Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082513
S. Buzzi, G. Colavolpe
Bits-per-Joule capacity is measured in [bit/Joule] and denotes the maximum number of bits that can be reliably transmitted on a noisy channel for each Joule of energy used for transmission. In this paper properties of the bits-per-Joule capacity of the bandlimited additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel are discussed. Then, for the case of independent parallel Gaussian channels, the problem of optimal power allocation maximizing the energy efficiency is considered, and comparisons with the classical rate-maximizing waterfilling strategy are given.
{"title":"Maximizing bits-per-Joule capacity over parallel channels","authors":"S. Buzzi, G. Colavolpe","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082513","url":null,"abstract":"Bits-per-Joule capacity is measured in [bit/Joule] and denotes the maximum number of bits that can be reliably transmitted on a noisy channel for each Joule of energy used for transmission. In this paper properties of the bits-per-Joule capacity of the bandlimited additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel are discussed. Then, for the case of independent parallel Gaussian channels, the problem of optimal power allocation maximizing the energy efficiency is considered, and comparisons with the classical rate-maximizing waterfilling strategy are given.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128639266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082518
M. Martinelli, P. Boffi, A. Gatto, P. Martelli
Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) is proposed not only as an additional dimension to increase the fiber capacity, but also as an efficient approach to reduce power dissipation in high spectral efficient systems with respect to solutions based on coherent detection and digital signal processing. In particular, fiber modes also known as circular vortices, characterized by a definite value of spin and of orbital angular momentum, are taken into account for MDM in this paper. Two different 100-Gb/s realizations based respectively on coherent technology and on MDM propagation are compared in terms of power consumption. Research objectives concerning energy sustainability and MDM development are evaluated with promising perspectives.
{"title":"Mode Division Multiplexing for limiting the power dissipation in high spectral efficiency systems","authors":"M. Martinelli, P. Boffi, A. Gatto, P. Martelli","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082518","url":null,"abstract":"Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) is proposed not only as an additional dimension to increase the fiber capacity, but also as an efficient approach to reduce power dissipation in high spectral efficient systems with respect to solutions based on coherent detection and digital signal processing. In particular, fiber modes also known as circular vortices, characterized by a definite value of spin and of orbital angular momentum, are taken into account for MDM in this paper. Two different 100-Gb/s realizations based respectively on coherent technology and on MDM propagation are compared in terms of power consumption. Research objectives concerning energy sustainability and MDM development are evaluated with promising perspectives.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134348209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082512
A. Zappone, G. Alfano, S. Buzzi, M. Meo
The problem of non-cooperative resource allocation in multi-cell uplink OFDMA systems with multiple base station antennas is considered in this paper. Non-cooperative games for subcarrier allocation and transmit power control are considered, aiming at maximizing the users' energy efficiency, measured in bit/Joule and representing the number of error-free delivered bits for each Joule of energy used for transmission. First a non-cooperative energy-efficient power control game is devised, and then the theory of potential games is employed to come up with a non-cooperative game for joint subcarrier and power allocation. Numerical results confirm that the proposed resource allocation schemes are effective in increasing the network energy efficiency, thus optimizing the use of the energy stored in the battery.
{"title":"Energy-efficient non-cooperative resource allocation in multi-cell OFDMA systems with multiple base station antennas","authors":"A. Zappone, G. Alfano, S. Buzzi, M. Meo","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082512","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of non-cooperative resource allocation in multi-cell uplink OFDMA systems with multiple base station antennas is considered in this paper. Non-cooperative games for subcarrier allocation and transmit power control are considered, aiming at maximizing the users' energy efficiency, measured in bit/Joule and representing the number of error-free delivered bits for each Joule of energy used for transmission. First a non-cooperative energy-efficient power control game is devised, and then the theory of potential games is employed to come up with a non-cooperative game for joint subcarrier and power allocation. Numerical results confirm that the proposed resource allocation schemes are effective in increasing the network energy efficiency, thus optimizing the use of the energy stored in the battery.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121309741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082509
R. Schoenen, Gurhan Bulu, Amir Mirtaheri, H. Yanikomeroglu
The new field of green communications can be divided into a) energy-efficient communications equipment or b) using information and communication technology to improve the world to become more energy aware. Mobile data traffic and utility energy consumption have a lot in common. There is a limited supply due to limited resources, and only growth (of quantities, technology) can increase this, at the cost of a higher carbon footprint. The green index is defined here for cellular wireless. On the other hand there is a demand which is user-generated, variable over time and space, and ever increasing at a fast pace. Flat rates or almost flat utility tariffs have spoiled users and established high user expectations. Instead of engineering for the growth of supply, this paper investigates how to engineer for controlling the demand side. Dealing with congestion is a consequence of the supply=demand regime and the end of overprovisioning. New tariffs are required that are tailored to the major QoS classes and help to shape demand at the user and application level. This paper investigates QoS-aware demand shaping and control by user-in-the-loop and tariff-based control.
