Pub Date : 2020-05-08DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppa94rc.v1
V. Deshmukh, Satyendra C Tripathi, Ashlesh Patil, J. Tripathy
Diagnosis of persons exposed to/infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is central to controlling the global pandemic of COVID-19. Currently, several diagnostic modalities are available for COVID-19, each with its own pros and cons. Although there is a global consensus to increase the testing capacity, it is also essential to prudently utilize these tests to control the pandemic. In this paper, we have reviewed the current array of diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2, highlighted the gaps in current diagnostic modalities, and their role in community surveillance and control of the pandemic. The different modalities of COVID-19 diagnosis discussed are: clinical and radiological, molecular based (laboratory based and point-of-care), Immunoassay based (ELISA, rapid antigen and antibody detection tests) and digital diagnostics (artificial intelligence based algorithms). The role of rapid antigen/antibody detection tests in community surveillance has also been described here. These tests can be used to identify asymptomatic persons exposed to the virus and in community based seroprevalence surveys to assess the epidemiology of spread of the virus. However, there are few concerns about the accuracy of these tests which needs to evaluated beforehand.
{"title":"COVID 19 diagnostic multiplicity and its role in community surveillance and control.","authors":"V. Deshmukh, Satyendra C Tripathi, Ashlesh Patil, J. Tripathy","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppa94rc.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppa94rc.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnosis of persons exposed to/infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is central to controlling the global pandemic of COVID-19. Currently, several diagnostic modalities are available for COVID-19, each with its own pros and cons. Although there is a global consensus to increase the testing capacity, it is also essential to prudently utilize these tests to control the pandemic. In this paper, we have reviewed the current array of diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2, highlighted the gaps in current diagnostic modalities, and their role in community surveillance and control of the pandemic. The different modalities of COVID-19 diagnosis discussed are: clinical and radiological, molecular based (laboratory based and point-of-care), Immunoassay based (ELISA, rapid antigen and antibody detection tests) and digital diagnostics (artificial intelligence based algorithms). The role of rapid antigen/antibody detection tests in community surveillance has also been described here. These tests can be used to identify asymptomatic persons exposed to the virus and in community based seroprevalence surveys to assess the epidemiology of spread of the virus. However, there are few concerns about the accuracy of these tests which needs to evaluated beforehand.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"49 1","pages":"18-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85814433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.20944/preprints202003.0103.v1
D. K. Bonilla-Aldana, María C. Cardona-Trujillo, Alejandra García-Barco, Yeimer Holguin-Rivera, Isabella Cortés-Bonilla, H. A. Bedoya-Arias, Leidy Jhoana Patiño-Cadavid, Juan David Tamayo-Orozco, A. Paniz‐Mondolfi, L. Zambrano, K. Dhama, R. Sah, A. Rabaan, G. J. Balbin-Ramon, A. Rodríguez-Morales
INTRODUCTION Coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses that include human epidemic pathogens such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS-CoV), and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), among others (e.g., COVID-19, the recently emerging coronavirus disease). The role of animals as potential reservoirs for such pathogens remains an unanswered question. No systematic reviews have been published on this topic to date. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using three databases to assess MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infection in animals and its diagnosis by serological and molecular tests. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS 6,493articles were retrieved (1960-2019). After screening by abstract/title, 50 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of them, 42 were finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. From a total of 34 studies (n=20,896 animals), the pool prevalence by RT-PCR for MERS-CoV was 7.2% (95%CI 5.6-8.7%), with 97.3% occurring in camels, in which pool prevalence was 10.3% (95%CI 8.3-12.3). Qatar was the country with the highest MERS-CoV RT-PCR pool prevalence: 32.6% (95%CI 4.8-60.4%). From 5 studies and 2,618 animals, for SARS-CoV, the RT-PCR pool prevalence was 2.3% (95%CI 1.3-3.3). Of those, 38.35% were reported on bats, in which the pool prevalence was 14.1% (95%CI0.0-44.6%). DISCUSSION A considerable proportion of infected animals tested positive, particularly by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). This essential condition highlights the relevance of individual animals as reservoirs of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In this meta-analysis, camels and bats were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 10% of the cases for both; thus, suggesting their relevance in the maintenance of wild zoonotic transmission.
