Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082503
D. Quintas, V. Friderikos
Multi hop cellular networks have the potential of higher capacity and less energy consumption than their traditional single hop counterparts. However, to achieve meaningful performance gains, effective routing strategies are needed. From the perspective that both maximum throughput capacity and minimum energy consumption are equally desirable objectives, we develop efficient polynomial time algorithms to construct maximum capacity paths, minimum energy paths and maximum capacity paths with minimum energy or vice-versa.
{"title":"Minimum energy and maximum capacity paths in multi hop wireless networks","authors":"D. Quintas, V. Friderikos","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082503","url":null,"abstract":"Multi hop cellular networks have the potential of higher capacity and less energy consumption than their traditional single hop counterparts. However, to achieve meaningful performance gains, effective routing strategies are needed. From the perspective that both maximum throughput capacity and minimum energy consumption are equally desirable objectives, we develop efficient polynomial time algorithms to construct maximum capacity paths, minimum energy paths and maximum capacity paths with minimum energy or vice-versa.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120847478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082504
M. M. A. Hossain, R. Jäntti
Energy consumption of next generation radio access network is posing a deep impact on CO2 emission and network operating cost. In a macro site, radio equipment dominates the power consumption. Specifically, the power amplifiers consume 70% of the total input power. In case of WCDMA and OFDMA, the Traditional Power Amplifier (TPA) suffers from low efficiency due to the non-constant envelope signals. To improve efficiency in case of these kinds of signals, deployment of Envelope Tracking Power Amplifier (ET-PA) is a viable solution. In this paper, the efficiency vs. output power characteristics of the ET-PA has been modeled. Moreover, by carrying out system level simulation in WCDMA network scenario, we show that 7–15% energy can be saved by replacing TPA by ET-PA.
{"title":"Impact of efficient power amplifiers in wireless access","authors":"M. M. A. Hossain, R. Jäntti","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082504","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption of next generation radio access network is posing a deep impact on CO2 emission and network operating cost. In a macro site, radio equipment dominates the power consumption. Specifically, the power amplifiers consume 70% of the total input power. In case of WCDMA and OFDMA, the Traditional Power Amplifier (TPA) suffers from low efficiency due to the non-constant envelope signals. To improve efficiency in case of these kinds of signals, deployment of Envelope Tracking Power Amplifier (ET-PA) is a viable solution. In this paper, the efficiency vs. output power characteristics of the ET-PA has been modeled. Moreover, by carrying out system level simulation in WCDMA network scenario, we show that 7–15% energy can be saved by replacing TPA by ET-PA.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117084447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082508
Ding Li, S. Jayaweera, Asal Naseri
Matching demand to supply is one of the key features of smart grid infrastructure. Transforming conventional static customers into active participants who interact with the electrical utility in real time is the central idea of Demand Response (DR)Demand Side Management (DSM) in smart grid. In this paper, we decouple utility cost minimization and customer social welfare maximization into two stages. Since the utility is usually more risk averse than risk neutral in real life, this decoupling approach is more realistic than the usually adopted optimization setup, in which the two objectives are combined in a single weighted sum. With a block processing model introduced, in the first stage a convex optimization problem is formulated to minimize utility's generation cost and delay operation cost. An optimal load demand scheduling solution, of the form of water-filling, is derived analytically. Based on the optimal load profile generated in this first stage, repeated Vickrey auctions over time intervals are adopted to allocate load demands among customers while maximizing the social welfare. Despite the fact that truthful bidding is a weakly dominant strategy for all customers in the auctioning game, collusive equilibria do exist and jeopardize utility's profit severely. Analysis on the structure of the Bayesian Nash equilibrium solutions shows that by introducing a positive reserve price the Vickrey auction can be made to be more robust against such collusion by customers. Moreover the corresponding Bayesian Nash equilibrium is essentially unique and guarantees the basic profit of the utility. We further discuss how customers' valuations and bidding strategies change over time for the repeated Vickrey auction model. Simulation results emphasizing the influences of reserve price and time interval size on utility's profit is also presented.