{"title":"Green communications by demand shaping and user-in-the-loop tariff-based control","authors":"R. Schoenen, Gurhan Bulu, Amir Mirtaheri, H. Yanikomeroglu","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082509","url":null,"abstract":"The new field of green communications can be divided into a) energy-efficient communications equipment or b) using information and communication technology to improve the world to become more energy aware. Mobile data traffic and utility energy consumption have a lot in common. There is a limited supply due to limited resources, and only growth (of quantities, technology) can increase this, at the cost of a higher carbon footprint. The green index is defined here for cellular wireless. On the other hand there is a demand which is user-generated, variable over time and space, and ever increasing at a fast pace. Flat rates or almost flat utility tariffs have spoiled users and established high user expectations. Instead of engineering for the growth of supply, this paper investigates how to engineer for controlling the demand side. Dealing with congestion is a consequence of the supply=demand regime and the end of overprovisioning. New tariffs are required that are tailored to the major QoS classes and help to shape demand at the user and application level. This paper investigates QoS-aware demand shaping and control by user-in-the-loop and tariff-based control.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115286099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082502
P. Clarke, R. D. Lamare
This paper presents joint transmit diversity selection (TDS) and relay selection (RS) algorithms based on discrete stochastic optimization for a multi-relay cooperative MIMO system. A two-phase, decode-and-forward (DF) network with a non-negligible direct path is considered where linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) receivers are used at all nodes. TDS and RS are performed jointly with continuous least squares channel estimation and no transmit preprocessing is required. RS removes relays from consideration by TDS and generates an optimized set from which TDS is made, improving the convergence, performance, complexity and energy consumption of the TDS process whilst maintaining low feedback requirements. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated via mean square error (MSE), bit-error rate (BER) and complexity comparisons. The results show that the proposed schemes outperform cooperative transmission with and without TDS in terms of diversity, MSE and BER, and match that of the optimum exhaustive solutions whilst making considerable complexity and energy savings.
{"title":"Joint MMSE transmit diversity optimization and relay selection for cooperative MIMO systems using discrete stochastic algorithms","authors":"P. Clarke, R. D. Lamare","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082502","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents joint transmit diversity selection (TDS) and relay selection (RS) algorithms based on discrete stochastic optimization for a multi-relay cooperative MIMO system. A two-phase, decode-and-forward (DF) network with a non-negligible direct path is considered where linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) receivers are used at all nodes. TDS and RS are performed jointly with continuous least squares channel estimation and no transmit preprocessing is required. RS removes relays from consideration by TDS and generates an optimized set from which TDS is made, improving the convergence, performance, complexity and energy consumption of the TDS process whilst maintaining low feedback requirements. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated via mean square error (MSE), bit-error rate (BER) and complexity comparisons. The results show that the proposed schemes outperform cooperative transmission with and without TDS in terms of diversity, MSE and BER, and match that of the optimum exhaustive solutions whilst making considerable complexity and energy savings.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116253000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082526
Li Zhu, F. Yu, B. Ning, T. Tang
Charging electric vehicles (EVs) from smart microgrids fueled by renewable energy resources is becoming a popular green approach. Although some works have been done about renewable energy sources and EVs in smart microgrids, the stochastic characteristics and the dynamic interplay between these two important green solutions should be carefully considered. Furthermore, one of the important performance metrics, service availability for EVs, is largely ignored in the existing works. In this paper, we study the charging policies in smart microgrids with EVs and renewable energy sources. We analyze service availability under different charging policies. Numerical results are presented to show the performance of different charging policies.