{"title":"MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infections in animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies.","authors":"D. K. Bonilla-Aldana, María C. Cardona-Trujillo, Alejandra García-Barco, Yeimer Holguin-Rivera, Isabella Cortés-Bonilla, H. A. Bedoya-Arias, Leidy Jhoana Patiño-Cadavid, Juan David Tamayo-Orozco, A. Paniz‐Mondolfi, L. Zambrano, K. Dhama, R. Sah, A. Rabaan, G. J. Balbin-Ramon, A. Rodríguez-Morales","doi":"10.20944/preprints202003.0103.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0103.v1","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses that include human epidemic pathogens such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS-CoV), and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), among others (e.g., COVID-19, the recently emerging coronavirus disease). The role of animals as potential reservoirs for such pathogens remains an unanswered question. No systematic reviews have been published on this topic to date.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using three databases to assess MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infection in animals and its diagnosis by serological and molecular tests. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u00006,493articles were retrieved (1960-2019). After screening by abstract/title, 50 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of them, 42 were finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. From a total of 34 studies (n=20,896 animals), the pool prevalence by RT-PCR for MERS-CoV was 7.2% (95%CI 5.6-8.7%), with 97.3% occurring in camels, in which pool prevalence was 10.3% (95%CI 8.3-12.3). Qatar was the country with the highest MERS-CoV RT-PCR pool prevalence: 32.6% (95%CI 4.8-60.4%). From 5 studies and 2,618 animals, for SARS-CoV, the RT-PCR pool prevalence was 2.3% (95%CI 1.3-3.3). Of those, 38.35% were reported on bats, in which the pool prevalence was 14.1% (95%CI0.0-44.6%).\u0000\u0000\u0000DISCUSSION\u0000A considerable proportion of infected animals tested positive, particularly by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). This essential condition highlights the relevance of individual animals as reservoirs of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In this meta-analysis, camels and bats were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 10% of the cases for both; thus, suggesting their relevance in the maintenance of wild zoonotic transmission.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"5 1","pages":"71-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78659900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felix W. A. Waibel, I. Uçkay, Kati Sairanen, Lorenz Waibel, M. Berli, T. Böni, K. Gariani, Benjamin A Lipsky
Diabetic foot infection (DFI), a multi-facetted disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach for successful treatment, mostly affects the forefoot. Calcaneal osteomyelitis (CO) is an uncommon presentation of DFI with a somewhat different epidemiology, clinical features, and approach to management. These patients, compared to those with non-calcaneal DFI, more often require special surgical techniques and off-loading approaches. In this narrative review targeted to non-surgical clinicians, we explore how CO differs from other types of DFI affecting other anatomical locations. Based on our review of the literature and personal experience, we also highlight important issues regarding the management of CO osteomyelitis, including the need for specialized surgical approaches.
{"title":"Diabetic calcaneal osteomyelitis.","authors":"Felix W. A. Waibel, I. Uçkay, Kati Sairanen, Lorenz Waibel, M. Berli, T. Böni, K. Gariani, Benjamin A Lipsky","doi":"10.5167/UZH-181767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5167/UZH-181767","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic foot infection (DFI), a multi-facetted disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach for successful treatment, mostly affects the forefoot. Calcaneal osteomyelitis (CO) is an uncommon presentation of DFI with a somewhat different epidemiology, clinical features, and approach to management. These patients, compared to those with non-calcaneal DFI, more often require special surgical techniques and off-loading approaches. In this narrative review targeted to non-surgical clinicians, we explore how CO differs from other types of DFI affecting other anatomical locations. Based on our review of the literature and personal experience, we also highlight important issues regarding the management of CO osteomyelitis, including the need for specialized surgical approaches.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"79 1","pages":"225-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79307446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.1201/9781315382715-24
R. Doria, F. Menichetti
The prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) constitute a group of hereditary or acquired neurodegenerative disorders. The Authors evaluate the etiopathogenetic background, the clinical features and the current concerns with special attention to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and new variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease.