{"title":"Auctioning game based Demand Response scheduling in smart grid","authors":"Ding Li, S. Jayaweera, Asal Naseri","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082508","url":null,"abstract":"Matching demand to supply is one of the key features of smart grid infrastructure. Transforming conventional static customers into active participants who interact with the electrical utility in real time is the central idea of Demand Response (DR)Demand Side Management (DSM) in smart grid. In this paper, we decouple utility cost minimization and customer social welfare maximization into two stages. Since the utility is usually more risk averse than risk neutral in real life, this decoupling approach is more realistic than the usually adopted optimization setup, in which the two objectives are combined in a single weighted sum. With a block processing model introduced, in the first stage a convex optimization problem is formulated to minimize utility's generation cost and delay operation cost. An optimal load demand scheduling solution, of the form of water-filling, is derived analytically. Based on the optimal load profile generated in this first stage, repeated Vickrey auctions over time intervals are adopted to allocate load demands among customers while maximizing the social welfare. Despite the fact that truthful bidding is a weakly dominant strategy for all customers in the auctioning game, collusive equilibria do exist and jeopardize utility's profit severely. Analysis on the structure of the Bayesian Nash equilibrium solutions shows that by introducing a positive reserve price the Vickrey auction can be made to be more robust against such collusion by customers. Moreover the corresponding Bayesian Nash equilibrium is essentially unique and guarantees the basic profit of the utility. We further discuss how customers' valuations and bidding strategies change over time for the repeated Vickrey auction model. Simulation results emphasizing the influences of reserve price and time interval size on utility's profit is also presented.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129528001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082506
Shengrong Bu, F. Yu, P. X. Liu
Intermittent renewable energy sources and the use of smart meters introduce a significant challenge for the reliability of the smart grid. Real-time pricing is an important demand-side management mechanism for improving smart grid reliability through dynamically changing or shifting the electricity consumption of users. Presently, the dynamic real-time pricing research in the smart grid mainly focuses on the interactions between a single utility company/retailer and its users. In this paper, we consider electricity liberalization, where more than one electricity retailer can co-exist in each region, and the retailers compete or cooperate with each other to achieve the highest individual or combined revenue. Two types of electricity users are considered in this paper: traditional electricity users who pay a fixed price and opportunistic electricity users who may change the electricity demand or even turn to another electricity retailer. Two game formulations are described for the proposed real-time pricing scheme. One formulation is proposed for a totally competitive environment. Another game formulation is proposed for a cooperative environment. Some simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed real-time pricing scheme.
{"title":"Dynamic pricing for demand-side management in the smart grid","authors":"Shengrong Bu, F. Yu, P. X. Liu","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082506","url":null,"abstract":"Intermittent renewable energy sources and the use of smart meters introduce a significant challenge for the reliability of the smart grid. Real-time pricing is an important demand-side management mechanism for improving smart grid reliability through dynamically changing or shifting the electricity consumption of users. Presently, the dynamic real-time pricing research in the smart grid mainly focuses on the interactions between a single utility company/retailer and its users. In this paper, we consider electricity liberalization, where more than one electricity retailer can co-exist in each region, and the retailers compete or cooperate with each other to achieve the highest individual or combined revenue. Two types of electricity users are considered in this paper: traditional electricity users who pay a fixed price and opportunistic electricity users who may change the electricity demand or even turn to another electricity retailer. Two game formulations are described for the proposed real-time pricing scheme. One formulation is proposed for a totally competitive environment. Another game formulation is proposed for a cooperative environment. Some simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed real-time pricing scheme.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131958107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082505
A. Sarrafi, Konstantinos Georgantas, Muhammad Usman
Contemporary telecommunication systems are rapidly growing. High transmission speed and power consumption in such networks are an increasing concern. Therefore, building blocks of such networks need improvements in different aspects of their characteristics. In this paper we present an Open Source low power router which supports renewable energy by using an ultracapacitor based energy compatibility module. The described router achieves a packet rate of 580 kpps and a maximum throughput of 2.8 Gbps, consuming approximately 25 Watts. The energy compatibility module consists of a scalable design with low maintenance requirements. Our measurements show that the mentioned energy module has an efficiency of above 90%.