{"title":"Stochastic charging management for plug-in electric vehicles in smart microgrids fueled by renewable energy sources","authors":"Li Zhu, F. Yu, B. Ning, T. Tang","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082526","url":null,"abstract":"Charging electric vehicles (EVs) from smart microgrids fueled by renewable energy resources is becoming a popular green approach. Although some works have been done about renewable energy sources and EVs in smart microgrids, the stochastic characteristics and the dynamic interplay between these two important green solutions should be carefully considered. Furthermore, one of the important performance metrics, service availability for EVs, is largely ignored in the existing works. In this paper, we study the charging policies in smart microgrids with EVs and renewable energy sources. We analyze service availability under different charging policies. Numerical results are presented to show the performance of different charging policies.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129191700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082510
Jiajia Liu, Xiaohong Jiang, Hiroki Nishiyama, N. Kato
Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) rely on the mobility of nodes and sequences of their contacts to compensate for lack of continuous connectivity and thus enable messages to be delivered from end to end in a “store-carry-forward” way. Since each node may also need to deliver out its locally generated message, in addition to carrying and forwarding messages for other nodes, the node may become more willing to forward its own message rather than that of others when it encounters some node. This kind of selfish behaviors may become much more significant when the nodes are operating under both QoS requirements (e.g., delivery delay requirements) and energy constraints. In this paper, we analytically explore how this kind of selfish behaviors will influence the delivery performance of the two-hop relay in the challenging DTNs. In particular, a continuous time Markov chain-based theoretical framework is developed to model the complicated message delivery process. With the help of the theoretical framework, closed-form expressions are further derived for both the expected delivery delay and the expected delivery cost, where the important node selfishness issue is carefully incorporated into the analysis.
{"title":"Performance modeling for two-hop relay with node selfishness in delay tolerant networks","authors":"Jiajia Liu, Xiaohong Jiang, Hiroki Nishiyama, N. Kato","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082510","url":null,"abstract":"Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) rely on the mobility of nodes and sequences of their contacts to compensate for lack of continuous connectivity and thus enable messages to be delivered from end to end in a “store-carry-forward” way. Since each node may also need to deliver out its locally generated message, in addition to carrying and forwarding messages for other nodes, the node may become more willing to forward its own message rather than that of others when it encounters some node. This kind of selfish behaviors may become much more significant when the nodes are operating under both QoS requirements (e.g., delivery delay requirements) and energy constraints. In this paper, we analytically explore how this kind of selfish behaviors will influence the delivery performance of the two-hop relay in the challenging DTNs. In particular, a continuous time Markov chain-based theoretical framework is developed to model the complicated message delivery process. With the help of the theoretical framework, closed-form expressions are further derived for both the expected delivery delay and the expected delivery cost, where the important node selfishness issue is carefully incorporated into the analysis.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121235313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082517
Aruna Prem Bianzino, L. Chiaraviglio, M. Mellia
In this work, we face the problem of reducing the power consumption of Internet backbone networks. We propose a novel algorithm, called GRiDA, to selectively switch off links in an Internet Service Provider IP-based network to reduce the system energy consumption. Differently from approaches that have been proposed in the literature, our solution is completely distributed among the nodes. It leverages link state protocol like OSPF to limit the amount of shared information, and to reduce the algorithm complexity. Moreover, GRiDA does not require the knowledge of the actual traffic matrix, an unrealistic assumption common to all other proposals. Results, obtained on realistic case studies, show that GRiDA achieves performance comparable to several existing centralized algorithms.