{"title":"[Prion diseases].","authors":"R. Doria, F. Menichetti","doi":"10.1201/9781315382715-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315382715-24","url":null,"abstract":"The prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) constitute a group of hereditary or acquired neurodegenerative disorders. The Authors evaluate the etiopathogenetic background, the clinical features and the current concerns with special attention to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and new variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"96 1","pages":"72-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75905406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-01DOI: 10.26226/morressier.56d6be7cd462b80296c9591a
Sebastián Ramírez-Ocampo, Juan David Cotte-Alzate, A. Escobedo, A. Rodríguez-Morales
There are no meta-analyses specifically describing the prevalence of zoonotic and non-zoonotic genotypes of Giardia intestinalis in cats, which would be useful in defining the importance of cats as a source of zoonotic transmission. We performed a systematic review of the literature in three databases (PubMed, Scopus and SciELO) to assess the proportion of cats that were infected with specific G. intestinalis genotypes. A meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A 2-tailed alpha level of 5% was used for hypothesis testing. Measures of heterogeneity, including Cochran's Q statistic, the I2 index, and the tau-squared test, were estimated and reported. Subgroup analyses were conducted by geographic area and animal origin, as well as coinfection. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel-plot. Up to November 1, 2015, the literature search yielded 780 articles, of which 29 studies were valid for analysis. The pooled prevalence rate was higher for genotype F (19 studies, n=368 cats) with 55.8% [95%CI (42.8%-68.7%), τ2=0.0463]. For genotype A (21 n=409) it was 38.7% [95%CI (29.0%-48.4%), τ2=0.0527], for genotype D (7, n=276) 8.9% [95%CI (2.1%-15.8%), τ2=0.0024], for genotype C (2, n=212) 3.1% [95%CI (2.5%-3.5%), τ2=0.0001], for genotype E (3, n=187) 2.9% [95%CI (0.0%-8.1%), τ2=0.0009], and for genotype B (4, n=230) it was 2.8% [95%CI (0.0%-5.7%), τ2=0.0002]. Genotypes A and B of G. intestinalis are present in a wide range of hosts, including humans and cats, whilst genotype E has been reported in bovines, ovines, caprine and porcine animals, as well as in dogs and cats; and genotype F is almost exclusive to cats. Thus genotypes A and B are the most important for zoonotic transmission. In this study, after genotype F (55.5%), genotype A yielded more than 38% in cats (95%CI 29-48). This has interesting possible implications in zoonotic transmission of giardiasis between cats and humans.
{"title":"Prevalence of zoonotic and non-zoonotic genotypes of Giardia intestinalis in cats: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Sebastián Ramírez-Ocampo, Juan David Cotte-Alzate, A. Escobedo, A. Rodríguez-Morales","doi":"10.26226/morressier.56d6be7cd462b80296c9591a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26226/morressier.56d6be7cd462b80296c9591a","url":null,"abstract":"There are no meta-analyses specifically describing the prevalence of zoonotic and non-zoonotic genotypes of Giardia intestinalis in cats, which would be useful in defining the importance of cats as a source of zoonotic transmission. We performed a systematic review of the literature in three databases (PubMed, Scopus and SciELO) to assess the proportion of cats that were infected with specific G. intestinalis genotypes. A meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A 2-tailed alpha level of 5% was used for hypothesis testing. Measures of heterogeneity, including Cochran's Q statistic, the I2 index, and the tau-squared test, were estimated and reported. Subgroup analyses were conducted by geographic area and animal origin, as well as coinfection. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel-plot. Up to November 1, 2015, the literature search yielded 780 articles, of which 29 studies were valid for analysis. The pooled prevalence rate was higher for genotype F (19 studies, n=368 cats) with 55.8% [95%CI (42.8%-68.7%), τ2=0.0463]. For genotype A (21 n=409) it was 38.7% [95%CI (29.0%-48.4%), τ2=0.0527], for genotype D (7, n=276) 8.9% [95%CI (2.1%-15.8%), τ2=0.0024], for genotype C (2, n=212) 3.1% [95%CI (2.5%-3.5%), τ2=0.0001], for genotype E (3, n=187) 2.9% [95%CI (0.0%-8.1%), τ2=0.0009], and for genotype B (4, n=230) it was 2.8% [95%CI (0.0%-5.7%), τ2=0.0002]. Genotypes A and B of G. intestinalis are present in a wide range of hosts, including humans and cats, whilst genotype E has been reported in bovines, ovines, caprine and porcine animals, as well as in dogs and cats; and genotype F is almost exclusive to cats. Thus genotypes A and B are the most important for zoonotic transmission. In this study, after genotype F (55.5%), genotype A yielded more than 38% in cats (95%CI 29-48). This has interesting possible implications in zoonotic transmission of giardiasis between cats and humans.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"155 1","pages":"326-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74896533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31526-3_6