{"title":"A green router with built-in renewable energy module: Design, implementation and evaluation","authors":"A. Sarrafi, Konstantinos Georgantas, Muhammad Usman","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082505","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary telecommunication systems are rapidly growing. High transmission speed and power consumption in such networks are an increasing concern. Therefore, building blocks of such networks need improvements in different aspects of their characteristics. In this paper we present an Open Source low power router which supports renewable energy by using an ultracapacitor based energy compatibility module. The described router achieves a packet rate of 580 kpps and a maximum throughput of 2.8 Gbps, consuming approximately 25 Watts. The energy compatibility module consists of a scalable design with low maintenance requirements. Our measurements show that the mentioned energy module has an efficiency of above 90%.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124236383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082511
L. Andrew, Andrew Sucevic, Thuy T. T. Nguyen
Network induced energy consumption is a significant fraction of all ICT energy consumption. This paper investigates the most energy efficient way to distribute a file to a large number of recipients. It is shown that using peer-to-peer and naively minimizing the transfer time results in energy consumption that is an order of magnitude larger than simply distributing directly from a server, but that with careful management peer-to-peer systems can reduce the server's cost without increasing overall energy consumption.
{"title":"Balancing peer and server energy consumption in large peer-to-peer file distribution systems","authors":"L. Andrew, Andrew Sucevic, Thuy T. T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082511","url":null,"abstract":"Network induced energy consumption is a significant fraction of all ICT energy consumption. This paper investigates the most energy efficient way to distribute a file to a large number of recipients. It is shown that using peer-to-peer and naively minimizing the transfer time results in energy consumption that is an order of magnitude larger than simply distributing directly from a server, but that with careful management peer-to-peer systems can reduce the server's cost without increasing overall energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124026022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082500
Zimran Rafique, Boon-Chong Seet
In this paper, Wavelet based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (WOFDM) is proposed as the primary modulation technique for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) based on Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) architecture. The BER and energy performance of WOFDM is analyzed and compared with other well-known modulation techniques. By exploiting the properties of WOFDM such as one dimensional constellation and low Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR), simpler RF section can be designed for energy-efficient and high data-rate WSNs.
{"title":"Energy efficient wavelet based OFDM for V-BLAST MIMO Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Zimran Rafique, Boon-Chong Seet","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082500","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, Wavelet based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (WOFDM) is proposed as the primary modulation technique for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) based on Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) architecture. The BER and energy performance of WOFDM is analyzed and compared with other well-known modulation techniques. By exploiting the properties of WOFDM such as one dimensional constellation and low Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR), simpler RF section can be designed for energy-efficient and high data-rate WSNs.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116757586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082515
K. Gomez, R. Riggio, T. Rasheed, F. Granelli
The continuous increase in the energy production cost, together with environmental sustainability issues, is leading research communities, governments and industries to focus their efforts on a reduction of the global CO2 footprint. Information and communication technologies, which represent the nervous system of the globalized economy and society, account for a significant percentage of the overall global energy consumption. While a number of solutions have been proposed to build new, energy-aware and ‘green’ communication infrastructures, little attention has been devoted to measuring the actual impact through real-world measurements. In this paper, we focus on wireless access networks, and aim at experimentally investigating the fundamental relationship between traffic and power consumption for a typical wireless LAN based on the IEEE 802.11g standard. The insight obtained through the measurements can be used to develop reliable and realistic energy consumption models, on top of which novel energy aware protocols and algorithms can be designed and developed.
