\". Korais relates the story of medicinal Royal touch about scrofula connects and identifies the king with the name of the disease.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"35 9","pages":"143-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91476067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Mushtaq, Anwar Khedr, T. Koritala, B. Bartlett, Nitesh Kumar Jain, S. A. Khan
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unanticipated pressures on all aspects of human life. Multiple approaches to eliciting protective immunity must be rapidly evaluated. Numerous efforts have been made to develop an effective vaccine for this novel coronavirus, resulting in a race for vaccine development. To combat COVID-19, all nations must focus their efforts on widespread vaccination with an effective and safe vaccine. Globally, concerns about potential long-term adverse effects of vaccines have led to some apprehension about vaccine use. A vaccine's adverse effect has an integral role in the public's confidence and vaccine uptake. This article reviews the current primary literature regarding adverse effects associated with different COVID-19 vaccines in use worldwide.
{"title":"A review of adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines.","authors":"H. Mushtaq, Anwar Khedr, T. Koritala, B. Bartlett, Nitesh Kumar Jain, S. A. Khan","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-1","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unanticipated pressures on all aspects of human life. Multiple approaches to eliciting protective immunity must be rapidly evaluated. Numerous efforts have been made to develop an effective vaccine for this novel coronavirus, resulting in a race for vaccine development. To combat COVID-19, all nations must focus their efforts on widespread vaccination with an effective and safe vaccine. Globally, concerns about potential long-term adverse effects of vaccines have led to some apprehension about vaccine use. A vaccine's adverse effect has an integral role in the public's confidence and vaccine uptake. This article reviews the current primary literature regarding adverse effects associated with different COVID-19 vaccines in use worldwide.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78775550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Alfano, Niccoló Morisi, M. Frisina, A. Ferrari, F. Fontana, R. Tonelli, E. Franceschini, Marianna Meschiari, G. Donati, G. Guaraldi
COVID-19 is an unpredictable infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The development of effective anti-COVID-19 vaccines has enormously minimized the risk of severe illness in most immunocompetent patients. However, unvaccinated patients and non-responders to the COVID-19 vaccine are at risk of shortand long-term consequences. In these patients, the outcome of COVID-19 relies on an interplay of multiple factors including age, immunocompetence, comorbidities, inflammatory response triggered by the virus as well as the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Generally, COVID-19 is asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in young people, but it may manifest with respiratory insufficiency requiring mechanical ventilation in certain susceptible groups of patients. Furthermore, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection induces multiorgan failure syndrome by affecting liver, kidney heart and nervous system. Since December 2019, multiple drugs have been tested to treat COVID-19, but only a few have been proven effective to mitigate the course of the disease that continues to cause death and comorbidity worldwide. Current treatment of COVID-19 patients is essentially based on the administration of supportive oxygen therapy and the use of specific drugs such as steroids, anticoagulants, antivirals, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and immunomodulators. However, the rapid spread of new variants and the release of new data coming from the numerous ongoing clinical trials have created the conditions for maintaining a continuous updating of the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we believe that a well-established therapeutic strategy along with the continuum of medical care for all patients with COVID-19 is pivotal to improving disease outcomes and restoring healthcare care fragmentation caused by the pandemic. This narrative review, focusing on the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients, aimed to provide an overview of current therapies for (i) asymptomatic or mildly/moderate symptomatic patients, (ii) hospitalized patients requiring low-flow oxygen, (iii) high-flow oxygen and (iv) mechanical ventilation.