T. Giray, S. Biçer, Ö. Küçük, D. Çöl, Zerrin Yalvaç, Y. Gürol, G. Yılmaz, Ahmet Saç, Yiğit Moğol
{"title":"Four cases with Kawasaki disease and viral infection: aetiology or association.","authors":"T. Giray, S. Biçer, Ö. Küçük, D. Çöl, Zerrin Yalvaç, Y. Gürol, G. Yılmaz, Ahmet Saç, Yiğit Moğol","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-31526-3_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31526-3_6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"53 1","pages":"340-344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91537596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rodríguez-Morales, Ubydul Haque, Jacob D. Ball, C. J. García-Loaiza, M. Galindo-Marquez, J. A. Sabogal-Roman, Santiago Marin-Loaiza, A. F. Ayala, Carlos O. Lozada-Riascos, F. Diaz-Quijano, J. Alvarado-Socarras
In this study, we investigated the weekly reported spatio-temporal distribution and topographic risk factors for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in northeastern Colombia. Weekly reported surveillance data, including clinical, suspected and confirmed cases from the ongoing ZIKV epidemic in the Santander and Norte de Santander departments (Santanderes) in Colombia were used to estimate cumulative incidence rates. Spatial analysis was performed to develop hot spot maps and to identify spatial topographic risk factors for infection. From January 1, 2016 to March 19, 2016, 11,515 cases of ZIKV were reported in Santanderes, with cumulative rates of 316.07 cases/100,000 population for the region (representing 18.5% of the cases of the country). Five municipalities (four in Norte de Santander) reported high incidence of ZIKV infection (>1,000 cases/100,000 pop); these municipalities are close to the border with Venezuela. Most of the cases reported occurred mainly in low altitude areas, and persistent hot spots were observed. Higher infection rates were reported in the Northeastern part of the study area. Use of risk maps can help guide decisions for the prevention and control of ZIKV. Hotspots on the Colombia-Venezuela border can have implications for international spread.
{"title":"Spatial distribution of Zika virus infection in Northeastern Colombia.","authors":"A. Rodríguez-Morales, Ubydul Haque, Jacob D. Ball, C. J. García-Loaiza, M. Galindo-Marquez, J. A. Sabogal-Roman, Santiago Marin-Loaiza, A. F. Ayala, Carlos O. Lozada-Riascos, F. Diaz-Quijano, J. Alvarado-Socarras","doi":"10.2471/BLT.16.176529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.176529","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated the weekly reported spatio-temporal distribution and topographic risk factors for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in northeastern Colombia. Weekly reported surveillance data, including clinical, suspected and confirmed cases from the ongoing ZIKV epidemic in the Santander and Norte de Santander departments (Santanderes) in Colombia were used to estimate cumulative incidence rates. Spatial analysis was performed to develop hot spot maps and to identify spatial topographic risk factors for infection. From January 1, 2016 to March 19, 2016, 11,515 cases of ZIKV were reported in Santanderes, with cumulative rates of 316.07 cases/100,000 population for the region (representing 18.5% of the cases of the country). Five municipalities (four in Norte de Santander) reported high incidence of ZIKV infection (>1,000 cases/100,000 pop); these municipalities are close to the border with Venezuela. Most of the cases reported occurred mainly in low altitude areas, and persistent hot spots were observed. Higher infection rates were reported in the Northeastern part of the study area. Use of risk maps can help guide decisions for the prevention and control of ZIKV. Hotspots on the Colombia-Venezuela border can have implications for international spread.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"40 1","pages":"241-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82717070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Scotto, F. Bulla, F. Campanale, A. Tartaglia, V. Fazio
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents the main aetiological agent of enteric non-A hepatitis and is the only member of a new virus, Hepevirus, belonging to the family of Hepeviridae. HEV is the single most important cause of acute clinical hepatitis among adults in many areas of the developing world, specifically the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, where it is a common cause of sporadic and epidemic waterborne outbreaks and results in a high rate of morbidity and death, especially in pregnant women. Once thought of as an infection confined to developing countries, it is now recognized as a geographically widely distributed disease. In low-endemic regions (Western countries), sporadic cases of locally-acquired HEV infection are reported, acquired possibly through zoonotic transmission from pigs, wild boars or deer. In persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease, HEV superinfection can present as acute-on-chronic liver disease. In European countries, chronic infection, which may progress to liver cirrhosis, has been reported among immunosuppressed persons. Two testing vaccines proved to be highly effective in preventing the disease; these vaccines should be of particular use in groups that are at high risk of HEV infection.