{"title":"GRiDA: A green distributed algorithm for backbone networks","authors":"Aruna Prem Bianzino, L. Chiaraviglio, M. Mellia","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082517","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we face the problem of reducing the power consumption of Internet backbone networks. We propose a novel algorithm, called GRiDA, to selectively switch off links in an Internet Service Provider IP-based network to reduce the system energy consumption. Differently from approaches that have been proposed in the literature, our solution is completely distributed among the nodes. It leverages link state protocol like OSPF to limit the amount of shared information, and to reduce the algorithm complexity. Moreover, GRiDA does not require the knowledge of the actual traffic matrix, an unrealistic assumption common to all other proposals. Results, obtained on realistic case studies, show that GRiDA achieves performance comparable to several existing centralized algorithms.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122404522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082519
B. Skubic, A. Lindstrom, Einar In de Betou, Ioanna Pappa
Energy efficiency has become an increasingly important requirement in designing access networks, both due to increased concerns for global warming and due to increased network costs related to energy consumption. In comparison to the metro and core segments, the access constitutes a substantial part of the per subscriber network energy consumption and is regarded as a bottleneck for increased network energy efficiency. One of the main avenues for reducing network energy consumption, and subject to intense research, is the introduction of load adaptive techniques where network elements/subsystems are powered off during periods of reduced network load. Such techniques are particularly interesting for the access segment which is characterized by low utilization. The combination of large contribution to the overall network power consumption and low utilization implies large potential for exploiting such load adaptive techniques. In this article we develop a framework for estimating the energy saving potential of cyclic sleep in access, given the constraints from service requirements and traffic conditions. A few critical components are considered and used for showing the potentials for cyclic sleep in optical access networks
{"title":"Energy saving potential of cyclic sleep in optical access systems","authors":"B. Skubic, A. Lindstrom, Einar In de Betou, Ioanna Pappa","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082519","url":null,"abstract":"Energy efficiency has become an increasingly important requirement in designing access networks, both due to increased concerns for global warming and due to increased network costs related to energy consumption. In comparison to the metro and core segments, the access constitutes a substantial part of the per subscriber network energy consumption and is regarded as a bottleneck for increased network energy efficiency. One of the main avenues for reducing network energy consumption, and subject to intense research, is the introduction of load adaptive techniques where network elements/subsystems are powered off during periods of reduced network load. Such techniques are particularly interesting for the access segment which is characterized by low utilization. The combination of large contribution to the overall network power consumption and low utilization implies large potential for exploiting such load adaptive techniques. In this article we develop a framework for estimating the energy saving potential of cyclic sleep in access, given the constraints from service requirements and traffic conditions. A few critical components are considered and used for showing the potentials for cyclic sleep in optical access networks","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124888853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-26DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082501
Angelos Chatzipapas, Sara Alouf, V. Mancuso
Using energy generated with fossil fuel causes global warming due to the greenhouse effect, which threatens our environment. One of the challenges for New Generation Networks (NGN) is then the reduction of energy consumption, in particular at the BSs (Base Stations) which use about 85% of the total network energy. We contribute to the research with a mathematical model that calculates the total power consumption of a BS and enlightens the way to minimize it. First, we analyze the power consumed at every different component of the BS. Second, based on the cost incurred in turning off the BS's power amplifiers, we show how to decide whether it is convenient to keep the BS idle during those intervals in which no traffic has to be sent, or to turn off the amplifiers. Our model is evaluated by means of numerical examples, and shows that interesting power gain can be obtained under a large spectrum of load conditions.
{"title":"On the minimization of power consumption in base stations using on/off power amplifiers","authors":"Angelos Chatzipapas, Sara Alouf, V. Mancuso","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082501","url":null,"abstract":"Using energy generated with fossil fuel causes global warming due to the greenhouse effect, which threatens our environment. One of the challenges for New Generation Networks (NGN) is then the reduction of energy consumption, in particular at the BSs (Base Stations) which use about 85% of the total network energy. We contribute to the research with a mathematical model that calculates the total power consumption of a BS and enlightens the way to minimize it. First, we analyze the power consumed at every different component of the BS. Second, based on the cost incurred in turning off the BS's power amplifiers, we show how to decide whether it is convenient to keep the BS idle during those intervals in which no traffic has to be sent, or to turn off the amplifiers. Our model is evaluated by means of numerical examples, and shows that interesting power gain can be obtained under a large spectrum of load conditions.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133828872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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