{"title":"Awaiting a cure for COVID-19: therapeutic approach in patients with different severity levels of COVID-19.","authors":"G. Alfano, Niccoló Morisi, M. Frisina, A. Ferrari, F. Fontana, R. Tonelli, E. Franceschini, Marianna Meschiari, G. Donati, G. Guaraldi","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-2","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is an unpredictable infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The development of effective anti-COVID-19 vaccines has enormously minimized the risk of severe illness in most immunocompetent patients. However, unvaccinated patients and non-responders to the COVID-19 vaccine are at risk of shortand long-term consequences. In these patients, the outcome of COVID-19 relies on an interplay of multiple factors including age, immunocompetence, comorbidities, inflammatory response triggered by the virus as well as the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Generally, COVID-19 is asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in young people, but it may manifest with respiratory insufficiency requiring mechanical ventilation in certain susceptible groups of patients. Furthermore, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection induces multiorgan failure syndrome by affecting liver, kidney heart and nervous system. Since December 2019, multiple drugs have been tested to treat COVID-19, but only a few have been proven effective to mitigate the course of the disease that continues to cause death and comorbidity worldwide. Current treatment of COVID-19 patients is essentially based on the administration of supportive oxygen therapy and the use of specific drugs such as steroids, anticoagulants, antivirals, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and immunomodulators. However, the rapid spread of new variants and the release of new data coming from the numerous ongoing clinical trials have created the conditions for maintaining a continuous updating of the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we believe that a well-established therapeutic strategy along with the continuum of medical care for all patients with COVID-19 is pivotal to improving disease outcomes and restoring healthcare care fragmentation caused by the pandemic. This narrative review, focusing on the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients, aimed to provide an overview of current therapies for (i) asymptomatic or mildly/moderate symptomatic patients, (ii) hospitalized patients requiring low-flow oxygen, (iii) high-flow oxygen and (iv) mechanical ventilation.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"217 1","pages":"11-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79660609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Abbasi, H. Kafil, M. A. Ozma, Narges Sangtarash, Sahar Sabahi
Humanity is currently facing a life-threatening challenge from the infectious and epidemic disease SARS-CoV-2. To date, the various modes of transmission of the virus have not been fully elucidated. In this regard, there is a possibility of transmission of the virus through food products. The COVID-19 pandemic disease, like those associated with SARS and MERS, is transmitted mainly through the respiratory tract and airborne aerosol particles, but the presence of fragments of the genetic virus (RNA) in the feces of numerous patients proposes that their fecal-oral pathway may be expanded. In addition, people with gastrointestinal disorders such as atrophic gastritis and metaplasia may be susceptible to COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, food may act as a potential carrier of COVID-19 due to environmental or cross-contamination. According to the available evidence, the spread and possibility of transmission of COVID-19 contamination from humans to food products are possible. Beyond that, there is some evidence that some food sources of animal origin, such as pigs and rabbits, can be contaminated by COVID-19. Therefore, the transmission of the virus through some meat products may be conceivable. Due to the rapid release rate of COVID-19 and its stability in various milieus, especially food manufacturing circumstances, it may enter the matrix during different stages of traditional or industrial food processing. Therefore, preventive measures are recommended to be utilized in the food manufacturing sector. The present study explored the risk of different food matrices, including dairy products, bread, meat and meat products, vegetables, fruits, and processed foods, as potential carriers for the transmission of COVID-19.
{"title":"Can food matrices be considered as a potential carrier for COVID-19?","authors":"A. Abbasi, H. Kafil, M. A. Ozma, Narges Sangtarash, Sahar Sabahi","doi":"10.53854/liim-3001-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53854/liim-3001-7","url":null,"abstract":"Humanity is currently facing a life-threatening challenge from the infectious and epidemic disease SARS-CoV-2. To date, the various modes of transmission of the virus have not been fully elucidated. In this regard, there is a possibility of transmission of the virus through food products. The COVID-19 pandemic disease, like those associated with SARS and MERS, is transmitted mainly through the respiratory tract and airborne aerosol particles, but the presence of fragments of the genetic virus (RNA) in the feces of numerous patients proposes that their fecal-oral pathway may be expanded. In addition, people with gastrointestinal disorders such as atrophic gastritis and metaplasia may be susceptible to COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, food may act as a potential carrier of COVID-19 due to environmental or cross-contamination. According to the available evidence, the spread and possibility of transmission of COVID-19 contamination from humans to food products are possible. Beyond that, there is some evidence that some food sources of animal origin, such as pigs and rabbits, can be contaminated by COVID-19. Therefore, the transmission of the virus through some meat products may be conceivable. Due to the rapid release rate of COVID-19 and its stability in various milieus, especially food manufacturing circumstances, it may enter the matrix during different stages of traditional or industrial food processing. Therefore, preventive measures are recommended to be utilized in the food manufacturing sector. The present study explored the risk of different food matrices, including dairy products, bread, meat and meat products, vegetables, fruits, and processed foods, as potential carriers for the transmission of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"3 1","pages":"59-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91040787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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