{"title":"[Hepatitis E].","authors":"G. Scotto, F. Bulla, F. Campanale, A. Tartaglia, V. Fazio","doi":"10.5772/55568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/55568","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents the main aetiological agent of enteric non-A hepatitis and is the only member of a new virus, Hepevirus, belonging to the family of Hepeviridae. HEV is the single most important cause of acute clinical hepatitis among adults in many areas of the developing world, specifically the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, where it is a common cause of sporadic and epidemic waterborne outbreaks and results in a high rate of morbidity and death, especially in pregnant women. Once thought of as an infection confined to developing countries, it is now recognized as a geographically widely distributed disease. In low-endemic regions (Western countries), sporadic cases of locally-acquired HEV infection are reported, acquired possibly through zoonotic transmission from pigs, wild boars or deer. In persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease, HEV superinfection can present as acute-on-chronic liver disease. In European countries, chronic infection, which may progress to liver cirrhosis, has been reported among immunosuppressed persons. Two testing vaccines proved to be highly effective in preventing the disease; these vaccines should be of particular use in groups that are at high risk of HEV infection.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"18 1","pages":"175-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89768058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Third Edition of this definitive reference provides comprehensive guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of every infectious disease seen in current clinical practice. More than 300 world-class practitioners detail the full range of clinical infections, microbial agents, viruses, mycobacteria, fungi, and parasites and describe all contemporary diagnostic tests, antimicrobial therapies, and prophyl...actic measures. Coverage includes chapters on surgical infections written by preeminent surgeons and up-to-the-minute information on HIV infection. A comprehensive antimicrobial drugs section includes tables that provide complete, at-a-glance information on mechanisms of action, side effects, indications, and dosages. New Third Edition chapters cover bioterrorism, hospital infections, emerging infections, Kawasaki syndrome, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, diabetic foot ulcers, decubitus ulcers, staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, food safety, linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin, molecular diagnostics, diagnostic significance of nonspecific laboratory abnormalities, and clinical approaches to patients with recurring infections.
{"title":"[Infectious diseases].","authors":"S. Esposito","doi":"10.1071/nb93045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/nb93045","url":null,"abstract":"The Third Edition of this definitive reference provides comprehensive guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of every infectious disease seen in current clinical practice. More than 300 world-class practitioners detail the full range of clinical infections, microbial agents, viruses, mycobacteria, fungi, and parasites and describe all contemporary diagnostic tests, antimicrobial therapies, and prophyl...actic measures. Coverage includes chapters on surgical infections written by preeminent surgeons and up-to-the-minute information on HIV infection. A comprehensive antimicrobial drugs section includes tables that provide complete, at-a-glance information on mechanisms of action, side effects, indications, and dosages. New Third Edition chapters cover bioterrorism, hospital infections, emerging infections, Kawasaki syndrome, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, diabetic foot ulcers, decubitus ulcers, staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, food safety, linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin, molecular diagnostics, diagnostic significance of nonspecific laboratory abnormalities, and clinical approaches to patients with recurring infections.","PeriodicalId":17977,"journal":{"name":"Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive","volume":"46 1","pages":"69-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81616161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)90530-1
S. Sabbatani, S. Fiorino
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