{"title":"Analysing the energy consumption behaviour of WiFi networks","authors":"K. Gomez, R. Riggio, T. Rasheed, F. Granelli","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082515","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous increase in the energy production cost, together with environmental sustainability issues, is leading research communities, governments and industries to focus their efforts on a reduction of the global CO2 footprint. Information and communication technologies, which represent the nervous system of the globalized economy and society, account for a significant percentage of the overall global energy consumption. While a number of solutions have been proposed to build new, energy-aware and ‘green’ communication infrastructures, little attention has been devoted to measuring the actual impact through real-world measurements. In this paper, we focus on wireless access networks, and aim at experimentally investigating the fundamental relationship between traffic and power consumption for a typical wireless LAN based on the IEEE 802.11g standard. The insight obtained through the measurements can be used to develop reliable and realistic energy consumption models, on top of which novel energy aware protocols and algorithms can be designed and developed.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116857406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082516
R. Bolla, R. Bruschi
In this paper, we consider energy-aware network devices (e.g. routers, switches, etc.) able to trade their energy consumption for packet forwarding performance by means of both low power idle and adaptive rate schemes. We focus on state-of-the-art packet processing engines, which generally represent the most energy-starving components of network devices, and which are often composed of a number of parallel pipelines to “divide and conquer” the incoming traffic load. Our goal is to control both the power configuration of pipelines, and the way to distribute traffic flows among them, in order to optimize the trade-off between energy consumption and network performance indexes. With this aim, we propose and analyze a constrained optimization policy, which try to find the best trade-off between power consumption and packet latency times. In order to deeply understand the impact of such policy, a number of tests have been performed by using experimental data from SW router architectures and real-world traffic traces.
{"title":"Energy-aware load balancing for parallel packet processing engines","authors":"R. Bolla, R. Bruschi","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082516","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider energy-aware network devices (e.g. routers, switches, etc.) able to trade their energy consumption for packet forwarding performance by means of both low power idle and adaptive rate schemes. We focus on state-of-the-art packet processing engines, which generally represent the most energy-starving components of network devices, and which are often composed of a number of parallel pipelines to “divide and conquer” the incoming traffic load. Our goal is to control both the power configuration of pipelines, and the way to distribute traffic flows among them, in order to optimize the trade-off between energy consumption and network performance indexes. With this aim, we propose and analyze a constrained optimization policy, which try to find the best trade-off between power consumption and packet latency times. In order to deeply understand the impact of such policy, a number of tests have been performed by using experimental data from SW router architectures and real-world traffic traces.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122736782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-18DOI: 10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082507
S. Rajagopal, Mark Trayer, Nhut Nguyen, Kong-Posh Bhat
Different architectural models for a Smart Grid home network, based on centralized and distributed control options, are proposed in order to enable the integration of smart devices into a Utility's demand/response infrastructure. The models explore the role of the home gateway and the smart meter for enabling the Smart Grid home architecture. This paper evaluates the models using a wide range of criteria such as scalability, security, demand response control, privacy, integration of the home local area network and flexibility. Architecture issues related to standardization and regulations and their impact on the models are also discussed.
{"title":"Architecture model choices for a Smart Grid home network","authors":"S. Rajagopal, Mark Trayer, Nhut Nguyen, Kong-Posh Bhat","doi":"10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenCom.2011.6082507","url":null,"abstract":"Different architectural models for a Smart Grid home network, based on centralized and distributed control options, are proposed in order to enable the integration of smart devices into a Utility's demand/response infrastructure. The models explore the role of the home gateway and the smart meter for enabling the Smart Grid home architecture. This paper evaluates the models using a wide range of criteria such as scalability, security, demand response control, privacy, integration of the home local area network and flexibility. Architecture issues related to standardization and regulations and their impact on the models are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":179862,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125540705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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